罗氏沼虾三群体线粒体D-loop基因序列差异的初步研究

通过测定罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)人工养殖群体(A)(浙江湖州)、缅甸引进群体F2代(B)和"南太湖1号"(C)3个群体线粒体控制区(D-loop)基因序列片段(约1200 bp),探讨罗氏沼虾群体遗传结构.结果发现,在用于分析的1121 bp基因序列中有86个变异位点,共计14个单倍型.其中,群体A、C的遗传多样性均较低,其π值分别为0.022和0.025,相比之下,群体B的遗传多样性则明显要高于上述两个群体(π=0.032).AMOVA分析表明,群体间的遗传变异占总遗传变异的6.32%,而93.68%的遗传变异源于群体内.对三群体的遗传学参数计算结果表明,群体A和B间遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.105,已达到中等分化水平;群体C与A间的遗传距离(D=0.025)最小,提示它们的亲缘关系最近.本研究结果认为,D-loop基因可以作为检测罗氏沼虾群体遗传差异的分子标记,"南太湖1号"群体遗传多样性比人工养殖群体有所提高,但仍偏向养殖群体,未表现出最高的杂种优势.     

罗氏沼虾缅甸引进种和浙江本地种及其杂交种的生长性能与SRAP分析

为改良罗氏沼虾（Macrobrachium rosenbergii）的养殖特性，将缅甸引进种群（BP）和浙江本地种群（ZP）杂交，获得了4个杂交群体，A、B、C、D分别为BP（♀）与ZP（♂）、ZP（♀）与BP（♂）、ZP（♀）与B（♂）、ZP（♀）与A（♂）的杂交子一代。比较BP、ZP、A、B、C、D6个不同群体的繁殖和生长性能。结果表明，BP、B、C、D的抱卵率显著高于ZP和A群体，BP、A、B、D平均出苗量显著高于ZP和C群体。在快速生长期（8月2日至9月28日）BP群体的生长速度显著高于ZP、B、C群体，A群体显著高于ZP、B群体，D群体显著高于ZP群体；其他时期各群体间差异不显著。应用SRAP（Sequencerelated amplified polymorphism）对BP、ZP、A、B、C、D6个不同群体的遗传多样性进行比较分析，其多态位点比例分别是60．3％、55．6％、60．7％、63．3％、61．9％、64．1％，遗传多样指数（Hn）分别为0．185、0．175、0．196、0．192、0．193、0．197。以上结果表明，罗氏沼虾缅甸引进种的遗传多样性高于浙江本地种，同时通过杂交可提高遗传多样性，改良养殖性状。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：667—673]     

罗氏沼虾浙江养殖群体与缅甸自然群体遗传差异的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术，对浙江省罗氏沼虾养殖群体和新引进的缅甸自然群体的遗传差异进行了比较分析，以期从分子水平了解罗氏沼虾的种群遗传多样性背景及与引种的关系。采用经筛选的22个10bp的随机引物对罗氏沼虾两群体各20尾进行群体RAPD分析。22个引物共检测到139个位点。养殖群体的多态位点比例为30．22％，群体平均杂合度为0．2646，Shannon多样性指数为0．0780，群体内各个体之间的遗传共享度为0．9353，遗传距离为0．0647；自然群体的多态位点比例为33．81％，群体的平均杂合度和Shannon多样性指数分别为0．2888和0．0940，群体内各个体之间的遗传共享度为0．9201，遗传距离为0．0799；两群体之间的遗传距离为0．1845。自然群体的遗传多样性水平比养殖群体要高。利用随机引物S9和S52，在罗氏沼虾两群体间扩增出2条稳定、明显的群体间特异性标记带。     

罗氏沼虾缅甸野生群体和浙江养殖群体的遗传多样性比较

采用形态学方法、同工酶电泳技术和DNA分析方法对罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii DeMan)缅甸野生群体(BNP种群)和浙江省养殖群体(ZCP种群)的遗传多样性进行比较分析。结果表明,两种群在外形、体色、生长等方面存在一定的差异;对罗氏沼虾11种酶的25个基因位点进行分析,得出BNP种群和ZCP种群的同工酶分析所得出的多态位点比例及平均杂合度分别为12％和:16％,0.0431和0.0501。根据同工酶的基因频率计算得两种群的遗传相似系数为0.9963,遗传距离为0.0037;22个经筛选的10bp随机引物共检测到139个RAPD位点,BNP种群的多态位点比例和遗传多态度(Ho)分别为33.81％和0.0940,高于ZCP种群的30.22％和0.0780,两个群体的平均遗传多态度(Hpop)为0.0860,90％以上的遗传变异是在群体内检测到的。根据RAPD扩增的基因频率得出两群体间的遗传距离为0.1206。无论是同工酶电泳结果还是RAPD分析结果,都表明罗氏沼虾缅甸野生群体的遗传多样性高于浙江养殖群体,说明人工养殖会导致罗氏沼虾遗传多样性的下降。结果还表明,罗氏沼虾群体遗传多样性水平欠丰富,因此需要对罗氏沼虾群体实行科学的管理。     

3个不同群体罗氏沼虾线粒体16SrRNA基因序列分析及遗传差异

利用PCR技术扩增获得罗氏沼虾线粒体16SrRNA基因的部分片段,通过序列测定和用限制性内切酶MboI、AluI和TaqI分别对上述PCR产物进行限制性片段长度多态分析(RFLP),分析了取自缅甸引进种子代、广西养殖群体及江苏养殖群体3个不同群体罗氏沼虾的遗传差异。结果表明:在3个群体间序列同源性对比无变异,PCR-RFLP未发现有片段多态性,3个群体间不存在遗传结构差异。可能表明这3个群体的罗氏沼虾起源同一个种群,且分化较低。     

我国五大湖日本沼虾线粒体COI基因部分片段序列比较

对我国五大湖日本沼虾100个野生个体的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基I（COI）部分序列进行了测定和分析，经比对获得578bp核苷酸片段，发现49个变异位点，得到35个单倍型，包括7个共享单倍型，各群体都具有较好的单倍型多态性和核苷酸多态性，其中鄱阳湖群体遗传多样性相对最高。AMOVA分析表明，五群体间总遗传分化系数F_st＝0.31873 （P<0.05）， 群体间具有较高的遗传分化。MEGA3.1软件计算五群体的Kimura 2-paramter遗传距离，洞庭湖群体和巢湖群体之间的遗传距离最远为0.0191，巢湖群体和洪泽湖群体之间的遗传距离最近为0.0051。以同属胖掌沼虾（Macrobrachium inflatum）为外群分别构建了NJ和UPGMA系统树，结果显示洞庭湖和鄱阳湖为一族群，太湖、巢湖和洪泽湖为一族群。     

罗氏沼虾SNP标记筛选及不同群体的遗传多样性

罗氏沼虾因其自身的生长优势,已成为我国重要的养殖虾类,为保证其养殖的持续健康发展,对其进行遗传多样性分析。利用罗氏沼虾性腺组织转录组测序结果,参考NCBI数据库,选取60个SNP位点,以马来西亚野生群体(MW)为样本,采用直接测序技术进行位点多态性检测,得到25个(41.7%)具有二态性等位基因位点。并对罗氏沼虾上海(SH)、浙江(ZJ)、马来西亚养殖群体(MF)、生长快速品系选育群体(BG)及MW群体5个群体的150尾个体进行遗传多样性分析,其观测杂合度Ho和期望杂合度He的分布范围分别为0.18～0.30和0.28～0.37,平均多态性信息含量依次为0.29、0.24、0.21、0.26和0.33,表现为中低等多态水平;群体间的遗传相似性系数和遗传距离变化范围分别为0.659～0.968和0.032～0.417,MF群体和BG群体遗传相似系数最小、遗传距离最大,SH群体和ZJ群体遗传相似系数最大、遗传距离最小;遗传分化指数和基因流的范围分别为0.045～0.363和0.440～5.293,MF群体和MW群体之间出现最高值,SH群体和ZJ群体出现最低值,SH群体和ZJ群体基因流最高,MF群体和MW群体最低;AMOVA分子方差分析显示,遗传变异主要来源于群体内,群体间的变异为26.33%。5个群体近交系数为0.151～0.342,3个养殖群体的平均近交系数均高于野生群体,对25个位点在5个群体中的基因型进行统计分析,有9个位点处的BG群体的基因型与其他3个养殖群体基因型分离方向相反,14个位点处3个养殖群体中杂合个体频数较MW群体低。研究结果为进一步开展罗氏沼虾遗传育种研究及保护政策的制定提供了参考。     

河北3个日本沼虾野生群体线粒体DNAD-Loop基因序列变异及种群遗传结构分析

为进一步了解白洋淀与衡水湖日本沼虾种质资源现状,实验通过对白洋淀南淀(SB)、白洋淀北淀(NB)、衡水湖(HS)日本沼虾群体线粒体DNA D-Loop基因片段进行扩增和测定,得到935 bp的序列用于进一步的分析,其中变异位点80个,占分析位点的8.56%,含有77个简约信息位点,平均转颠换比值(TS/TV)为7.28,4种碱基在所得序列中平均含量为A(42.65%)、G(9.08%)、T(36.98%)、C(11.29%),其中A+T含量为79.63%,明显高于C+G含量。AMOVA分析结果显示,群体间的遗传分化系数FST=0.2336,群体间遗传变异占23.36%,群体内遗传变异占76.64%,群体间具有较高程度的遗传分化。运用K-2-P模型构建了3群体的23个单倍型的NJ系统发育树,单倍型之间并没有按照单倍型所属群体的分类聚簇,表现为不同群体个体相互交错形成复杂的簇群。群体中性检验、错配分析表明,日本沼虾近期未曾经历过种群扩张。     

鱼种池混养罗氏沼虾技术

鱼种池混养罗氏沼虾技术当水温稳定在２５℃左右时．罗氏沼虾苗三个月即能长成上市规格，我国大部分地区（具备三个月以上高温２５～３０℃）都可进行商品罗氏沼虾的养殖。成虾养殖阶段，罗氏沼虾能广泛地摄食多种天然、人工动植物饵料，饵料容易解决。在生产季节上，罗氏...     

AFLP分析3个不同体色花尾胡椒鲷养殖群体的遗传变异

通过AFLP技术对中国东南沿海的3个不同体色花尾胡椒鲷（Plectorhinchus cinctus）养殖群体进行了遗传分析。6对引物组合从3个群体中扩增出370个位点，其中多态位点比例为49．5％，每对引物组合扩增的片段为51～71条，平均6113条，每对引物组合多态位点检出率为39．4%-56．5％。正常群体、白色和灰色变异群体的多态位点比例分别为41．4％、36．3％、34．3％，平均杂合度分别为0．1145、0．0887和0．0837。遗传多样性衡量指标表明，正常花尾胡椒鲷养殖群体的遗传变异量相对最大，遗传多样性相对较高，白色变异群体次之，而灰色变异群体最低，白色变异群体和灰色变异群体两者间遗传多样性差异并不显著（P〉0．05），显示变异群体的遗传多样性降低。正常群体与白色群体之间的遗传距离（0．0354）最大，遗传相似系数最小（0．9652）。同时，遗传分化系数只（0．1362）和AMOVA方差分量百分比（10．68％）也表明群体间存在着一定程度的遗传结构分化，说明对体色这一特定表型性状的人为定向选育对花尾胡椒鲷养殖群体的遗传变异产生一定的影响。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

The optimal dietary protein level of juvenile silver sillago Sillago sihama at three dietary lipid levels

A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg.     

Vitamin D3 and the renal handling of phosphate in American eels

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D₃) increased plasma inorganic phosphate concentration in American eels,Anguilla rostrata, in a dose-dependent fashion. This response was more marked in phosphate loaded fish. In control as well as phosphate loaded eels the hyperphosphatemic response to D₃ was associated with a sharp reduction in renal phosphate clearance relative to¹⁴C-polyethelene glycol (PEG) clearance. Glomerular filtration and urine flow rates were not affected by D₃. As renal phosphate clearance, even in phosphate loaded eels, never significantly exceeded that of PEG, it is suggested that D₃ reduced the relative clearance rate of phosphate by increasing renal phosphate reabsorption rather than by reducing the tubular secretion of phosphate.