鲢鱼鱼精蛋白的提取

研究了鲢鱼鱼精蛋白的提取工艺。以淡水鱼鲢鱼鱼白为原料，以得率及抗菌活性为指标，通过正交试验，得出了较佳提取工艺：每克鱼白中加入5ml 10％的硫酸提取3h；每毫升提取液中再加入1.5ml 60％的三氯乙酸，沉淀0.5h。     

关于在饲料中利用淡水鱼内脏油的研究

用淡水鱼内脏油作配合饲料脂肪源是行之有效的。采用进口酪蛋白、糊精、纤维素、矿物剂及维生素为基础原料,配制四组不同的等量单一脂肪源饲料及四组不等量的相同脂肪源饲料,通过６０ｄ的团头鲂喂养试验,以鱼体增重率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率为试验评定指标,得出：（１）精制鱼油较粗制鱼油为好,添加效果均优于豆油,淡水鱼内脏油是一种理想的饲料脂肪源;（２）精制淡水鱼内脏油与海水鱼油饲养效果相当,淡水鱼内脏油可以部分或全部取代海水鱼油;（３）配合饲料中添加４％～６％的淡水鱼内脏油,不仅可加快鱼体的生长,而且能降低饲料成本,提高蛋白质利用率。     

草鱼内脏油乙醇提取及其脂肪酸组成分析

采用无水乙醇提取草鱼内脏油,研究了温度、料液比、时间对鱼油提取率的影响,并分析了鱼油的基本理化性质和脂肪酸组成。研究结果,无水乙醇提取草鱼内脏油的工艺为:提取温度55℃,料液比(w∶v,g/mL)1∶5,提取时间2 h;此工艺条件下鱼油提取率可达到87.6%。精制后的草鱼内脏油澄清透明、呈浅黄色,其酸价、过氧化值较低,主要成分为油酸和亚油酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量(质量分数)为81.5%,具有较高的营养价值。     

草鱼内脏鱼油乙醇提取研究及其脂舫酸组成分析

对无水乙醇提取草鱼内脏鱼油工艺进行了研究,并分析了鱼油的基本理化性质和脂肪酸组成,主要研究了料液比对鱼油提取率的影响。无水乙醇提取草鱼内脏鱼油的工艺为:料液比(w:v)1:8,提取温度55℃,提取时间3小时。在此工艺条件下,粗鱼油提取率为87.6%。粗鱼油经85%磷酸脱胶、4%NaOH脱酸、活性白土脱色后,鱼油呈浅黄色透明状,酸价、过氧化值较低;经冬化处理后的鱼油中不饱和脂肪酸含量约为81.5%。     

淡水鱼内脏油脂降血脂抗血栓作用研究

淡水鱼内脏油脂降血脂抗血栓作用研究胡芝华张康宣叶桐封蔡鸣钱红美（江苏省药物研究所药理研究室,南京２１０００９国外对鱼油化学性质的研究始于本世纪初,自七十年代后,人们逐渐认识到鱼油对人体健康有益,开始主要集中于研究马面鱼、沙丁鱼、鲱鱼、鳕鱼等海产鱼的...     

从鲢鱼中提取高不饱和脂肪酸的研究

ω-3高不饱和脂肪酸在营养学和医学上具有重要的药用价值,特别是二十碳五烯酸(Eicosapentaenoic acd,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic acid,DHA).在我国主要淡水鱼中,鲢鱼体内脂肪含量较高,特别在内脏中,脂肪含量高达20%,是提供油脂的良好来源,并且鱼油中高不饱和脂肪酸如EPA、DHA含量也较高.因此在鲢鱼油中提取EPA和DHA具有很高的开发应用价值.     

大宗淡水鱼加工前处理技术和装备的研究现状及方向

大宗淡水鱼的前处理是淡水鱼类加工过程中的首要环节,前处理的效率和得率直接影响到后续加工能力和资源利用率。本文从淡水鱼前处理中的分级、定向整理、去头、去鳞、去内脏等方面介绍了国内外大宗淡水鱼前处理加工的研究现状和发展趋势,为今后大宗淡水鱼工业化生产的深入研究提供一定的参考。     

“淡水鱼鱼皮制革工艺研究”获得成功

“淡水鱼鱼皮制革工艺研究”获得成功由农业部水产司下达、中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所承担的重点科研项目“淡水鱼鱼皮制革工艺研究”，经３年的研究，目前已经完成，并由农业部水产司委托中国水产科学研究院主持专家鉴定。该研究是以草鱼鱼皮为主要研究对象，以箱...     

虾夷扇贝内脏多糖的提取及清除羟基自由基作用的研究

通过正交试验确定最佳提取条件为:温度50℃,pH 8.0,加酶量0.25%,料液比1∶45,提取时间2.5 h;最佳条件下提取的虾夷扇贝内脏多糖具有清除羟基自由基的能力。试验结果表明,6.5 mg/m l虾夷扇贝内脏多糖对羟基自由基的清除率可达84.75%。     

白鲢内脏鱼油的提取及精制

鱼油中因含有较多的多不饱和脂肪酸，因而其药用、食用及营养方面的价值受到广泛重视，近年来，一些鱼油的开发产品也逐渐增多，鱼油的开发利用已成为热点。大量的研究表明：鱼油中的ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸可以预防和治疗多种疾病，其中DHA具有健脑益智作用，EPA具有降血脂、抗血小板凝聚和延缓血栓形成的作用。目前用于提取鱼油的原料主要来自于海水鱼，我国淡水鱼资源丰富，产量居世界首位。淡水鱼加工业发展也较快，生产中产生大量的下脚料（包括内脏、鱼骨、鱼鳞和鱼头等），约占原料鱼的40％-55％，     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒湖州分离株的分离及鉴定

2008年6月从湖州某患病草鱼池塘采集草鱼出血病疑似病样,将除菌过滤后的患病鱼肝、脾、肾组织滤液,注射健康的8～10 cm的草鱼鱼种.5d后草鱼开始发病,且症状与原发病症状一样,死亡率为57%,对照组未有死亡.将无菌处理的病样滤液接种草鱼肾细胞(CIK),连续接5代均出现明显的细胞病变(CPE),并与草鱼呼肠孤病毒参考株所产生的CPE一致.该株病毒的TCID50为10-8/0.1ml.内脏组织经超薄切片,电子显微镜观察,发现组织内有大量的病毒颗粒,大小均一,近似球形,直径约70～75 nm.理化鉴定表明,氯仿、乙醚处理组病毒的感染力和对照组相比并没有多大变化,说明该株病毒对氯仿和乙醚有一定的抗性.经草鱼呼肠孤病毒特异性的RT-PCR检测,获得阳性的目的片段,测序的结果与草鱼呼肠孤病毒相应序列的同源性达99%以上.上述鉴定结果表明所分离的病毒为草鱼呼肠孤病毒,将其命名为HZ2008.     

盐碱地池塘配置网箱养鱼试验

在盐碱地一个面积为2871m^2的鱼池中，配置4个网箱．分别放养罗非鱼、淡水白鲳和鲤，箱外放养鲢、草鱼和鲤。试验结果：罗非鱼箱(20m^2)出鱼525kg．平均单产26．3kg／m^2,淡水白鲳箱(12m^2)出鱼400kg,平均单产33.3kg／m^2,鲤鱼箱两个(各12m^2)分别出鱼488．5kg和522kg，平均单产为40．7kg／m^2和43．5kg／m^2。箱外出鲢516kg,草鱼130kg，鲤1125kg。总计全池出鱼3706．5kg，亩产鱼862kg，每亩纯盈利2173．85元。试验证明：池塘配置网箱养鱼．可同池主养几种鱼，起捕容易，管理方便。     

Resource use of crucian carp along a lake productivity gradient is related to body size,predation risk,and resource competition

Generalist fish species can feed on a wide resource spectrum and across trophic levels depending on resource availability and trophic interactions. Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) represents a good candidate species to investigate variation in the trophic ecology of generalist fish as it can be found in highly variable fish communities and its resource use is well documented. In this study, we explored the trophic ecology of crucian carp at the individual and population levels using stable isotope and gut content analysis. We tested if trophic resource use varied according to lake productivity, predation risk, intra- and interspecific competition, or individual fish size. We found that crucian carp resource preference was highly variable among and within lakes. In predator-free lakes, small crucian carp occurred in high densities, showed increased interindividual specialisation, and relied mainly on pelagic zooplankton. In presence of predators, large crucian carp occurred in low densities and included greater proportions of benthic macroinvertebrates in their diet. This shift in resource use was further favoured in productive, shallow lakes where littoral prey were probably abundant. Resource partitioning was an important factor determining crucian carp niche use, as fish had higher trophic position in absence of other cyprinids. Crucian carp showed highly dynamic resource use and food preferences in response to variable environmental conditions. Overlooking complex diet preferences of generalist fish may lead to an oversimplification of freshwater community dynamics.     

高不饱和脂肪酸（HUFAs）在淡水鱼类中的营养作用研究进展

鱼粉、鱼油资源的短缺促使全球水产养殖业积极寻找其替代原料,而探究鱼粉、鱼油与其替代物之间的差异尤为重要,其中最主要的差异就是高不饱和脂肪酸(highly unsaturated fatty acids,HUFAs)是否存在及其含量多少。HUFAs是一类碳原子数目≥20、双键数≥3的脂肪酸,具有为动物提供能量、构成细胞膜组分、形成高生物活性物质、调控脂质代谢和免疫功能等重要作用,主要存在于鱼油和某些类别的微藻中。淡水鱼类具备自身合成HUFAs的能力,因此,一般认为HUFAs不是淡水鱼类的必需脂肪酸,无需通过饲料提供。但已有研究指出,饲料中添加一定量的HUFAs能够对淡水鱼类产生积极的营养作用,表明淡水鱼类的脂肪酸营养理论尚需进一步完善。本文综述了HUFAs在淡水鱼类生长、脂质代谢、健康免疫、繁殖特性等方面发挥作用的相关研究结果,明确提出淡水鱼类需要摄取一定水平的外源性HUFAs,指出在当前淡水鱼饲料中普遍使用HUFAs相对缺乏的蛋白源和油脂源的背景之下,HUFAs对淡水鱼类的作用应受到关注。最后,本文对今后淡水鱼类HUFAs营养的研究方向,以及新的HUFAs油脂源的开发前景进行了展望。     

确定性前沿模型及其在测定我国农户精养淡水鱼技术效率中的应用

研究概述了确定性前沿模型的产生、分类、特点、参数求解方法及其在我国的应用现状。在此基础上,以2002年和2003年我国农户精养淡水鱼成本收益资料为样本,应用前沿模型理论建立了我国农户精养淡水鱼的确定性统计前沿模型并测定了这两年中我国主要淡水鱼养殖省市的农户精养淡水鱼技术效率,得出结论为:物质资本投入对我国农户精养淡水鱼产出的影响远大于劳动力投入;我国农户精养淡水鱼生产处于规模报酬不变阶段;我国农户精养淡水鱼生产存在着较大的技术无效性和管理缺失现状,这一现状存在着明显的地区差异和时间差异。     

Phenotypical and genotypical characterization of Shewanella putrefaciens strains isolated from diseased freshwater fish

Between 2007 and 2012, a variety of disease outbreaks most often characterized by skin disorders were observed among different species of freshwater fish in Poland. In most cases, the clinical signs included focally necrotized gills, necrotic skin lesions or ulcers. Internally, haemorrhages, oedematous kidney and abnormal spleen enlargement were generally noted. The disorders were accompanied by increased mortality. Most of the problems concerned cultured common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Fish have been examined from a number of these farms, and additionally, the wild and ornamental fish with similar clinical signs of diseases were also tested. Bacteria were isolated consistently from lesions and internal organs. They had characteristic orange-pigmented colonies which grew in pure culture or constituted 55–95% of total bacterial flora. One hundred and eighteen isolates were collected and biochemically identified as Shewanella putrefaciens group, and this was confirmed by sequencing. Challenge tests confirmed the pathogenicity of these bacteria. This is the first report characterizing and describing S. putrefaciens as a pathogen of different species of freshwater fish in Europe.     

连续式弹簧刷去鳞机的研制与试验

为了满足淡水鱼批量去鳞加工的需要,以前期对去鳞方法的研究结果为依据,经过方案论证,研制出了连续式弹簧刷淡水鱼去鳞机。该设备首次将弹簧去鳞刷应用于去鳞设备中,采用了两对压辊和去鳞辊组合的设计方案,实现了连续式的去鳞加工。对体长500 mm的鲢鱼去鳞,其理论生产率达到2 941尾/h,理论度电产量达到1 540尾/(kW.h)。去鳞效果试验结果表明,对鲢鱼的去鳞率平均值为61.7%,对鳊鱼为65.7%,对鲫鱼为72.2%。     

Influence of feeding habits of fish on the characteristics of their visceral alkaline proteases with special reference to detergent compatibility

Technical characteristics and detergent compatibility of visceral alkaline proteases of three freshwater fish, namely Labeo rohita, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus and Cyprinus carpio of different feeding habits, were studied. Crude enzyme extract was partially purified by (NH₄)₂SO₄ precipitation and dialysis. The molecular weight was in the range of 20–63 kDa. The enzyme purification folds post‐dialysis were found to be 1.55, 1.81 and 2.17 in case of Rohu, Pangas and Common carp respectively. The alkaline protease from Rohu, Pangas and Common carp exhibited maximum activity at pH 10.0, 9.0 and 11.0 respectively. The enzyme temperature optima observed were 60°C (Rohu and Pangas) and 70°C (Common carp). SBTI and EDTA inhibited more than 90% of the activity at conc. of 50 mM. Exposure of the proteases to non‐ionic surfactants like Tween 20–80 retained about 92%–100% and 76%–100% of their activity at conc. (v/v) of 1% and 5% respectively. Proteases were found less stable in the presence of SDS. There was moderate to lesser influence of H₂O₂ and sodium perborate on the proteolytic activity. The alkaline protease from omnivorous fish was found superior compared to the herbivore and carnivore in respect of pH and temperature optima and stability with detergents and oxidizing agents.     

Introduction of non-native freshwater fish can certainly be bad

In this paper, we respond to Gozlan's views of the introduction of freshwater fish, as we strongly disagree with his view and approach. We demonstrate that many real-world examples of freshwater fish introductions have catastrophic ecological consequences. We detail a few noteworthy examples, such as those of the Nile perch, carp, tilapias, catfishes, and the zebra mussel. We discuss within-nation introductions, and we explore several related problems, such as hybridization and spread of pathogens and parasites. We propose that Gozlan's analysis is biased, as more reliable data on impacts that are already widespread are urgently needed, mainly in the biologically richest areas of the world. Thus, we continue to advocate the precautionary principle, because species introductions, once established, are largely irreversible.     

十三种淡水养殖鱼类的DNA含量

通过流式细胞仪测定了青鱼等十三种我国主要淡水养殖鱼类外周血红铁ＤＮＡ含量。其中青鱼、草鱼、鲢和鳙的ＤＮＡ含量比较接近，其２Ｃ值 ２．２０、２．１８、２．１８、２．１５ｐｇ，四种鱼相比较，差异不显著。