鱿鱼加工副产物高值化综合利用综述

近年来,国内鱿鱼加工产业快速发展,其副产物占据着很大的比重,对这些副产物的加工和利用越来越引起关注。鱿鱼加工副产物包括鱿鱼皮、内脏、鱼眼、墨汁、精巢、软骨等,对鱿鱼加工过程中副产物进行回收利用,不仅提高鱿鱼的经济价值,还可以减少副产物引起的环境污染。本文分别介绍了鱿鱼皮、墨汁、精巢和软骨的组成特性、提取以及利用情况,总结了近年来国内外利用鱿鱼副产物为原料开发胶原蛋白、鱼精蛋白、软骨素等一系列生化制品的研发状况,并提出了以复合蛋白酶酶解鱿鱼皮制备小分子胶原寡肽和以酶水解-膜分离组合工艺生产软骨素、骨胶原蛋白的综合利用新工艺的技术特点,最后展望了鱿鱼加工副产物的高值化综合利用前景和发展趋势。     

水产加工副产物中磷脂和鱼油的分离及脂质组学研究

为更好地对水产加工副产物进行加工利用,本实验建立了从水产加工副产物中同时提取制备磷脂和鱼油的方法,并分别利用多维度串联质谱鸟枪法和气相色谱法对样品的磷脂和鱼油的脂肪酸化合物进行脂质组学研究。利用改进Folch法和丙酮沉淀法制备得到副产物中的磷脂和鱼油,比较了5种不同萃取液的提取效率,其中CH2Cl2-Me OH(1∶2,V/V)混合液同时提取磷脂和鱼油效果最佳,提取率分别为0.97%和28.05%。鱼油经甲酯化反应,以正己烷为溶剂直接进样,利用气相色谱法分析脂肪酸甲酯成分,磷脂样品采用流动注射直接进样,经三重四级杆质谱母离子扫描(Pre IS)和中性质量丢失扫描(NLS)对磷脂分子实现源内分离鉴定和定量分析。结果显示,鱼油中主要含有油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸等23种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸占75.97%;磷脂样品中共检出磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰肌醇和磷脂酰丝氨酸4类共69种磷脂分子,并测出了许多含有DHA、EPA链的磷脂,如16∶0/20∶5、16∶0/22∶6、18∶1/22∶6、18∶0/22∶6、20∶0/22∶6等。研究表明,该方法能同时提取磷脂和鱼油,并且前处理简单、提取效率高,能够实现对资源的合理利用。     

鱼鳞杂谈(二)

2鱼鳞加工工艺的继承和发展鱼类一旦摆脱了单纯的食用价值，成为人类物质生产与精神创造的对象，鱼类全身便成了处处为宝。这里面凝聚着中华民族的创造精神，使其具有丰富的内涵和广博的功用。人类应用动物胶已有悠久历史，早在2000多年前的后汉，我国就发明了松烟和动物胶制成书写用墨。水产动物明胶、鸟嘌呤是从鱼鳞、鱼皮、鱼骨等的胶原中提取的。直到现在，我国还在利用水产动物组织生产鱼鳞胶和鱼鳔胶。部分鱼鳞可提炼结晶物质光鳞，是制作牙刷柄、钢笔杆不可缺少的原料。胶原是鱼鳞组织中的一种纤维蛋白，由10多种氨基酸聚合、连接成…     

海洋贝类中糖胺聚糖研究进展

我国是世界贝类养殖大国,随着人类健康、营养需求的提升以及海洋生物产业增长方式的转变,以贝类及其加工副产物为原料进行海洋生物活性物质的研发将是今后的发展热点。糖胺聚糖是海洋贝类中重要的生物活性物质,具有抗凝血、降血脂、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、增强免疫力等功能。本文就海洋贝类糖胺聚糖的提取、分离纯化、结构分析以及生物活性等方面的研究进展加以概述,为贝类及其蒸煮液精深加工利用奠定基础,进而为更好地开发利用海洋贝类资源、开发新型海洋保健食品提供科学依据。     

仿生海洋食品的加工及其安全性

仿生海洋食品,是以海洋资源加工副产物为主要原料,利用食品加工技术,模仿天然海洋食品的形状、质地及风味加工而成的一种新型食品。本文就仿生海洋食品的原料选择、加工技术及其质量安全性作一简单介绍。     

鱼皮胶原蛋白提取二肽基肽酶-Ⅳ抑制剂研究进展

正胶原蛋白是多细胞生物中含量最丰富、分布最广泛的蛋白质种类之一。传统的天然胶原蛋白主要来自于哺乳动物的皮肤和跟腱组织。但是,由于人畜共患疾病,哺乳动物来源的胶原蛋白生物安全性受到消费者的质疑。近年来,水生胶原,尤其是鱼类胶原日益受到研究者的重视。中国是世界渔业大国,不仅拥有广阔的水域面积,而且鱼类资源极为丰富,这为鱼源胶原蛋白研究开发提供了充足的原料。目前,由于鱼类加工和综合利用技术不够成熟,在鱼类加工过程中产生     

水产品副产物蛋白回收和高值化利用研究进展

水产品由于其丰富的营养价值,在世界范围内的需求量持续增加。然而,水产品消费与加工过程中产生的大量副产物,带来了严重的资源浪费和环境污染等问题。鉴于此,水产品加工副产物依据其不同特性已经被开发应用到诸多领域。其中,水产品副产物蛋白因其独特的功能特性与较高的经济附加值,在实际生产中得到了广泛的回收和利用。因此,本文综述了现阶段广泛用于回收水产品副产物蛋白的物理学、化学和生物学方法,同时,介绍了鱼类、甲壳类和贝类副产物蛋白高值化利用的研究进展,并对水产品副产物蛋白未来的发展趋势进行展望,旨在进一步提升水产品副产物资源的综合利用潜力,促进我国水产品加工业高质量发展。     

冷冻鱼糜加工工艺和设备

1加工冷冻鱼糜的原料通常用来加工冷冻鱼糜的水产资源为新鲜白色鱼肉的鱼类 ,如石首鱼类 (如黄鱼、白姑、黄姑、梅童等 )、海鳗、沙鱼、乌贼等 ,制成的鱼糜不仅色泽好 ,而且弹性好 ,而其他鱼类较差 ,如带鱼、马鲛。原料新鲜度越好加工后的中间素材质量越高 ,凝胶形成能力越强。相同的鱼类由于鲜度不同加工的鱼糜质量差距很大。以狭鳕为例 ,在海上制成的鱼糜一般是捕获后 1 8h以内加工 ,鱼糜的质量为特级品。而陆上加工的多为二级品。因此原料鱼捕获后必须马上加冰或用冷海水降温 ,根据经验 ,黄、东海地区用冰量 (重量比 )在夏季为冰∶鱼 =( …     

烤香鱼加工工艺研究

近年来,随着海洋渔业资源的变化,传统经济鱼类,如大黄鱼、小黄鱼、带鱼、墨鱼等产量不断下降,已形不成渔汛,而龙头鱼、小梅鱼、鳀鱼等小型鱼类由于天敌减少、繁殖能力强、世代更新快、数量大、分布广,产量不断上升,已成为水产加工利用的主要对象之一。本文以小梅鱼为主要原料,通过调味、烘烤等加工工艺,研制烤香鱼的加工工艺,现总结如下,供同行参考。一、加工工工艺流程烤香鱼加工工艺如图1所示。二、操作要点1、原料鱼接收:采用小梅鱼作为加工原料,最好利用新鲜的原料制作,冰冻梅鱼要求原料新鲜,冻藏温度稳定,不能腐败变质。要求梅鱼大小规…     

渔用钓饵研究概述

目前市场上常见的渔用钓饵分为真饵和拟饵。真饵是指鱼类可食性的动植物渔用钓饵,包括不经加工的天然钓饵和以谷物类、畜牧业副产物和水产品副产物等为原料加工的人工饵料;拟饵是指非可食性材料的仿水生生物型渔用拟饵,包括软质仿生拟饵、硬质仿生拟饵、金属拟饵。本文概述了渔用钓饵的颜色、形状、动作、声音等物理诱食因素和氨基酸、甜菜碱、核苷酸、含硫有机物等化学诱食因素,以及上述因素通过视觉、听觉和味觉等方面的综合作用实现诱引效果的途径,同时介绍了新型渔用钓饵的开发与应用现状。     

Effects of dissolved carbon dioxide on energy metabolism and stress responses in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Elevated carbon dioxide concentrations reduce feed intake and growth in several fish species and induce stress responses. In this study, the effects of moderately elevated CO₂ levels on performance, energy partitioning, swimming activity and stress response in European seabass were assessed. European seabass (140.0 g) were reared under two levels of CO₂ (1.6 and 7.0 mg L^?1) and two feeding levels (FLs) (maintenance and satiation) for 60 days, and fish swimming speed was recorded. At the end of the experiment, fish were subjected to an acute stress test. Blood cortisol, glucose and lactate were analysed. Energy and nitrogen balances were quantified based on measurements of body composition and digestibility coefficients. Moderately elevated chronic CO₂ level did neither affect energy requirements for maintenance nor the utilization of digestible energy for growth. However, swimming activity data suggests that FL dependent alterations in energy partitioning took place. Blood cortisol values after the acute stress were affected by additional CO₂ exposure and this effect was also dependent on FL. The elevated CO₂ exposure of 7.0 mg L^?1 appears to act as a chronic stressor as adaptive responses took place, however, this CO₂ exposure seems to be still within the allostatic load of the fish.     

新疆渭干河流域鱼类资源现状

2019年5月、8月和11月,在上、中、下游共设5个采样点,采用单层刺网(网目1、2、3 cm,网长20、30、40 m)和地笼网(开口40 cm×40 cm,长8 m)调查新疆天山南麓中段塔里木河流域九大水系之一的渭干河(N 41°06′～42°42′,E 80°40′～84°10′)的鱼类资源状况.调查共采集鱼类1...     

Phenotypical and genotypical characterization of Shewanella putrefaciens strains isolated from diseased freshwater fish

Between 2007 and 2012, a variety of disease outbreaks most often characterized by skin disorders were observed among different species of freshwater fish in Poland. In most cases, the clinical signs included focally necrotized gills, necrotic skin lesions or ulcers. Internally, haemorrhages, oedematous kidney and abnormal spleen enlargement were generally noted. The disorders were accompanied by increased mortality. Most of the problems concerned cultured common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Fish have been examined from a number of these farms, and additionally, the wild and ornamental fish with similar clinical signs of diseases were also tested. Bacteria were isolated consistently from lesions and internal organs. They had characteristic orange-pigmented colonies which grew in pure culture or constituted 55–95% of total bacterial flora. One hundred and eighteen isolates were collected and biochemically identified as Shewanella putrefaciens group, and this was confirmed by sequencing. Challenge tests confirmed the pathogenicity of these bacteria. This is the first report characterizing and describing S. putrefaciens as a pathogen of different species of freshwater fish in Europe.     

Fish Processing By-Products as a Potential Source of Gelatin: A Review

ABSTRACT

The current practice of fish processing generates large amounts of by-products, which can account for up to three-quarters of the total fish weight. Despite the presence of several valuable components in the fish processing discards, the latter are usually dumped into landfills or at sea, having potentially harmful environmental effects or end up as low commercial value products (e.g., white fish meal). Still, fish processing by-products can be considered as an alternative raw material for the preparation of high-protein ingredients, especially for the production of food grade gelatin due to the presence of large amounts of collagen in fish skins, scales, and bones. Although fish gelatin is an alternative to the commercially available mammalian gelatins, its production on a large commercial scale has been hampered, mainly, due to the inferior quality characteristics compared to its mammalian counterparts. This review article summarizes and highlights the potential utilization of by-products generated during fish processing for gelatin extraction. Furthermore, several technical challenges and directions of ongoing research are discussed.     

Bacteriocins and their applications for the treatment of bacterial diseases in aquaculture: a review

Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food producing sectors in the world. The increase in the world population requires faster growth in aquaculture for better food availability and to overcome malnutrition. But this worldwide growth of aquaculture is overwhelmed by catastrophic fish diseases and spoilage during cultivation and preservation problems caused by pathogenic bacteria. Various remedies are available for food preservation and also from the bacterial diseases in the fish production. Due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and adverse effects, an alternative to antibiotic is the need of the hour. The proteins such as bacteriocins, i.e. ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and possess antagonistic against closely related and other bacteria. These proteins are produced by most lineages of bacteria which are playing key roles in recognition and possess a cognate immunity system for self‐protection as well as host protection from infections. These proteins are potent immunomodulators with broad spectrum inhibition properties which are further used as novel therapeutic agents. In this review, we have tried to summarize the bacteriocins on the basis of their classifications, structural and functional attributes, mode of actions, bacteriocins isolated from fish and gut microbiota and presence of beneficiary bacteria in the fish gut. Further, this study highlighted where further research is a prerequisite to increase our basic understanding and search for novel bacteriocins to elucidate the proteins/peptides having antimicrobial properties for disease control in aquaculture as an alternative to antibiotics.     

环境丰容技术在鱼类增养殖中的应用研究进展

近年来,在野生渔业资源持续衰退、水产 养殖规模不断扩大、人们对鱼类福利关注度不断提升等的背景下,环境丰容作为一种全新的技术手段在水产领域受到广泛关注,被认为在野化放流鱼类行为、增加养殖鱼类产量、提升圈养鱼类福利等诸多方面均具有较大的应用潜力。环境丰容是指在增养殖生产中,采用适当方式向圈养或自然水体引入新的环境刺激,提高其异质性和复杂性,从而实现提升鱼类产量、提高鱼类福利、控制鱼类行为、改善鱼类生理目标的环境优化方式。总体来看,国际上围绕环境丰容技术的相关研究结果层出不穷,理论体系不断完善,但国内水产领域的相关研究尚处于起步阶段。本文在简要介绍环境丰容概念和分类基础上,聚焦目前最受关注的物理丰容方式,评述了物理丰容对鱼类打斗行为、生理应激、代谢生长等重要性状和放流后的适应性行为、个体适合度等增殖性状的影响,重点分析了引发研究结果差异的可能原因及其潜在神经可塑性机理,最后探讨了本领域以往研究的不足及今后的研究方向,旨在为我国开展该方面研究提供借鉴,为增养殖苗种高效健康培育与放流鱼类野化训练提供参考。     

Regulating fish movements in the Single European Market: the scope for more restrictive measures under national law

Abstract  Substantial alterations to the legal controls over fish movements have been necessary to implement the Single European Market which came into force on 1 January 1993. This seeks to liberalize trade in fish and fish products whilst avoiding ecological damage, the spread of disease and the commercial damage this may cause. The new regime governing fish movements into and within the European Union under Directive 91/67/EEC, as implemented in England and Wales, is described. Remaining national provisions based on ecological concerns (principally, section 30 of the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act 1975) are examined. Derogations from the principle of freedom of trade within the European Union on environmental protection grounds are assessed, and the interaction between legal restrictions based on pathological and ecological grounds is discussed.     

Changes in Red Hake (Urophycis chuss) Muscle Induced by Different Freezing Strategies

The effect of single and double freezing at ?20°C on fresh and aged red hake with two different holding times of the thawed fillets between the first and second freezing treatments was determined. In addition, twice-frozen fresh red hake was treated with two antioxidation systems to assess their effectiveness in reducing lipid oxidation. Fresh, untreated red hake at 0 time was used for comparison. Significant dimethylamine (DMA) production occurred with all frozen samples, and the differences were not marked after 7-month storage. With a storage time of 3 months, however, there were differences between the treatments in both the fresh and aged samples with the once-frozen sample producing the least DMA, the twice-frozen sample with the 24-h holding time between freezings the most, and the twice-frozen sample with a 6-h holding time between freezings giving intermediate values. All samples showed a greater than 50% loss in protein solubility as determined by lithium chloride extraction after 3 months of storage, and the protein solubility declined further when samples were tested at 7 months. Samples with the best (once-frozen fresh) and worst (twice-frozen with 24-h holding time between freezings of 5-day aged muscle) treatments had the highest thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) values. Both antioxidant treatments were effective in reducing TBARS development.     

Catch‐related fish injury and catch efficiency of stow‐net‐based fish recovery installations for fish‐monitoring at hydropower plants

Hydropower‐related damage to fish remains a great challenge, making objective monitoring of turbine‐related fish injury a necessity. The catch of fish at turbine outlets is currently realised by net fishing, but potential catch‐related injuries are largely unknown. Catch efficiency and fish‐friendliness in relation to fish handling, exposure time, floating debris and fish biomass of four fish recovery installations were assessed using seven species. Highly species‐specific lethal and sublethal effects were observed. Exposure time had the strongest effects on catch‐related damage, being up to 150‐fold increase after 12 hr compared to 1 hr. Up to 84% mortality occurred in the most sensitive species Thymallus thymallus L. Besides exposure time, higher current speed and biomass within the net resulted in greater fish damage. To minimise catch‐related effects, keeping emptying periods <1–2 hr and considering the effects of current speed, fish and debris biomass are crucial to increase data comparability among studies.