鱼类触碰式采食装置及其在测定鲤摄食节律上的应用

正摄食节律是鱼类在长期演化过程中对光照、温度、饵料等周期性变动的环境条件主动适应的结果。按照自然摄食节律来确定适宜的喂料时间和投喂量,可以有效减少饲料浪费,提高饲料效率,增加经济效益。董桂芳等采用一次饱食投喂和分段式投喂研究了斑点叉尾和杂交鲟的摄食节律,分析发现,一次饱食投喂得到的摄食节律结果稳定性较差,而每隔3小时投喂一次     

鱼类投饲策略的研究进展

<正>鱼类在生长和发育过程中受外界环境、营养水平、投饲策略等多种因素的影响。在现代集约化鱼类养殖过程中,鱼类的投饲策略主要包含摄食节律、投喂量、投饲时间以及投饲频率等方面,是鱼类养殖日常管理中的重要环节。当饵料的营养水平不能完全满足鱼类的生长需求时,将会导致鱼类的饵料系数升高;随着对鱼类投饲量的提高,其饲料系数又会显著下降;当对养殖鱼类投饲过量时,其     

吃食性鱼类分台投喂技术

正鱼类分台投喂技术也称分区投喂技术,是近年来推广应用效果较好的鱼类投喂技术。池塘鱼类混养模式是目前养殖户普遍采用养殖模式,过去同一池塘混养的吃食鱼类多采用一台投饵机投喂一种饲料,但由于鱼类营养需求、摄食习性等方面的差异,导致养殖效果不佳。针对上述投喂方式存在问题,分台投喂技术是将同一池塘混养的两种吃食性鱼类,通过驯化使两种鱼类分别到不同的两个区域摄食。每个区各搭一个投料台,投料台上固定自动投饵机,     

颗粒饲料的科学投喂

投喂是鱼类养殖技术中的重要环节之一。往往投喂技术不科学,即便是最好的饲料,也不一定得到应有的效果,鱼类生活在水中,所以投喂的饲料不仅容易散失,同时有的种类鱼摄食状况一般也不容易看见,这就给准确投饲带来一定的困难。同时影响鱼类摄食的因素也较多,如温度、水质、溶氧等都可造成鱼类不上浮摄食,管理人员仍然按时投喂,就会败坏水质,结果造成了大量颗粒饲料浪费,大大提高了饵料系数,影响经济效益。而人们又往往忽视投喂技术的重要性,为了得到好的饲养效果,降低养鱼成本,应进行科学合理的投喂。因此笔者结合自己多年的养殖经验,谈谈以下…     

大菱鲆幼鱼的摄食节律及适宜投喂时间

研究探讨了大菱鲆(Scophthatmus maximus)幼鱼的昼夜摄食节律以及不同投喂时间对大菱鲆摄食和生长的影响。试验在室内流水养殖系统中进行,水温为(14±0.2)℃,饲喂鲆鲽类商品饲料。采用两种方法进行试验:Ⅰ.分段式投喂方法将一昼夜分为8个时段,每天每个试验缸连续投喂8次,大菱鲆幼鱼表现为18 h出现一次摄食高峰;Ⅱ.一次饱食投喂法将一昼夜分为8个时段,每个时段作为1个处理,每天每个试验缸投喂1次,大菱鲆幼鱼摄食高峰出现在15:00、21:00、0:00和3:00,投喂时间显著影响了大菱鲆幼鱼的日摄食率、特定生长率和饲料效率,15:00、18:00和3:00投喂的大菱鲆幼鱼特定生长率和饲料效率显著高于6:00、9:00、12:00、21:00和0:00投喂的各组试验鱼(P0.05)。结合生产实际,每天15:00—18:00时间段投喂大菱鲆幼鱼可显著提高其生长和饲料效率。     

吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼（GIFT）摄食节律初探

用投喂添加色素的膨化颗粒饲料和观测排便相结合的方法,研究吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼(Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapias;GIFT)的摄食节律.结果发现,6个家系的吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼摄食具有明显的节律性,家系之间的摄食周期存在非常显著差异(P＜0.0001);t检验发现,各家系内摄食周期和排便周期的差异均不显著(P≥0.1097).回归分析发现,摄食周期对生长无显著的影响(P=0.8988),但与摄食量之间存在显著的线性关系(R2=0.9679,P=0.0004).对摄食节律聚类分析,6个家系可分为(1、2、6)、(3、4)、5共3个家系类别.该项研究能为GIFT的养殖投饵和进一步选育提供理论依据,为鱼类摄食节律研究提供方法上的参考.     

大泷六线鱼幼鱼的摄食节律研究

为优化大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)幼鱼投喂策略,探讨了大泷六线鱼幼鱼的昼夜摄食节律及不同时间投喂对其生长的影响。采用分段式连续投喂法(将一昼夜划分为8个时段,设1个处理,每天投喂8次)和一次饱食投喂法(将一昼夜划分为8个时段,每个时段作1个处理,每天每个处理投喂1次)研究昼夜摄食节律。结果显示:(1)两组试验均较好地反映出大泷六线鱼幼鱼24 h为一周期的摄食节律,一昼夜2个摄食高峰,上午9:00,下午15:00或18:00;(2)一次饱食投喂试验结果表明,不同时段投喂的幼鱼饲料效率和特定生长率有显著性差异(P0.05),9:00、12:00和18:00试验效果较好。研究表明,在实际生产中,建议每天上午9:00和下午18:00分两次投喂。     

养殖鱼类摄食行为的特征提取研究与应用进展

为解决养殖过程中饲料浪费和水质污染的问题,鱼类摄食行为的研究一直受到广大研究者的重视。量化鱼类摄食行为,提取可用摄食参数,构建精确的摄食模型是优化投喂策略的有效途径。总结了摄食过程中主要觅食感觉器官、捕食量化指标和摄入声信号特征。综述了养殖期间影响摄食行为的环境因素。对比分析了两种监测技术的研究进展及优缺点,即基于可见光与近红外光的计算机视觉技术和基于声学监测与声呐成像的声学技术,针对存在的问题提出了能够提高摄食模型准确性和普遍性的方法,以及被动声学的研究潜力及研究方向,以期为投饲系统向智能化的迈进提供参考。     

池塘投饲区底部微孔增氧对投饲量和溶解氧含量的影响

<正>在投喂配合饲料的池塘养殖生产方式下使用投饲机进行饲料的投喂,养殖鱼集中在投饲区摄食饲料。在摄食过程中,养殖鱼类在局部区域高度集中,会导致该区域水体溶解氧显著下降,到投饲时间点后期就会出现溶解氧不足而影响鱼类摄食,鱼体出现短时间的缺氧应激;同时,由于局部区域水体溶解氧的不足,也会影响该区域水体浮游生物、水体理化因子的变化。本试验选择江苏大丰华港养殖区、华辰水产养殖公司的池塘,在池塘投饲区底部增加了压缩空气底部增氧设施,在饲料     

如何降低养鱼饲料成本

1.投喂配合饲料。投喂配合饲料是降低养鱼饲料成本的重要途径。鱼类摄食配合饲料适口性好，营养全面，不仅有利于扩大饲料来源，降低饵料系数和生产成本，而且能提高鱼类生长速度和增肉率，缩短鱼类养殖周期，减少鱼类疾病。     

日本鳗鲡仔鱼摄食机理及其营养策略

鳗鲡属(Ａｎｇｕｉｌｌａ)鱼类共有19种和亚种,其中以欧洲鳗鲡(Ａ.ａｎｇｕｉｌｌａ)和日本鳗鲡(Ａ.ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ)最为重要。鳗鲡属鱼类发育需经历奇特的柳叶状仔鱼(ｌｅｐｔｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｌａｒｖａ)阶段,其人工育苗技术是一道世界难题。柳叶状仔鱼现象仅见于真骨鱼类最原始的一个类群海鲢总目Ｅｌｏｐｏｍｏｒｐｈａ(鳗鲡目Ａｎｇｕｉｌｌｉｆｏｒｍｅｓ,海鲢目Ｅｌｏｐｉｆｏｒｍｅｓ,背棘鱼目Ｎｏｔａｃａｎｔｈｉｆｏｒｍｅｓ)。有关柳叶状仔鱼的发育策略,已从形态学、生理学及生物化学等方面进行了不少研究,但柳叶状仔鱼…     

Demand-feeding behaviour of sea bass kept in ponds: diel and seasonal patterns,and influences of environmental factors

Feeding activity was investigated from June to October in a group of 60 sea bass, Dicentrachus labrax. The fish were kept in an earthen pond in a maritime wetland subject to the fluctuations of the natural environment. The fish fed by operating a demand feeder connected to a data logger which recorded each feeding act with a time reference. Meteorological and hydrological data were also recorded. Diurnal rhythms in feeding activity changed as the months progressed. Fish fed during daylight, preferentially at dawn in June, but in the middle of the day from August to October. Most feeding took place during subdued light. Feeding was closely and positively correlated to both daylength and water temperature; daylength being the most related factor associated with rainfall and East-West wind direction.     

Does feeding time affect fish welfare?

Increased aquaculture production has raised concerns about managing protocols to safeguard the welfare of farmed fish, as consumers demand responsible aquaculture practices to provide ‘welfare friendly’ products. Feeding is one of the largest production cost in a fish farm and can be one of the biggest stressors for fish. Under farming conditions, fish are challenged with artificial diets and feeding regimes, and inadequate feeding conditions cause stress, alteration of normal behavioural patterns, poor performance and eventually diseases and death, which are by no means acceptable neither economically nor ethically. This review aims to highlight the impact of feeding rhythms and feeding time upon physiological and behavioural welfare indicators, which show circadian rhythms as well. Therefore, all these variables should be considered when designing feeding strategies in farming conditions and assessing the welfare state of cultured fish.     

鱼类食性和食物网研究评述

鱼类食性和食物网的研究对于了解鱼类群落的结构与功能具有重要意义。本文主要结合国内外有关鱼类食性和食物网研究的报道，概括性叙述了在进行鱼类的食物组成、食性比较、摄食的时空变化、摄食的选择性、营养级、摄食量、食物网及其营养动力学研究时所使用的方法，并对我国开展此类研究的前景和存在的问题进行了讨论。     

微塑料染污及其对不同栖息地、不同食性海洋鱼类影响的研究进展

随着微塑料在海洋环境和海洋生物中的发现,海洋微塑料污染问题越来越受到关注。本文对海洋微塑料的来源、类型、分布规律、毒性以及对不同食性、不同栖息地海洋鱼类的影响进行了梳理,对后续研究方向进行了分析和瞻望。结果表明,微塑料来源广泛、种类繁多、分布在海洋的各个角落,其毒性主要由自身毒性和联合毒性两部分组成。微塑料在海洋中垂直分布特点为底层沉积物含量较高,其次为底层、上层水域,中层水域较少;水平方向上分布特点为河口区含量较高,流场区次之,大洋区较少。不同栖息环境的海洋鱼类对微塑料的摄取数量不同,从大到小依次为：近岸底栖性>底层性>大洋性>大洋底栖性;摄取种类也不同,并主要受微塑料密度的影响,中上层鱼类主要摄取密度较小的微塑料,中下层鱼类主要摄取密度较大的微塑料。不同食性鱼类对微塑料摄取量也不相同,滤食性鱼类摄取量最高,植食性和掠食性鱼类摄取量略不相同。海洋鱼类的摄食特性对不同形状、大小、密度的微塑料摄取具有一定的选择性。后续研究应结合渔业生物、生态学,物理海洋,化学海洋等     

投喂策略对水产动物生长生理及行为特征影响研究进展

近年来,中国水产养殖业高速发展,水产动物投喂策略逐渐受到重视。列举与分析了一系列国内外水产动物饲料投喂策略的相关研究内容,并进行了较为系统的整理与总结。投喂策略是现代集约化水产养殖生产过程中重要的生产管理要素,其技术内涵可简要概括为投喂频率、投喂率和投喂作业方式等,不同的水产动物种类以及不同的生长阶段所需的适宜养殖投喂策略亦不相同。叙述了投喂策略对养殖动物生长性能、消化代谢能力、应激免疫水平、行为响应以及存活率等影响,为水产动物饲料投喂策略的选择和相关技术理论的研究提供参考。     

Food and feeding habits of ribbonfish Trichiurus lepturus in coastal waters of south-western Taiwan

ABSTRACT:   The catch of ribbonfish Trichiurus lepturus in the coastal waters of south-western Taiwan has significantly declined in recent years. To examine the effects of exploitation on the feeding habits of ribbonfish, 1570 specimens were collected on a monthly basis during March 2002–March 2003 from the landings by trawlers operating in the coastal waters of south-western Taiwan. The size of the ribbonfish ranged from 83–298 mm preanal length (PL), with a peak at 201–250 mm PL. Although they fed on shrimps and squid, fishes including Benthosema pterotum , Bregmaceros lanceolatus and Encrasicholina heteroloba were their main food items . In particular, B. pterotum was the most important food all year except during summer. No evidence of cannibalism was found in this study. No differences between day and night were found in the feeding activity of T. lepturus . However, B. pterotum and Acetes intermedius were the most important prey in the daytime, whereas B. lanceolatus , B. pterotum and E. heteroloba were at night. Feeding activity and the number of food items increased with increasing size of ribbonfish. Their feeding intensity in February to June, the main spawning season, was significantly greater than in other months. Changes in the food and feeding habits of this species before and after the recent period of heavy exploitation are discussed in detail in this study.     

Feeding rhythm and growth of the tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, during its early life stages

The feeding rhythm and growth characteristics of the early life stages of the tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, were studied. Larvae began to prey on rotifers about 2–3 days after hatching at 23°C. About 12 days after hatching, larvae had grown to 8–9 mm in total length and were able to prey on Artemia larvae. As the larvae grew, they showed an increasing feeding capacity and a distinct feeding rhythm. Feeding intensity for day‐6 larvae was highest at 12:00 and 18:00 hours, about 2–3 h after the maximum feeding incidence. The highest levels of feeding intensity for day‐16 larvae occurred between 09:00 and 18:00 hours. By day 26, when the larvae had metamorphosed, feeding capacity had again increased considerably and, in contrast to the earlier stages, feeding intensity peaked at 18:00 and 24:00 hours concurrently with feeding incidence. Thus, tongue sole were found to have different feeding rhythms in the pre‐ and post‐metamorphosis stages, with the highest feeding activity in the daytime during the larval planktonic stage, and at night during the juvenile benthic stage. The estimated maximum daily feeding rates were 65%, 40% and 11% of body weight on days 6, 16 (larvae) and 26 (juveniles) respectively. Size variation increased markedly with development.     

海洋鱼类摄食生态与食物网研究进展

首先总结归纳了海洋鱼类摄食生态与食物网研究中的实验方法,主要包括胃含物分析法、碳氮稳定同位素法、特定化合物同位素法等实验方法的发展历史和应用现状；随后介绍了海洋鱼类摄食生态与食物网最新研究进展和取得的成绩,主要包括海洋鱼类摄食生态中食物组成、摄食方式、摄食量和食物用于机体各种生命活动分配方式,以及海洋食物网研究中以传统胃含物分析法为基础、以简化食物网为核心,碳氮稳定同位素技术和生态系统模型的应用发展；最后,着重分析了我国海洋鱼类摄食生态和食物网研究中有待解决的问题,并对该领域今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Effects of different feed management treatments on water quality for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Increasing feeding rates may provide an increase in production, thus nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter will also increase. These nutrients promote a greater oxygen demand and concentrations of toxic metabolites which can lead to frequent problems with low dissolved oxygen and an abundance of blue‐green algae. Four feed management practices were evaluated among sixteen 0.1 ha ponds culturing Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Feeding treatments included hand feeding using the Standard Feeding Protocol (SFP), SFP plus 15% from 8 to 16 weeks, an automatic‐solar timer which fed SFP+15%, and an AQ1 acoustic demand feeder allowing up to 12 kg/day·pond based on shrimps feeding response. Samples were analysed at weeks 0, 4 and 8–16 for the following parameters: chlorophyll a, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite–nitrogen, nitrate–nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, total suspended solids, total suspended volatile solids, turbidity, conductivity, salinity and biological oxygen demand. Samples were collected and shipped overnight to Auburn, Alabama for off‐site analysis. On‐site water quality was also obtained at the farm. The AQ1 acoustic demand feeder produced the most shrimp with a yield of 4,568 kg/ha; however, the AQ1 also had the highest total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite–nitrogen levels late in the growing season. The AQ1 feeder may be a viable, reduced labour and cost alternative for the shrimp commercial industry; however, such technologies must also be matched to the ability of the production system to process nutrients.