微塑料染污及其对不同栖息地、不同食性海洋鱼类影响的研究进展

随着微塑料在海洋环境和海洋生物中的发现,海洋微塑料污染问题越来越受到关注。本文对海洋微塑料的来源、类型、分布规律、毒性以及对不同食性、不同栖息地海洋鱼类的影响进行了梳理,对后续研究方向进行了分析和瞻望。结果表明,微塑料来源广泛、种类繁多、分布在海洋的各个角落,其毒性主要由自身毒性和联合毒性两部分组成。微塑料在海洋中垂直分布特点为底层沉积物含量较高,其次为底层、上层水域,中层水域较少；水平方向上分布特点为河口区含量较高,流场区次之,大洋区较少。不同栖息环境的海洋鱼类对微塑料的摄取数量不同,从大到小依次为：近岸底栖性>底层性>大洋性>大洋底栖性；摄取种类也不同,并主要受微塑料密度的影响,中上层鱼类主要摄取密度较小的微塑料,中下层鱼类主要摄取密度较大的微塑料。不同食性鱼类对微塑料摄取量也不相同,滤食性鱼类摄取量最高,植食性和掠食性鱼类摄取量略不相同。海洋鱼类的摄食特性对不同形状、大小、密度的微塑料摄取具有一定的选择性。后续研究应结合渔业生物、生态学,物理海洋,化学海洋等

Research progress in the microplastics pollution and its effects on marine fishes with different feeding habits and habitats

With the microplastics found more and more frequently in the marine environment and creatures,marine microplastics pollution has attracted more and more attentions. In this study, the types, distribution, toxicity and the effects of marine microplastics on marine fishes of different feeding and habitat were summarized, and the future research direction was expected. The results shown that the distribution of microplastics was widely and of a great variety almost in everywhere of the sea, the toxicity of microplastics was mainly consists of self-toxicity and joint toxicity. The number distribution of microplastics in the ocean was as follows: the sediment was highest, followed by bottom and upper water, and the middle water was the least in the vertical direction, and the estuary zones were higher, the flow field zones were the second, oceanic zones were the least in the horizontal direction. The ingestion number of microplastics of different habitats marine fishes were different, and the trend was benthic > demersal > pelagic> benthopelagic. The ingestion types of microplastics were different for marine fishes of different habitat water depths because of the various density of the microplastics, and pelagic fishes ingested low-density microplastics, while demersal fishes primary ingested high-density microplastics, respectively. The ingestion number of microplastics of different feeding habits fishes was also different, the filter feeding fish was the highest, while phytophagous and predatory fishes was slightly different. The different feeding characteristics of marine fishes had certain selectivity to ingest different shapes, sizes and densities of microplastics. In the future research, we should combine the fishery biology and fishery ecology, physical oceanography and ocean chemistry to understand the existence, distribution and transmission of microplastics in the ocean and its impact on marine fish and other marine creatures.