Studies in riding arenas and on different riding path surfaces with respect to respiratory tract contamination in horses. Air hygiene studies in riding arenas

Using the direct sedimentation method, the air pollution with fungal spores was measured in indoor riding arenas and compared to horse stables, outside riding arenas and covered sport courts. Depending on the location of indoor arenas and stables, the presence of "dust-nests", the number of horses ridden, and the moisture of the tread layer, an air pollution was measured which was equivalent to that in stables except at times of feeding and straw-giving. Outside and in sport arenas a low air pollution was found. Recommendations are given, regarding optimum air hygiene especially for horses with chronic and subclinical respiratory conditions.     

饲喂枯草芽孢对草鱼粪便、养殖水体中芽孢数量和水质的影响

分别在饲料中添加不同含量的枯草(Bacillus subtilis)芽孢(A组实测芽孢数量为2.6×107 cfu/g,B组为4.4×106 cfu/g,空白组为0),饲喂静水水族箱中100 g左右的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)10 d,测定饲喂枯草芽孢后草鱼粪便、养殖水体中芽孢数量和水质的变化。结果表明:(1)9 d内,水体中芽孢数量A组和B组在前6 d时不断增加,在6 d时达到稳定,其中A组和B组稳定时的含量分别为2.22×106 cfu/g和3.98×105 cfu/g。(2)10 d内,草鱼粪便干物质中的芽孢数量与饲料中的枯草芽孢含量相比,A组和B组粪便中的枯草芽孢损失率分别为89.76%～90.71%和83.83%～86.84%。(3)草鱼饲喂枯草芽孢后,A组和B组粪便中排出的枯草芽孢对水体中亚硝酸盐和氨氮有降低的趋势,但各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),对化学需氧量(COD)没有影响。     

Alum residuals as a low technology for phosphorus removal from aquaculture processing water

Aquaculture process waters are often scrutinized for loading phosphorus discharges into surface water. With the growing regulatory control of discharge from aquaculture process industries, it has become very important to address low cost and effective technological solution for aquaculture facilities. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of alum residuals, which were generated during drinking water treatment for adsorption of phosphorus from aquaculture process water. Alum residuals were dried using an oven at 105 °C for 24 h. Particle size (d₆₀) was similar to conventional adsorbent, granular activated carbon. Bench scale experiments (batch and fixed bed column tests) were conducted using oven dried alum residuals. Fixed bed column tests also looked at the effect of influent pH on the effectiveness of oven dried alum residuals. Experimental results observed phosphorus removal of 94–99% using an alum residuals concentration of 4–16 g/L. Freundlich adsorption isotherm was effective in explaining partitioning among solid and liquid phases. Oven dried alum residuals were a better adsorbent for orthophosphate phosphorus than total phosphorus. Effluent pH levels for both batch and fixed bed column tests were within range of 6–9 for most of the samples tested and therefore, suitable for surface water disposal. There were no effects of pH observed on the breakthrough pore volume processed during fixed bed column test. There was aluminum leaching from oven dried alum residuals, however, not high enough to cause toxicity for aquatic species if disposed in surface water. Oven dried alum residuals were also able to adsorb organic matter from aquaculture process water. The effluent BOD₅ was below 30 mg/L for most of the samples with an exception of a few samples where BOD₅ was beyond the limit for surface water disposal guidelines. The results indicated that oven dried alum residuals have potential to provide a technological solution for small aquaculture facilities.     

Environmental factors affecting outbreaks of winter saprolegniosis in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

Abstract. Previous studies have led to the development of a laboratory model for a disease termed 'winter saprolegniosis', locally referred to as 'winter kill', occurring in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, raised in commercial ponds in the southeastern United States. In the laboratory, the onset of disease was routinely brought about by a combination of two related factors: (1) a rapid drop in water temperature which induces immunosuppression in catfish; and (2) maintenance of low water temperatures (∼10°C), which favour the proliferation of an ubiquitous fungus of the genus Saprolegnia to produce high levels of fungal zoospores (≥5 spores ml⁻¹). In this study, two commercial catfish ponds were monitored for over one year to determine if the above factors occurred in the field and could be correlated with outbreaks of winter saprolegniosis. It was noted that passages of severe cold weather fronts were able to drop pond water temperatures ≥10°C within 24h and that such decreases in water temperature were associated with immunosuppression of the catfish in the ponds. Furthermore, when Saprolegnia sp. zoospore levels were ≥5 spores ml^-1, the immunocompromised catfish exhibited overt signs of winter saprolegniosis. If one of the factors implicated in the induction of disease was missing, fish in the ponds remained healthy. In addition, the onset of disease in the ponds appeared independent of pH and oxygen, total ammonia nitrogen and un-ionized ammonia levels. Collectively, these field results confirm the laboratory-based hypothesis concerning the aetiology of winter saprolegniosis in channel catfish.     

深沪湾海水、沉积物及贝类体内重金属的含量与评价

利用1998年5月和9月深沪湾海域环境调查资料，着重分析了深炉湾海水、表层沉积物及褶牡蛎和菲律宾蛤仔体内重金属的含量及分布，结果表明：深沪湾海水中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg等含量均低于渔业水质标准，而表层沉积物的Pb、Zn含量大部分已超标，近岸水域海水和表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的含量明显高于湾中心水域，湾顶水域高于湾口水域。Hg的含量是湾南部水域高于北部水域。文中还根据全国海岸带污染综合调查专业组制定的海洋生物污染评价标准，对2种贝类的重金属污染程度进行评价，结果深沪湾的养殖贝类体内的重金属含量均未超标。     

基于GIS技术的濑溪河流域泸县境内农村非点源污染评估

通过地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)技术对濑溪河流域泸县境内进行水系提取及流域划分,并利用GIS空间技术分析了各乡镇污染贡献度。选取城镇居民生活污水、城镇地表径流、畜禽散养、农村生活污水以及化肥流失5大污染源,计算各镇总等标污染负荷比。结果表明,研究区内农村畜禽散养、化肥流失、生活污水的污染源总和比重高达69.71%,福集镇占研究区乡镇总污染的31.17%,导致泸县濑溪河水质差的主要原因是农村非点源污染,并提出了针对性的污染防治对策。     

胶州湾表层水中石油烃、化学耗氧量和金属铬的分布及污染现状分析

根据1987年5月和8月2次调查的结果,分析了胶州湾表层水中的石油烃、化学耗氧量和金属铬的分布和污染现状,并与1980年前后的历史资料进行了比较。结果表明,黄岛新建大型输油码头基本不引起其邻近海域的石油烃污染,并且胶州湾水体中的石油烃污染较以前有所改善,而金属铬污染却有所增加,但其分布形式都基本未变,石油烃和金属铬污染均无季节变化。而该湾化学耗氧量的分布和量值有明显的季节变化。除少数河口区外,胶州湾绝大多数海域的石油烃、化学耗氧量和金属铬含量均满足渔业水质要求。     

西江广东鲂产卵场水质营养盐现状与评价

2003-2006年在西江广东鲂(Megalobrama hoffmanni)主要产卵场-封开青皮塘渔场和郁南罗旁渔场的6个点,进行了4次水质监测,据此分析水域营养现状与污染情况。结果表明,青皮塘和罗旁渔场水域溶解氧充足,化学需氧量较低,受到耗氧有机物的污染较小,无机磷浓度均低于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类水质标准;两产卵场无机氮(DIN)含量均较高,近4年单因子指数均大于1,水域DIN浓度均高于《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类水质标准,部份监测点超过Ⅴ类,两产卵场主要受氮污染。采用营养指数法及有机污染指数法进行综合评价,两产卵场的水质均达到了清洁水平。     

茜坑水库浮游植物时空分布及水质风险评价

浮游植物是判断水体富营养化程度的关键指标之一,藻类水华中有害蓝藻释放的蓝藻毒素会危害人类健康,对饮用水的安全构成威胁。2010年4月至2011年3月,按月对广东省深圳市茜坑水库的浮游植物群落进行了调查。结果表明,茜坑水库共采集到浮游植物7门、66属、127种,种类组成以绿藻(54%)和硅藻(25%)为主,水库属绿藻-硅藻型水体;浮游植物细胞密度年均值为1.10×107个/L,绿藻门、硅藻门、隐藻门和蓝藻门细胞密度所占比例较高;浮游植物多样性在茜坑水库各样点间不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),表明水体交换能力较强;结合3种水质评价方法,初步判断茜坑水库为轻污-中污型水体,并通过对潜在产毒蓝藻现存量的分析来评价水质安全存在的风险。7月的水质风险最大,应进行藻毒素测定。对理化因子的测定显示,水库总氮和总磷浓度均超过《GB3838-2002地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅱ类标准值。     

广州市主要湖泊沉积物磷的赋存形态

沉积物中磷的富集及其形态学特征是导致城市水体富营养化的重要因素之一。2016年-2017年对广州市8个主要城市湖泊花都湖、白云湖、东山湖、流花湖、天河湖、海珠湖、荔湾湖、麓湖表层沉积物的总磷（TP）及各形态磷的含量与分布特征进行了研究，并运用单因子污染指数法和生物有效性指数法对沉积物磷污染程度进行了评价。结果表明:广州市湖泊表层沉积物TP含量范围为368~5276 mg/kg，平均值为3277 mg/kg，其分布特征表现为东山湖>白云湖>花都湖>流花湖>天河湖>荔湾湖>麓湖>海珠湖。TP中以无机磷（IP）为主要存在形式，占TP含量的67.56%~87.44%，IP中又以铁结合态磷（Fe-P）为主，占TP含量的32.77%~60.24%，均值为42.88%。相关分析表明TP与Fe-P和有机磷OP，Fe-P与De-P，Ca-P与OP呈显著的正相关关系，表明其来源的相似性。通过分析可将广州市湖泊分为受珠江干流直接影响、接纳河涌入水、相对封闭和无明显外源输入的四类湖泊，表明输入源是决定广州市湖泊沉积物磷含量与分布特征的主要因素，工业废水、生活污水是主要污染源。单因子污染指数与生物有效性指数评价结果显示广州市湖泊沉积物整体处于重度磷污染水平。本研究对于科学评估广州市城区湖泊环境状况、潜在生态风险，有针对性的进行生态修复具有重要的意义。     

Swimming activities of zoospores in Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyceae)

ABSTRACT: The release of zoospores from zoosporangia in Laminaria japonica mainly occurred at night. The maximum swimming speed of the zoospores was observed immediately after release (~160 μm/s), and then decreased with time. The zoospores exhibited clear chemotaxis to high concentrations of nitrate-N and phosphate-P. Only half of the zoospores were observed to swim against seawater with a flow velocity of 124 μm/s. The zoospores became floating spores after they stopped swimming in the seawater. Low light and low water temperature conditions prolonged the swimming period of the zoospores. However, the photosynthesis of the zoospores was suppressed in low water temperatures, and was also limited under high light irradiance. These results suggest that photosynthesis in zoospores does not prolong their swimming period, and that when their swimming energy is exhausted, floating spores appear.     

渤海中部海区水域夏季环境质量综合评价

基于2012年夏季渤海中部海域21个站点的调查数据,采用内梅罗(Nemerow)指数、富营养指数(EI)和潜在富营养化法对渤海中部海域水体环境质量现状进行了评价.内梅罗指数评价结果显示,对参与评价的酸碱度、溶解氧、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、化学耗氧量、石油类、重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg和As)等12项指标而言,表层、10m层、底层受污染站位比例分别为57.1％、33.3％、23.8％.表层海水石油类浓度超标率为57.1％,10 rn层水体超标率为42.9％,底层水体超标率为14.3％,石油类是主要污染因素.从分布位置看,受污染站位主要集中在调查区域的西南部,中部海域水质等级较高.海水环境质量呈现出由沿岸水域向中央海盆逐渐升高的趋势.渤海中部海域无明显富营养化状态,除表层13号站位外,表层、10m层、底层海水富营养状态指数法EI均小于l,表现为贫营养级水平.绝大部分海域氮磷比值高于Redfield比值,但未呈现富营养化水平,无机氮浓度升高,活性磷酸盐浓度降低,渤海中部水域营养盐结构由氮限制向磷限制转变,已经开始转变成磷限制中度营养状态.     

环杭州湾围垦养殖区凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)池塘水质特征及污染物排放研究

为探明浙江省环杭州湾围垦养殖区养殖水体污染状况,降低养殖风险,2016年7-10月对环杭州湾围垦养殖区凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)池塘水质现状和主要污染情况进行了研究,并采用水质污染指数评价法和综合营养状态指数评价法对凡纳滨对虾池塘水质和主要污染物进行了评价和分析。水质分析结果显示,环杭州湾围垦养殖区凡纳滨对虾池塘水质均劣于地表水环境质量标准Ⅴ类水,其中TN、TP和COD为主要的超标因子。污染指数评价法评价结果显示,环杭州湾围垦养殖区凡纳滨对虾池塘均为严重污染状态,其中,总磷为首要污染物。综合营养状态指数法结果显示,大部分池塘的综合营养状态指数TLI(∑)都达到了60以上,均为中度-重度富营养化水体。     

西江广东鲂产卵场水质营养盐现状与评价

2003-2006年在西江广东鲂（Megalobrama hoffmanni）主要产卵场-封开青皮塘渔场和郁南罗旁渔场的6个点,进行了4次水质监测,据此分析水域营养现状与污染情况。结果表明,青皮塘和罗旁渔场水域溶解氧充足,化学需氧量较低,受到耗氧有机物的污染较小,无机磷浓度均低于《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838-...     

太湖流域主要水系水环境特征分析与富营养化评价

对太湖流域苕溪、南溪、太湖、沿江和黄浦江5大水系水体环境特征进行2次全范围调查监测,在此基础上分析主要水系的水环境特征现状,并用模糊综合评价方法对主要水系的富营养化程度进行评价.结果表明,除苕溪和南溪水系外,太湖流域各水系水体透明度都较低,可能与部分水体泥沙含量较大有直接关系,但水体中藻类、有机物和水动力条件等可能也是影响透明度的因素;耗氧性有机污染物指标处于地表水Ⅳ类～Ⅴ类,且B/C(可生化性指标)比较高,分解利用引起水中溶解氧(DO)的快速下降.氮磷营养元素污染相对严重,基本处于地表Ⅴ类～劣Ⅴ类水平,且各水体中都以总磷(TP)污染最为突出.总氮(TN)和TP中分别主要以溶解无机氧( DIN)和PO43-的形式存在,其较高的浓度为藻类快速生长甚至爆发水华提供了必要条件.对污染指标主成分分析的结果表明,氮磷和有机物是流域水体污染的主要贡献指标.富营养化模糊综合评价结果表明,苕溪水系、南溪水系和太湖基本处于中度富营养化水平,而沿江水系和黄浦江水系基本处于重度富营养化水平.     

夏季渤海中部表层沉积物重金属空间分布及污染评价

为了解渤海中部海域沉积物中重金属的污染状况,于2013年8月采集了渤海中部海域34个站点的表层沉积物,检测了Pb、Cd、Hg、Cu、Zn和As 6种重金属的含量,分析了Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn 4种重金属的空间分布特征,采用污染指数法和潜在生态风险评价法对其表层沉积物重金属污染状况进行评价。结果显示,渤海中部海域表层沉积物重金属含量较低,符合海洋沉积物质量(GB 18668-2002)Ⅰ类标准的要求。表层沉积物重金属的空间分布总体呈现由近岸向中心海域降低的趋势。Cu、Zn和Pb含量空间变化趋势比较明显,靠近渤海湾海域重金属含量高,离岸距离越远,重金属含量逐渐降低。Cd含量在靠近黄河入海海域最高,呈现自高值区向东西两边海域减小的趋势。各个站位的重金属单因子污染程度较轻,单因子污染系数均值大小顺序为PbCuZnAsCdHg;重金属综合污染指数都小于5,表现为低污染水平。除1号站位的Hg单因子潜在生态风险系数为54.44之外,其他站位表层沉积物Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的单因子潜在生态风险系数Eir小于40,范围为0.39～38.80,风险程度由高到低依次为Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu和Zn;其综合潜在生态风险系数小于150,范围为16.39～79.57。其中,1号站位综合潜在生态风险系数最高达到79.57。研究表明,此海域属于低潜在生态风险水平,风险指数高值区出现在唐山大清河口海域。     

In Vitro Screening of Fungicidal Chemicals for Antifungal Activity against Saprolegnia

Saprolegnia is an important fish fungal pathogen that often results in significant economic losses to freshwater aquaculture. To find effective drugs to control saprolegniasis, 30 fungicidal chemicals used in agriculture were screened, in which kresoxim‐methyl and azoxystrobin, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 1.0 and 0.5 mg/L, respectively, showed good in vitro antifungal activities against Saprolegnia. Azoxystrobin has the most promising anti‐Saprolegnia activity with 50% effective concentration (EC₅₀) value of 0.212 mg/L against mycelial growth and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of 0.13 mg/L against spores, while EC₅₀ and MFC values to kresoxim‐methyl are 0.240 and 0.25 mg/L, respectively. Through the acute toxicity assay using goldfish, Carassius auratus, azoxystrobin exhibited wider margin of safety with a safe concentration (SC) value of 0.553 mg/L than kresoxim‐methyl with an SC value of 0.131 mg/L. These findings demonstrated that azoxystrobin has the potential for the development of therapy for the control of Saprolegnia in aquaculture. Both kresoxim‐methyl and azoxystrobin were tested with a post‐antifungal effects (PAFE) assay and the results revealed that the two chemicals had no significant effect on fungal growth inhibition after a 1‐hour exposure, indicating that the treatment needs to be carried out over an extended period.     

江湖关系演变对洞庭湖沉积物重金属污染时空分布的影响

对洞庭湖沉积物重金属的生态风险和污染负荷进行评价,探讨江湖关系演变对洞庭湖沉积物中重金属分布和生态风险的影响,为洞庭湖重金属污染防控决策和湖泊生态风险管理提供科学依据。监测的重金属为Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As,评价方法为潜在生态风险指数法和污染负荷指数法。结果表明,洞庭湖全湖沉积物重金属总体上呈"中度污染"并面临"较高"潜在生态风险,Cd、Hg是洞庭湖沉积物中污染程度和生态风险最大的重金属。在空间分布上,RI值和PLI值总体上均表现为南洞庭湖西洞庭湖东洞庭湖,但不同季节分布不一致,丰水期空间差别最大。在水期分布上,重金属含量、RI值和PLI值总体上均表现为丰水期枯水期,水文和水动力因素可能是产生此差异的重要原因。在季节分布上,RI值和PLI值总体上均表现为夏季最大,春秋季节次之,冬季最小,与洞庭湖水面面积、水位、"四水"径流量的季节变化规律基本吻合,洞庭湖的水情变化一定程度上影响着沉积物重金属污染水平。近年来随着江湖关系的演变,特别是三峡工程的运行,洞庭湖沉积物重金属污染变化显著,洞庭湖沉积物重金属含量相对于1984-2004年的递增趋势,2007-2015年递减趋势明显(Hg除外)。     

Pathogenicity of Saprolegnia spp. to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., eggs

Live and dead Atlantic salmon eyed eggs were challenged with eight different Saprolegnia isolates, selected because of their varied origins, known morphological characteristics and growth/germination pattern. Some isolates were also tested for pathogenicity to Atlantic salmon parr. Challenge of eggs was performed by exposure to spores in suspension or by co-incubation of live eggs with infected dead eggs. The phenotypic characteristics of the isolates were evaluated in relation to their observed pathogenicity from the challenge experiment, to identify possible virulence factors leading to egg-infection by Saprolegnia. The results from the experiments confirm that live eggs are refractory to infection with Saprolegnia spores in suspension and that an infection of live eggs can only occur from an infection nucleus represented by dead eggs or debris. It was observed that strains pathogenic to salmon parr were not particularly infective towards eggs, and the isolates that gave the highest infection rates to eggs were species considered to be saprotrophs.     

螺旋藻工业养殖过程中污染防治研究进展

近年来随着生物医药行业的迅速发展,露天跑道池被广泛应用于工业螺旋藻养殖产业中,但这种培养模式避免不了螺旋藻养殖过程中的水源和空气污染,其中浮游动物、杂藻、溶藻细菌和病毒是主要的污染源。结合国内外相关研究,就如何有效预防浮游动物和杂藻污染,做到清洁培养进行综述,为今后螺旋藻工业养殖提供借鉴。