养殖水环境中磷的循环与平衡

详细地介绍了养殖水环境中磷的各种存在形态及其相互之间的转化和循环过程，同时总结了前人研究和提出的各种养殖水环境中磷的物质平衡模型，为优化水产养殖和保护水环境提供科学依据。     

淡水养殖环境中氨氧化微生物的研究进展

随着水产养殖业的快速发展,养殖水体氮素污染日益突出,硝化微生物在水产养殖环境氮循环中具有重要作用。本文主要综述我国淡水养殖环境中硝化微生物的多样性、作用机理、厌氧氨氧化过程和机理等研究进展,并展望今后的研究工作:(1)淡水养殖水域硝化作用和氨氧化微生物的时空分布特征及影响因子;(2)淡水养殖环境氨氧化微生物及其他氮素转化关键微生物的过程与机理;(3)深入研究特定生态系统中如池塘生态系统、氮循环的各个过程,构建相关氮素转化和氮素平衡模型,为完善淡水池塘生态系统氮循环理论、水产养殖环境的氮素污染治理和生态修复提供参考。     

菌藻联合调控氨氮新技术

随着淡水养殖集约化规模的扩大,水体氨氮的控制成为水质控制的关键。本文由水体的氮循环过程阐述r养殖水体氨氮积累的成因及危害,简单介绍了利用生物控制水体氨氮方法,并提出了菌藻联合调控新技术。1水体的氮素循环构成氮循环的主要环节是：生物体内有机氮的合成、氨化作用、硝化作用、反硝化作用和固氮作用。自然水体中的氮来自水生动植物尸体及排泄物的积累及腐败,含氮有机化合物通过营腐生细菌分解成氨氮、硫化氧等小分子无机物,然后由各种自养型微生物主要为硝化细菌的作用,转化为亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐,这3种氮素一方面被藻类和水生植物吸收,另一方面硝酸盐在缺氧条件下被反硝化细菌通过脱氮作用将硝态氮转化为氮气逸出水体,大气中的氮被固氮菌利用重新回到水体。     

氮的循环及氨氮、亚硝酸盐对鱼体健康的影响

正鱼类进食、呼吸、粪便排泄、繁殖、吸收和排泄盐类等行为全部都发生在水中,因此水质的好坏直接影响着鱼类的健康程度和水产品的安全性。1氮的循环氮的循环是水产养殖生态系统中物质循环的重要环节,养殖水体中氮的多少关系到水产养殖生态系统中物质能量的转化。氮是浮游植物生长所必需的,是组成蛋白质的重要成     

虾塘养殖水环境中氮磷营养盐的存在特征与行为

根据现场调查结果，讨论了虾塘养殖水环境中氮磷营养盐的存在特征与行为，在该水环境中，ＩＰ的季节变化相对平稳，而ＩＮ则在养殖中后期变化幅度较大，ＩＮ和ＩＰ的垂直分布均匀；ＩＮ的形态分布有显著的季节变化，且与开阔浅海不同，ＮＯ２Ｎ也成为ＩＮ的主要存在形态，ＩＮ与ＩＰ比值始终较低，且ＩＮ在虾养殖期间的大部分时间内都处于贫瘠水平，从而构成该养殖水环境中初级生产的限制因素，而相对较高密度的浮游植物，则是缩短该     

健康养殖与水质／底质调控

良好的养殖水环境是进行健康养殖的第一要务。包括两个方面:一是水体良好的理化状态,符合养殖对象的生理并能满足它们的生长繁殖所需要;另一方面是良好的生态状态,水体中各种生物的种类及其比例可以维持养殖生态系统处于良好的物质、能量循环之中。 从环境的角度看,养殖期间的水质是处于逐渐恶化过程中的。这是因为养殖过程中不断投饵施肥的必     

淡水养殖水体氨氮积累危害及生物控制的研究现状

随着淡水养殖集约化规模的扩大,水体氨态氮及亚硝态氮的控制成为水质控制的关键。本文由水体的氮循环过程浅析了养殖水体氨氮积累的成因及危害,综述了淡水养殖中利用生物方法降低水体氨氮的研究及应用现状。     

养殖尾水处理系统填料生物膜氮循环微生物功能特征

养殖尾水污染已成为制约水产养殖业发展的重要因素。填料生物膜养殖尾水处理系统是近年来开发的一种经济、高效去除养殖废水污染物的尾水处理设施。然而关于填料生物膜在氮素迁移转化中微生物生态效应及其功能知之甚少。为此,本研究利用宏基因组学方法剖析填料生物膜微生物群落氮循环过程及其潜在驱动机制。研究发现,填料生物膜微生物主要参与氮代谢活动。与水体相比,填料生物膜的碳代谢活动能力较强(P<0.05)；填料生物膜上硝化作用羟胺还原酶、反硝化作用氧化亚氮还原酶和一氧化氮还原酶及其编码功能基因nosZ和norB、异化硝酸盐还原作用亚硝酸盐还原酶及其功能基因napA、nrfA和nirB、以及固氮酶及功能基因nif HDK丰度相对较高(P<0.05),说明填料生物膜具有比周围水环境更强的氮周转能力。在属水平上,Pseudomonas菌、Spirochaeta菌、Opitutus菌和Syntrophus菌是填料生物膜氮素转化关键过程的重要功能微生物类群。上述研究结果表明,养殖尾水处理系统内复合填料生物膜主要通过关键功能物种介导的固氮和反硝化作用实现养殖尾水氮素的转化和迁移。本研究结果作为野外实验证据可为今后复合填料生物膜系统在水产养殖尾水治理实践提供理论依据。     

养殖生态环境的建设与防病

随着水产养殖业的深入发展，养殖面积不断的扩大，形成集约化、规模化和商品化的格局。由于受经济利益的驱动，养殖普遍实行单一品种高密度的养殖模式，对养殖空间的挤压，使养殖水环境产生的负面影响越来越突出，养殖过程产生的养殖动物的排泄物、饵料残余、浮游动植物的残余等的积累已大大超过水环境的负载能力与自净能力，日益引起养殖环境恶化，     

水产养殖水体循环利用过程中碱度的变化及调控

水体中的碱度水平能通过改变水体中某些物质的存在形态进而影响养殖对象,也会通过影响养殖水体的自养硝化、异养反硝化和氨氮异养同化过程的效率进而对养殖对象产生影响。本文首先概述了水产养殖水体中碱度的标准,根据水体中微生物学过程、光合作用、呼吸作用对碱度的影响及碱度与pH、CO_2、硬度等水质指标的紧密联系,对循环利用的养殖水体中碱度的变化规律和调控策略进行总结。养殖水循环利用过程中碱度会明显降低,通过补充碱度或者替换新水的方式提高养殖水体中碱度到一定的水平,以满足自养硝化和氨氮的同化过程所消耗的碱度从而实现养殖水体的原位净化。关于养殖用水循环利用过程中碱度的变化机制和规律需开展大量基础的研究,为实现循环利用水体碱度控制和维持循环水高密度养殖系统pH的稳定提供参考。     

水淹-出露对消落带土壤氮形态的影响

研究水淹持续时间、水淹深度对消落带土壤有机氮和无机氮形态及其含量的影响,为准确预测消落带土壤氮形态及其含量的演变趋势提供支撑。在重庆市开州区渠口镇三峡水库消落带,通过原位浮台装置,将盛有消落带土壤的试验组塑料盆悬挂于水深2、5和15 m处,水淹60、180 d,出露180 d,再次水淹180d;对照组塑料盆置于原位浮台上。结果表明:水淹处理的土壤pH高于对照组,土壤氮形态及含量也发生了显著变化;水淹环境会导致消落带土壤不同形态氮之间发生相互转化,对照组土壤全氮、酸解全氮和氨基糖态氮含量均值分别为(1 188.11±83.46)、(702.79±154.81)、(170.78±70.86) mg/kg,水淹处理的土壤全氮含量(1 287.25±15.93) mg/kg、酸解全氮含量(872.04±20.73) mg/kg,氨基糖态氮含量均值(148.13±18.99) mg/kg;随着水淹深度的增加,土壤全氮、酸解全氮含量呈增加趋势,氨基糖态氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量呈下降趋势;水淹-出露-再水淹会导致消落带土壤碳、氮等营养元素的流失,再次水淹180 d,消落带土壤全碳、全氮、酸解氨态氮、氨基糖态氮、硝态氮含量低于对照组;消落带土壤氮的形态相互转化过程受土壤酶活性及水淹环境(光照和水温等)的影响,土壤脲酶与全氮、氨基酸态氮、酸解氨态氮、硝态氮显著正相关,与非酸解氮显著负相关。硝酸还原酶与全氮、酸解全氮显著负相关;亚硝酸还原酶活性与酸解全氮、氨基酸氮和酸解氨态氮显著正相关,羟胺还原酶活性与硝态氮显著正相关。     

The Nitrogen Budget of a Tropical Semi-Intensive Freshwater Fish Culture Pond

Nitrogen inputs, outputs and compartamentalization were quantified in a freshwater fish pond stocked with hybrid Oreochromis throughout a production cycle. The budget accounts for 91% of the nitrogen added to the system. Feed addition accounted for 87% of the nitrogen input and an additional 11% was attributable to nitrogen fixation, mainly in the water column. The balance of the nitrogen input was contained in the source water for the pond. Commercial-size fish accumulated 17.5% of the nitrogen added to the system. Most of the nitrogen was eventually deposited in the sediments. Nitrification constituted a major pathway for nitrogen transformation, but only 1% of the nitrogen input was lost through denitrification.     

枯草芽孢杆菌改善水质提高凡纳滨对虾幼体抗逆性的研究

投放不同浓度梯度的枯草芽孢杆菌于凡纳滨对虾幼体养殖环境中,监测不同枯草芽孢杆菌使用浓度下与养殖环境相关的水质因子（氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、化学需氧量）的变化;观察不同枯草芽孢杆菌使用浓度下凡纳滨对虾幼体对人工制造的胁迫环境的抗逆性;观测不同枯草芽孢杆菌使用浓度下凡纳滨对虾幼体的成活率与体重增长率。研究枯草芽孢杆菌对水质改善和凡纳滨对虾幼体抗逆性的影响。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌能显著（P〈0.05）降低化学需氧量、氨氮含量,抑制亚硝酸盐氮的产生;当枯草芽孢杆菌投放浓度为1.25×10^4cfu/ml时,水体中化学需氧量、氨态氮、亚硝酸盐氮含量均值比对照组分别降低了65.30%、59.70%、88.64%,成活率比对照组提高了10.00%,体重增长率是对照组的2.44倍;当枯草芽孢杆菌使用浓度为1.25×10^4～1.25×10^6cfu/ml时,对虾抗逆性显著（P〈0.05）增强,对虾在氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、高锰酸钾、甲醛胁迫下24小时的成活率均值分别比对照组提高了16.94%、24.44%、44.17%、18.61%。     

Effect of water exchange on effluent and sediment characteristics and on partial nitrogen budget in semi-intensive shrimp ponds in New Caledonia

An experiment was conducted in six earthen ponds with 20 shrimps m^?2Litopenaeus stylirostris (Stimpson) during the warm season in New Caledonia to study the dynamics of wastes in relation with water exchange rate (WER). The nitrogen budget was established, taking into account the different forms of nitrogen in the water, sediment, feed and shrimp. Data from a wide range of treatments applied in unreplicated ponds were treated using regression analysis to establish the relationship between WER and partial nitrogen budget, sediment characteristics and shrimp performance. To compare effluent quality between treatments during the season, data were analysed using the non‐parametric sign test. The water outflow was characterized by a decrease in the concentrations of N‐mineral forms (TAN, NO₂^?–NO₃^?), an increase in the concentration of organic soluble and sestonic organic forms (expressed in terms of particulate nitrogen, particulate organic carbon, chlorophyll a) compared with the water inflow. Increasing WER increased the amount of exported wastes and mainly in the organic forms and TAN can be considered as negligible. The nitrogen budget showed that 19–46% of nitrogen input (feed+water) was exported into the coastal environment. The results showed that the quality of the sediment decreased as WER decreased. The potential negative impact of the developing industry in New Caledonia on the costal environment could be partially reduced in a first step by decreasing WER. However, if applied in the farms, this practice should be linked to a close survey of the evolution of sediment quality.     

一株高效脱氮菌株的分离鉴定及应用潜力分析

为了获得对虾养殖池塘中高效去除亚硝态氮和氨氮的菌株,采用富集培养分离的方法,从养殖水体中筛选得到1株去除亚硝态氮和氨氮的菌株,培养24 h后的去除率分别为96.17%和88.27%,编号为O-11。基于形态学、分子生物学及生理生化鉴定结果,明确了该菌株基本生物学特征以及可能的分类地位。分离菌株在20~30℃时有利于亚硝态氮的去除,而温度为20~35℃时对氨氮的去除效果较好;分离菌株在盐度小于30的环境中对亚硝态氮的去除能力受盐度变化的影响不大;在碱性环境中分离菌株对氨氮的去除能力较高。安全性检验可知,在菌浓度为10~5~10~8 cfu/mL的菌株O-11对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)是安全的,且在菌浓度为10~5 cfu/mL时能显著提高对虾的存活率,促进对虾生长。这说明,分离菌株O-11在水产养殖水体中有害氮脱除方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

Nitrogen Budget for the Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Nitrogen ingested by the rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis (S type) is balanced by gain in body nitrogen (including reproduction), soluble excreted nitrogen, and nitrogen as egested feces. Every term in the budget was estimated independently, and measured as directly as possible. A comparison of the observed and calculated nitrogen as egested feces yielded a satisfactory result.
The nitrogen ingested by the rotifer was distributed as follows: 15.6% for growth and reproduction, 42.0% for metabolic excretion, and 42.4% as feces. From these results, it was concluded that a large proportion (84%) of the nitrogen ingested by the rotifer is transferred to water in various forms and may cause deterioration of the water quality.     

Development of a Model to Simulate Nitrogen Dynamics in an Integrated Shrimp–Macroalgae Culture System with Zero Water Exchange

The effluents of traditional shrimp monoculture cause pollution and promote eutrophication and hypernutrification of the receiving coastal ecosystems. Integrated aquaculture and a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) have been proposed as an alternative to address these problems. In this study, we developed a dynamic model to simulate the concentration of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, and nitrate in an integrated culture of whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and seaweed, Gracilaria vermiculophylla, in a recirculating and zero water exchange system, and the effect of nitrifying and heterotrophic bacteria was also included. The experiments demonstrated that a dynamic model can explain the concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and variations in these concentrations over time in the integrated culture. The results also suggest that nitrifying and heterotrophic bacteria play an important role in the transformation of dissolved nitrogenous compounds; therefore, these bacteria should be considered within the dynamics of nitrogen in integrated systems with low water exchange.     

象山港多品种养殖与富营养化状况的数值模拟

建立了基于氮通量物质平衡的象山港海湾养殖生态系统箱式模型。模型模拟的象山港主要生态变量的变化动态与实测数据资料相吻合。模型计算结果表明,生物生产过程的季节变化导致了营养要素(如氮)在可溶性无机状态和有机碎屑状态中的相互转化并呈现周年振荡。象山港总氮输入约2182tonN/a,其中养殖输入和排污输入约各占一半;氮输出途径按比例依次为水交换扩散、养殖业收获和渔业捕捞收获。目前象山港氮输入大于氮输出(约11%),造成海湾无机氮浓度年均升高约42μgN/L。利用模型对不同多品种养殖模式下无机氮浓度的长期变化趋势进行了预测。当前养殖模式下,象山港内无机氮浓度增长幅度较小且逐渐趋于输入输出平衡,而要使象山港海水水质达到国家Ⅲ类标准则需要减少鱼类养殖规模至当前规模的约40%或增加藻类养殖规模至当前养殖规模的20倍。