一种鰑鱼诺卡氏菌酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶基因的克隆及功能初步研究

這鱼诺卡氏菌是鱼类诺卡氏菌病的主要病原,可导致鱼类慢性系统性肉芽肿疾病。這鱼诺卡氏菌全基因组序列分析发现了一个酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶(protein tyrosine phosphtase,PTP)基因,生物信息学分析显示该基因很可能编码一个靶向定位于宿主细胞线粒体的分泌蛋白。本实验对這鱼诺卡氏菌PTP进行了基因克隆、分泌蛋白鉴定、亚细胞定位、过表达和线粒体膜电位检测,结果显示,在這鱼诺卡氏菌胞外产物中质谱鉴定到了PTP肽段,证实其为分泌蛋白。亚细胞定位研究观察到PTP-GFP融合蛋白均匀地分布在FHM细胞中,与线粒体分布不重合,说明這鱼诺卡氏菌PTP蛋白并未靶向定位于线粒体。亚细胞定位和过表达研究都显示PTP蛋白在FHM细胞中表达后,细胞核出现固缩浓染、凋亡小体等明显的细胞凋亡特征。通过线粒体膜电位检测表明,在pcDNA-PTP转染后48 h,线粒体跨膜电位被明显破坏,说明這鱼诺卡氏菌PTP很可能是一种可诱导细胞凋亡的细菌蛋白。通过对這鱼诺卡氏菌PTP开展基因克隆和功能初步研究,为进一步揭示该基因的功能和深入了解這鱼诺卡氏菌的分子致病机理奠定了基础。     

鱼诺卡氏菌动力蛋白调节蛋白robl/LC7的亚细胞定位和功能初步研究

鱼类诺卡氏菌病是一种慢性系统性肉芽肿疾病,鱼诺卡氏菌是其主要病原。鱼诺卡氏菌全基因组生物信息学分析,发现了一个可能靶向定位于宿主细胞线粒体的分泌蛋白——动力蛋白调节蛋白robl/LC7。为了对鱼诺卡氏菌robl/LC7的亚细胞定位和功能进行初步研究,实验对鱼诺卡氏菌robl/LC7进行了基因克隆、真核表达重组质粒构建、分泌蛋白鉴定、亚细胞定位、过表达和凋亡检测。结果显示,成功克隆了鱼诺卡氏菌robl/LC7基因并构建了其真核表达质粒p EGFP-robl/LC7和pc DNA-robl/LC7;鱼诺卡氏菌分泌蛋白质谱鉴定证实robl/LC7为分泌蛋白;亚细胞定位研究显示robl/LC7-GFP融合蛋白呈全细胞分布,不与线粒体共定位;凋亡检测发现robl/LC7过表达能诱导FHM细胞凋亡。研究表明,鱼诺卡氏菌robl/LC7是一个不与线粒体共定位的分泌蛋白,其可能通过参与细胞凋亡调控,协助鱼诺卡氏菌在宿主体内生存和免疫逃避,并在鱼诺卡氏菌的致病过程中具有重要作用。     

鰤鱼诺卡氏菌HYD基因的克隆及亚细胞定位研究

鰤鱼诺卡氏菌(Nocardia seriolae)是鱼类诺卡氏菌病的主要病原。鰤鱼诺卡氏菌水解酶(hydrolase,HYD)可能是鰤鱼诺卡氏菌的毒力因子。研究结果表明鰤鱼诺卡氏菌HYD的肽段不是分泌蛋白。亚细胞定位研究发现HYD-GFP融合蛋白均匀地分布在胖头鲤(FHM)细胞的细胞质中。亚细胞定位和过表达研究都显示HYD蛋白在FHM细胞中表达后,细胞核出现固缩浓染、凋亡小体等细胞凋亡特征,但Caspase-3活性检测表明HYD并未显著增加细胞凋亡水平。研究为进一步了解鰤鱼诺卡氏菌的致病机理奠定了基础。     

(鱼师)鱼诺卡氏菌研究进展

诺卡氏菌(Nocardia sp.)是一种革兰氏阳性丝状杆菌,具有抗盐、碱,耐干旱的特点,广泛分布于土壤、水体、空气、腐烂植物和动物粪便中[1-2].该菌为条件致病菌,其中某些种类为人畜共患[1].目前,已发现(鱼师)鱼诺卡氏菌(N.seriolae)、星状诺卡氏菌(N.asteroids)、杀鲑诺卡氏菌(N.salmonicida)和粗形诺卡氏菌(N.crassostreae)对鱼类具有致病性[1,3].鱼诺卡氏菌是鱼类诺卡氏菌病的主要病原,多数为腐生,少数营寄生[4].水产养殖动物一旦感染该菌,患病周期长、治愈率低、累积死亡率高,给我国的加州鲈(Microperus salmoides)、乌鳢(Channa argus)等特种水产养殖业造成了极大的经济损失[1,5].笔者综述了鱼诺卡氏菌的国内外研究概况,旨在为该病的有效防控提供参考.     

RNA干扰技术抑制新家坡石斑鱼虹彩病毒感染细胞多肽ICP46与绿色荧光蛋白融合基因的表达

新加坡石斑鱼虹彩病毒（singapore grouper iridovirus，SGIV）是一种严重的能引起全身性疾病的病原体，对石斑鱼养殖造成了重大的经济损失。将含有SGIV感染细胞多肽ICP46（infected cell polypeptides 46）基因的真核表达载体pEGFP-ICP46转染到胖头鲤细胞（fathead minnow cells，FHM）中进行融合表达，用荧光显微镜观察到ICP46-GFP融合蛋白主要分布于FHM细胞的细胞质中。根据SGIV-ICP46的序列，设计并体外化学合成了特异性干扰SGIV-ICP46的siRNA（siRNA-ICP46），与pEGFP-ICP46共转染到FHM细胞中，通过荧光显微镜观察不同时间点荧光强度的变化。转染后24~48 h，实验细胞（共转染siRNA-ICP46和pEGFP-ICP46）和阳性对照细胞（共转染siRNA-GFP和pEGFP-ICP46）中的荧光微弱，发荧光的细胞数量较阴性对照（共转染siRNA-Negative和pEGFP-ICP46）少70%左右，但其后实验细胞和阳性对照细胞的荧光强度开始增强，在转染后72 h其与阴性对照组已差别不大。说明体外化学合成的siRNA-ICP46转染后24~48 h可有效抑制FHM细胞中外源导入SGIV-ICP46基因的表达。     

乌鳢致病诺卡氏菌的鉴定及其系统发育分析

2006年6月,浙江萧山养殖乌鳢(Ophiocephalus argus Cantor)暴发一种类似细菌性的结节病,从患典型症状乌鳢肝脏和肾脏中分离到纯度一致的菌株W060622.形态结构观察显示,菌株W060622革兰氏阳性,好氧,具有弱抗酸性,菌体呈长或短杆状,或细长分枝状.常规生理生化试验表明,该菌株具有诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)的基本特性.对其16S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增、测序及系统发育分析,结果表明,该菌株与诺卡氏菌属的菌株亲缘关系最近,与鰤鱼诺卡氏菌(Nocardia seriolea JCM 3360T)的16S rRNA基因序列相似性达99.9%.据此鉴定菌株W060622为鰤鱼诺卡氏菌(Nocardia seriolea).     

斑点叉尾鮰呼肠孤病毒CCRV诱导CCK细胞凋亡的研究

为研究斑点叉尾(鱼回)呼肠孤病毒(CCRV)诱导斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏细胞(CCK)发生凋亡的机理,以CCRV感染的CCK细胞为实验材料,采用Hoechst 33258染色、DNA片段化检测、TUNEL反应、亚G1期细胞检测以及线粒体膜电位变化检测等方法进行实验.感染试验结果显示,病毒感染斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏组织细胞后,细胞变圆、皱缩,随后细胞脱落,细胞单层呈网状,感染72 h后出现典型细胞病变效应(CPE);病毒感染48 h后Hoechst 33258染色结果显示,细胞的染色质固缩、核边缘化或破裂,可观察到凋亡小体,细胞凋亡率随时间增加;DNA片段化检测结果显示,病毒感染细胞12 h后细胞基因组DNA出现片段化,随后逐渐增强,72 h达到最高;TUNEL反应结果表明,病毒感染细胞72 h后细胞基因组DNA断裂,有大量游离3’末端自由羟基(-OH)存在.亚G1期细胞检测结果显示,病毒感染48 h后,约53.44％细胞处于亚G1期;利用JC-1检测试剂盒检测病毒感染细胞的线粒体膜电位变化,病毒感染细胞24 h后线粒体膜通透性发生改变,膜电位变化显著.紫外线灭活与热灭活的斑点叉尾(鱼回)呼肠孤病毒不能诱导斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏细胞发生凋亡,表明细胞凋亡依赖于病毒复制.     

诺卡氏菌mce1A基因的克隆及重组表达

诺卡氏菌(Nocardia seriolae)是近年来海淡水养殖鱼类频发慢性传染病的病原菌。该研究通过引物扩增得到全长1 254 bp、编码417个氨基酸的诺卡氏菌毒力因子mce1A基因的全序列。该基因编码蛋白质的分子量约为43.98 k D,理论等电点5.14,含有161个疏水性氨基酸,疏水性平均值为0.044,为疏水性蛋白,具有α-螺旋、β-折叠和无规则卷曲3种结构。经预测,Mce1A有MCE、DUF3407区域、OM_asym_Mla D、Mtu_fam_mce、Mla D 5个结构域,彼此交叠,含有公共区域。根据Mce1A氨基酸构建的系统进化树可以发现诺卡氏菌和新星诺卡氏菌的亲缘关系最近。构建p ET32a-mce1A重组质粒并转化至大肠埃希菌BL21中,得到的重组蛋白的相对分子量约63 k D。温度、IPTG浓度对重组蛋白表达量没有影响。该研究为进一步研究Mce1A的致病机制奠定了基础。     

乌鳢诺卡氏菌病致病菌的分离、鉴定及组织病理学观察

为研究乌鳢诺卡氏菌的致病机理,本实验通过病原分离鉴定、组织病理学和基因表达水平分析对病原菌的致病性、药物敏感性及乌鳢的免疫抗性进行了研究。结果显示,患病乌鳢主要感染了命名为SDAT 0011病原菌,通过菌落形态观察、革兰氏染色鉴定、生理生化鉴定、16S rRNA鉴定及诺卡氏菌特异序列扩增鉴定,结果均显示该病原菌为诺卡氏菌。将分离的SDAT 0011感染健康乌鳢后,1×105～1×108 CFU/mL注射组的死亡率均为100%,感染乌鳢出现明显的诺卡氏菌病症状,如内脏出血,肝脏、脾脏和肾脏中有大量大小不等的结节,组织病理切片进一步检测发现,结节分界清晰,结节中有大量的淋巴细胞、受损或死亡的组织细胞。药物敏感性实验发现,诺卡氏菌对利福平等抗生素较为敏感,对青霉素等具有较强的抗性。基因表达分析显示,在感染初期(48 h)及中后期,Toll样受体2基因(TLR2)和Toll样受体13基因(TLR13)在脾脏和头肾的表达水平显著上调,而趋化因子受体9基因(CCR9)在脾脏和头肾中显著下调,这表明乌鳢Toll样受体和趋化因子受体信号通路可能在其抵抗诺卡氏菌感染中起重要作用。本实验为乌鳢诺卡氏菌病的...     

菲律宾蛤仔寡肽抗前列腺癌DU-145细胞的机制研究

为研究人工合成的菲律宾蛤仔寡肽体外抗前列腺癌细胞DU-145的活性及作用机制,实验采用流式细胞仪、激光共聚焦显微镜、Western blot等方法检测人工合成菲律宾蛤仔寡肽作用于DU-145细胞后细胞凋亡率、线粒体膜电位改变、细胞色素C表达、caspase3、caspase9的变化,并用电子显微镜观察细胞超微结构的改变。结果显示,随着药物浓度的增加和作用时间的延长,DU-145细胞的抑制率逐步增高,当药物浓度为2.5 mg/m L时,24 h抑制率为49.9%±4.1%,72 h抑制率为97.2%±7.34%;Hoechst33258染色和电子显微镜下观察发现,加药组细胞出现细胞核固缩、染色质凝集和细胞核碎片化等细胞凋亡的典型特征,随着药物浓度的增加,凋亡的细胞逐渐增多;线粒体膜电位逐步下降;Western blot检测显示药物作用后细胞内Bax表达增加,Bcl-2表达减少,Bax/Bcl-2比值增加,Cyt-C、caspase-3、caspase-9表达增加,且与药物浓度成正相关。研究表明,人工合成菲律宾蛤仔寡肽能诱导人前列腺癌细胞DU-145凋亡,可能机制为上调Bax表达、下调Bcl-2表达、增加Bax/Bcl-2比值,诱导线粒体膜电位下降,促使Cyt-C转移并激活caspase家族发生级联反应。     

Identification and functional characterization of Histone‐like DNA‐binding protein in Nocardia seriolae (NsHLP) involved in cell apoptosis

Nocardia seriolae, a facultative intracellular bacterium, is the main pathogen of fish nocardiosis. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the histone‐like DNA‐binding protein (HLP) gene of N. seriolae (nshlp) encoded a secreted protein and might target the mitochondria in the host cell. To further study the preliminary function of HLP in N. seriolae (NsHLP), the gene cloning, extracellular products identification, subcellular localization, overexpression and apoptosis detection assay were carried out in this study. Mass spectrometry analysis of the extracellular products from N. seriolae showed that NsHLP was a secreted protein. Subcellular localization of HLP‐GFP fusion proteins mainly assembled in the nucleus, which indicated that the NsHLP was co‐located with the nucleus rather than mitochondria in fathead minnow (FHM) cells. Notably, the expression of NsHLP had changed the distribution of mitochondria into lumps in the FHM cell. In addition, apoptotic features were found in the transfected FHM cells by overexpression of NsHLP. Quantitative assays of mitochondrial membrane potential value, caspase‐3 activity and pro‐apoptotic genes mRNA (Bad, Bid and Bax) expression level demonstrated that the cell apoptosis was induced in the transfected FHM cells. All the results presented in this study provided insight on the function of NsHLP, which suggested that it may participate in the cell apoptosis regulation and play an important role in the pathogenesis of N. seriolae.     

Identification of a mitochondrial‐targeting secretory protein from Nocardia seriolae which induces apoptosis in fathead minnow cells

Nocardia seriolae is the main pathogen responsible for fish nocardiosis. A mitochondrial‐targeting secretory protein (MTSP) 3141 with an N‐terminal transit peptide (TP) from N. seriolae was predicted by bioinformatic analysis based on the genomic sequence of the N. seriolae strain ZJ0503. However, the function of the MTSP3141 and its homologs remains totally unknown. In this study, mass spectrometry analysis of the extracellular products from N. seriolae proved that MTSP3141 was a secretory protein, subcellular localization research showed the MTSP3141‐GFP fusion protein co‐localized with mitochondria in fathead minnow (FHM) cells, the TP played an important role in mitochondria targeting, and only the TP located at N‐terminus but not C‐terminus can lead to mitochondria directing. Moreover, quantitative assays of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) value, caspase‐3 activity and apoptosis‐related gene (Bcl‐2, Bax, Bad, Bid and p53) mRNA expression suggested that cell apoptosis was induced in FHM cells by the overexpression of both MTSP3141 and MTSP3141ΔTP (with the N‐terminal TP deleted) proteins. Taken together, the results of this study indicated that the MTSP3141 of N. seriolae was a secretory protein, might target mitochondria, induce apoptosis in host cells and function as a virulence factor.     

Identification of a secreted superoxide dismutase (SOD) from Nocardia seriolae which induces apoptosis in fathead minnow (FHM) cells

Fish nocardiosis is a chronic systemic granulomatous disease, and Nocardia seriolae is the main pathogen. The pathogenesis and virulence factors of N. seriolae are not fully understood. Secreted superoxide dismutase (SOD) may be a virulence factor found by a comparative bioinformatics analysis of the whole genome sequence of N. seriolae and the virulence factor database (VFDB). In order to determine the subcellular localization and study the preliminary function of SOD from N. seriolae (NsSOD), gene cloning, secreted protein identification, subcellular localization in fish cells, and apoptosis detection of NsSOD were carried out in this study. Subcellular localization research revealed that NsSOD‐GFP fusion proteins were evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, apoptotic bodies were observed in the transfected FHM cells by the overexpression of protein NsSOD. Then, assays of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) value, caspase‐3 activity and apoptosis‐related genes (Bax, Bid, Bad and Bcl‐2) mRNA expression were conducted. The results showed that ΔΨm was decreased, and caspase‐3 was significantly activated. The mRNA expression of the Bad gene showed significant up‐regulated expression at 24 h.p.t., while Bid and Bax genes showed significant up‐regulated expression at 72 and 96 h.p.t. and anti‐apoptotic gene (Bcl‐2) was down‐regulated in NsSOD overexpressed cells. Taken together, the results indicated that the protein NsSOD might be involved in apoptosis regulation. This study may lay the foundations for further studies on the function of NsSOD and promote the understanding of the virulence factors and the pathogenic mechanisms of N. seriolae.     

Identification of a cell-wall peptidase (NlpC/P60) from Nocardia seriolae which induces apoptosis in fathead minnow cells

Nocardia seriolae, a Gram-positive bacterium, is the main pathogen of fish nocardiosis. Protein NlpC/P60 is a cell-wall peptidase and a potential virulence factor of N. seriolae. Subcellular localization research revealed that both NlpC/P60-GFP and NlpC/P60Δsig-GFP fusion proteins were evenly distributed in the whole cell of fathead minnow (FHM) cells. Furthermore, typical apoptotic features, such as nuclear pyrosis and apoptotic bodies, were observed in the transfected FHM cells and grouper spleen cells by the overexpression of protein NlpC/P60. Then, quantitative assays of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) value, caspase-3 activity and apoptosis-related gene (Bax, BNIP3, TNF1 and TNF6) mRNA expression were conducted. The results showed that ΔΨm was decreased, caspase-3 was significantly activated, and the mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic genes (Bax and BNIP3) and tumour necrosis factors (TNF1 and TNF6) was up-regulated in NlpC/P60-overexpressed cells. Taken together, the results indicated that the protein NlpC/P60 of N. seriolae might involve in apoptosis regulation. This study may lay the foundation for further study on the function of N. seriolae NlpC/P60 and promote the understanding of the virulence factors and pathogenic mechanism of N. seriolae.     

Immune response of largemouth bass, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Micropterus salmoides</Emphasis>, to whole cells of different <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nocardia seriolae</Emphasis> strains

Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were immunized with four different N. seriolae strains—two α-glucosidase-positive (961113, KU040801) and two α-glucosidase-negative (94260, OTTS) strains—along with Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. After primary immunization (week 0), a booster was administered at weeks 4 and 8. Nonspecific immune responses to multiple immunizations with the different N. seriolae strains were determined based on serum lysozyme activity and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-positive cells in peripheral blood. The serum lysozyme activity and NBT-positive cells in peripheral blood were not significantly increased even after the two booster immunizations. Specific antibody responses against N. seriolae cells were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At 4 weeks after immunization, all groups immunized with N. seriolae antigens showed significant increases in their specific antibody levels. The sera from fish immunized with different N. seriolae strains exhibited reactivity with N. seriolae sonicated antigens of 28, 30, 36 and 84 kDa by western blot analysis. After two boosters, fish were challenged with live N. seriolae to assess the vaccine’s efficacy; however, multiple injections of the N. seriolae strains did not reduce mortality, irrespective of the bacterin.     

Amberjack <Emphasis Type="Italic">Seriola dumerili</Emphasis> interleukin-10 negatively suppresses host cell-mediated immunity

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine and negatively regulates cell-mediated immunity (CMI) induction by inhibiting cytokine production in type 1 T helper cells. IL-10 genes have been isolated from several fish, and inflammatory cytokine inhibition by IL-10 has been well examined. However, a CMI regulator of IL-10 in fish has not yet been identified. In this study, we cloned the IL-10 gene in amberjack Seriola dumerili and analyzed its function using its recombinant protein (rIL-10). In an in vitro culture experiment, gene expression of inflammatory cytokines was suppressed in leukocytes incubated with rIL-10 compared with cells that only received Nocardia seriolae stimulation. This result suggests amberjack IL-10 has conserved function as an inflammatory cytokine inhibitor. Bactericidal activity of amberjack cells against intracellular pathogen stimulation was decreased in a rIL-10 dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, a significant reduction in the T-bet/GATA-3 ratio was observed in N. seriolae living cell (LC)?+?rIL-10-injected fish. Taken together, these results suggest amberjack rIL-10 suppresses CMI induction both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the number of IgM⁺ cells among spleen leukocytes in N. seriolae?+?rIL-10-injected fish was higher than in only N. seriolae LC, suggesting that Th2-dominant immunity was induced by adding rIL-10.     

Live vaccine trials against nocardiosis in yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata

In an attempt to develop a vaccine against Nocardia seriolae, related species of live bacteria N. soli, N. fluminea, and N. uniformis were injected into yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata. In addition, fish were challenged with a low virulence strain of N. seriolae to model the concept of use of a live vaccine. The fish injected with live N. soli and N. fluminea cells showed slight resistance against an artificial challenge with N. seriolae. On the other hand, the fish that survived the N. seriolae infection showed complete resistance to the N. seriolae challenge. These results suggest that protective immune responses against N. seriolae are induced in yellowtails.     

病毒感染过程中青鳉irf2基因过表达的双面性

为了探究干扰素调节因子2 (interferon regulatory factor,IRF2)如何通过调控干扰素(IFN)表达影响鱼类的免疫,实验从青鳉中克隆了irf2 (Olirf2),发现该基因在青鳉各个组织中均有表达;将构建的真核表达载体pTol2/CMV-IRF2/IE1-pr转染到胖头鱥肌肉细胞系(FHM)后,发现瞬时过表达Olirf2能够显著促进鲤春病毒血症病毒(spring viremia of carp virus,SVCV)的复制,并抑制抗病毒相关基因mx1、ifn和irf3的表达。进一步通过双荧光素报告系统发现,Olirf2能够显著抑制NF-κB和ISRE的活性,说明Olirf2可能通过抑制细胞的天然免疫应答进而促进病毒的增殖。然而持续过表达Olirf2则增强了细胞的抗病毒能力,同时促进干扰素相关基因mx1、ifn和irf3的表达。因此,Olirf2基于表达的持续时间不同而具有抗病毒或者促病毒的双面效果。实验通过研究Olirf2在抗病毒信号通路中发挥的作用,为通过基因编辑或者转基因手段来构建抗病毒的鱼类提供了理论基础。     

Sequencing of 16S−23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer and its application in the identification of Nocardia seriolae by polymerase chain reaction

A method for the diagnosis of nocardiosis in yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata), using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), was developed in this study. Primers specific for Nocardia seriolae were synthesized based on the alignment of 16S?23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer region sequences of N. seriolae. The primers did not amplify specific PCR product from other fish pathogens. However, two and three fishes could be diagnosed as infected with N. seriolae by clinical signs and bacterial isolation. PCR amplification of N. seriolae by specific primers detected six infected fishes. Thus, the primers used in this study are useful in detecting nocardiosis in fish.