日本虾夷盘鲍养殖

近十年来,日本的鲍鱼苗种生产有了迅速的进展。1978年全国有30个县搞人工育苗,总计培育出1.5公分以上鲍鱼稚贝1,072万粒。其中宫城县近300万粒,居全国首位。另外还有6个发电厂利用余热水搞鲍鱼人工育苗。由于人工的增殖,资源保护措施的实施,近几年日本鲍鱼的年捕捞量一直稳定在5000吨左右。日本鲍鱼种苗生产技术的研究成果,引起了世界沿海国家的注意。纷纷派遣参观团等到日本参观学习。宫城县气仙沼市的牡蛎研究所     

刺参池塘生态育苗技术

为研究刺参池塘生态育苗技术,在淤泥底池塘用盐膜造底,采用石袋、袋瓶、土袋等3种造礁方法进行刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)育苗和养殖的比较试验,比较了不同造礁方法对刺参稚参的附着效果以及对幼参产量、成活率、质量等的影响。结果表明:石袋礁和袋瓶礁适宜稚参的附着及生长；在培育成活率、苗种体质、苗种消化机能等方面,刺参生态苗种均优于人工苗种。文章总结了生态育苗的基本模式为:池塘造底—造礁—防害—调水—育苗—保苗,该模式是一种环境友好、技术简明、产品健康的生产模式。     

鱼池加热器在辽宁省海水养殖中的应用

近几年来，我省海水增养殖业有很大发展，已修建数目可观的对虾和海珍品(扇贝、海参、鲍鱼)等各类育苗室，每年可提供大量对虾、海珍品各类苗种。今后，随着海水增养殖业的进一步发展，各类育苗室还将不断增加，育苗规模也将逐年扩大。     

科研生产经营三位一体 大连市水产研究所生机勃勃

1984年由大连渔业机械研究所,大连水产养殖公司苗种场和捕捞队等单位合并而成的大连市水产研究所,在所长赵洪恩的带领下,通过改革,走上一条科研、生产、经营相结合的道路,使科研生产双跃进。两年多来取得科研成果16项,其中4项获大连市科技成果奖,大规模开发鲍鱼人工育苗的研究和海带切丝机两项居全国领先地位。经济效益大大提高,两年共盈利166万元。1985年1月,他们把业务相近的机构合并,首先将苗种场并为养殖室的试验和生产基地,使科技人员     

菲律宾蛤仔室内工厂化育苗试验

2005年5月在青岛红岛蛤原良种开发有限公司进行了室内自动控温条件下菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum) 育苗试验,对试验结果进行了分析,并探讨了影响其性腺发育的因素和死亡高峰期的形成原因、对策。除此之外,还对菲律宾蛤仔浮游期和附着期的生长速率进行了比较,并对浮游期不同培育密度对生长、成活率的影响进行了初步研究。利用室内工厂化育苗技术,可以充分发挥高密度生产的优势,通过对苗种培育过程中水质、饵料和环境条件的全面控制,消除或减少敌害生物的影响,提高幼体的抗逆能力,从而杜绝抗生素的使用；在降低育苗生产环境污染的同时,向养殖户提供健康、优质的贝类苗种,是一种与环境相协调的、可持续的水产苗种培育模式。     

2017年 春季鲍鱼苗种生产情况调研分析

为准确把握2017年鲍鱼生产形势,我们组织开展2017年春季鲍鱼苗种生产情况调研.本次调研采取问卷调查、电话咨询、现场走访及专家会商等方式进行.总体上看,2017年春季鲍鱼苗种生产增量幅度较大,已超过养殖需求,苗价回落明显;今年投苗量增加明显,正常情况下,明年养殖存塘量随之增大,预计明年商品鲍鱼可能面临新一轮的跌价考验.     

室外高位池鞍带石斑鱼人工育苗的初步试验(上)

本试验利用对虾高位养殖池塘进行鞍带石斑鱼的曲种培育试验，探索鞍带石斑鱼室外大水体育苗技术，提高育苗生产的稳定性和培育健康苗种，缓解当前鞍带石斑鱼养殖苗种匮乏问题。现将育苗情况介绍如下：     

杂色鲍人工育苗

杂色鲍(haliotis diverioclor)俗名九孔鲍,是名贵海产品,是我国南方沿海地区的一个主要贝类养殖品种.要发展鲍鱼的养殖,首先要解决种苗生产问题.鲍鱼的人工育苗技术是指在鲍鱼的性腺成熟季节以及水温适宜的情况下,利用人工的方法使亲鲍排精、产卵,以达到孵化大批量的鲍鱼苗来满足市场要求.在湛江,每年的4～6 月和8～12 月是鲍鱼的繁殖季节,这时鲍鱼的性腺成熟度好且水温合适,是进行人工育苗的好季节.     

菲律宾蛤仔高密度育苗技术

设计和制造了可以大规模应用于菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）等经济贝类苗种生产的高密度幼体培育系统、高密度稚贝培养系统,并建立了与之相配套的贝类育苗新工艺。克服了传统育苗方式占地面积大、生产效率低、种苗质量和产量不稳定的弱点,具有低消耗、高质量和高效益的突出特点,是贝类育苗工艺的变革。利用这一育苗技术,可以充分发挥高密度、集约化生产的优势,通过对苗种培育过程中水质、饵料和环境条件的全面控制,消除或减少敌害生物的影响,提高幼体的抗逆能力,从而杜绝抗生素的使用;在降低育苗生产的环境污染同时,向养殖户提供健康、优质的贝类苗种,是一种与环境相协调的、可持续的水产苗种培育模式。     

利用海带育苗室培育扇贝幼苗试验成功

旅大水产化工厂和山东省海水养殖研究所、青岛市第二海水养殖场利用现有海带育苗设备,在浅水条件下进行栉孔扇贝人工育苗试验获得成功,为解决扇贝苗种开辟了一条新路.扇贝是名贵的海珍品,近年来我国已开展人工养殖,存在的主要问题是苗种不足.虽然人工育苗早已成功,但必须在池水深度一至一米五的专用贝类育苗室培育,而建造一个三千平方米的贝类育苗室需投资五十余万元,使苗种生产受到限制.扇贝育苗季节正是海带育苗室     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.