欧、美中华绒螯蟹源于中国长江水系中华绒螯蟹的遗传证据

用包括Z2和Opp17两个10碱基随机引物在内的10个引物,对来自荷兰斯科克莱（Skodely)、美国加州圣何塞（San Jose)的中华绒螯蟹群体与中国长江水系中华绒螯蟹群体进行RAPD遗传比较分析。结果发现：（1）中华绒螯蟹群体特有的Z2引物扩增的700bp标记带（Z2^700bp）,在荷兰与美国2个中华绒螯蟹群体中同时出现,而不出现日本绒螯蟹南流江种群中特有的880bp标记带（Z2^880bp）,表明欧洲、美国中华绒螯蟹与中国中华绒螯蟹为同种Eriocheir sinensis,而非日本绒螯蟹Eriocheir japonicus;（2）Opp17引物扩增的947bp片段在中国长江、荷兰及美国3个中华绒螯蟹群体内的出现频率均达100%。结合Z2引物扩增结果,欧洲与美国中华绒螯蟹群体极可能是从中国长江水系中华绒螯蟹引入繁衍的。     

中国太湖和荷兰的中华绒螯蟹随机扩增多态性DNA分析

用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术对中华绒螯蟹两个群体(荷兰盐城湖和中国太湖)进行了检测,从40个随机引物中筛选出14个对两群体进行扩增分析。结果为:14个引物共检测到100条清晰且重复性好的条带,分子量在200~2000bp之间,太湖和盐城湖两群体的多态位点比例、Shannon多样性指数、Ne i基因多样性指数分别为:46%和44%、0.2195和0.1976、0.1446和0.1270,两群体的遗传距离为0.013。据此结果推断,中华绒螯蟹群体遗传多样性不高,种内群体间的遗传变异较低,其遗传资源亟待保护,同时验证了荷兰的中华绒螯蟹是从中国引进繁衍的推论。     

基于Web的中华绒螯蟹养殖质量安全信息可追溯系统研究

为了保证中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的产品质量安全,设计了基于Web的中华绒螯蟹养殖质量安全信息可追溯系统。通过分析中华绒鳌蟹养殖过程中的危害,结合无公害中华绒螯蟹养殖HACCP质量管理体系,确定了中华绒螯蟹养殖质量安全监管措施的5个关键监控点和监控措施;依据EAN/UCC标识系统,设计出可追溯二维码标签,并应用ActiveX控件技术实现了客户端标签打印功能;采用B/S模式结构体系,建立了基于Web的中华绒螯蟹养殖质量安全信息可追溯系统,为中华绒螯蟹实现"从源头到餐桌"的质量安全信息的可追溯提供良好的管理操作平台。     

RAPD方法对中华绒螯蟹长江、辽河、瓯江三群体的遗传多样性分析

用RAPD技术检测了中华绒螯蟹（E．sinensis）长江、辽河、瓯江三个群体各10个个体的基因组DNA的多态性。经20个随机引物扩增得到每一个体的多态片段，通过对群体内及群体间共享片段的分析，得到三群体间的相似率数据，为中华绒螯蟹的种群关系的研究提供了重要的资料。     

基于COⅠ序列绒螯蟹属DNA条形码和遗传多样性研究

对绒螯蟹属的中华绒螯蟹如东和七里海群体、日本绒螯蟹、合浦绒螯蟹及狭颚绒螯蟹共80条线粒体COⅠ片段进行扩增和测序,并与GenBank中绒螯蟹属的台湾绒螯蟹2条和近方蟹属的绒毛近方蟹19条COⅠ基因序列进行联配分析。结果显示,101条序列包含44种单倍型,序列组成表现明显的碱基偏倚性。中华绒螯蟹如东、七里海群体与日本绒螯蟹间的遗传距离分别为1.210%和1.078%,明显低于COⅠ基因DNA条形码鉴别种的遗传距离为2%的阈值,表明中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹为同一物种;而合浦绒螯蟹与中华绒螯蟹如东和七里海群体及与日本绒螯蟹的遗传距离分别为4.823%、5.101%以及5.011%,明显大于2%的鉴别阈值,说明合浦绒螯蟹为独立的种。以绒毛近方蟹为外群,基于群体内及群体间的遗传距离构建的邻接树显示,中华绒螯蟹与日本绒螯蟹聚在一起,合浦绒螯蟹则聚成单系。本文测序的5个群体除狭颚绒螯蟹外,其余均具有遗传多样性,单倍型多样性为0.593±0.144~0.779±0.068,核苷酸多样性为0.00156~0.01336;此外,中华绒螯蟹如东群体与日本绒螯蟹、合浦绒螯蟹和中华绒螯蟹七里海群体分别共享单倍型H1、H2和H3,说明这些蟹类可能有种质资源混杂或是遗传污染的现象。     

中国大陆沿海六水系绒螯蟹（中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹）群体亲缘关系：R …

用４８个具有丰富多态性的１０碱基随机引物对辽河、黄河、长江、瓯江、珠江和南流江的中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹的６个群体进行ＲＡＰＤ分析。结果发现：（１）两个引物具有群体特异性带,其中Ｚ２扩增的８８０ｂｐ片段为珠江蟹和南流江蟹群体中所特有,而７００ｂｐ片段为长江蟹、辽河蟹、黄河蟹和瓯江蟹所特有,可作为区别日本绒螯蟹和中华绒螯蟹的分子遗传标记;（２）Ｏｐｐ１７扩增的９４７ｂｐ片段的出现频率,在长江、黄河和辽     

关于绒螯蟹属的分类

绒螯蟹属包括日本绒螯蟹、中华绒螯蟹、狭额绒螯蟹以及台湾绒螯蟹四个种 ,后两个种被极少数学者从绒螯蟹属中割离出来 ,先后建立新绒螯蟹属和扁绒螯蟹属 ,但一般学者认为这是不妥当的     

中华绒螯蟹新品种——“长江1号”、“长江2号”

<正>中华绒螯蟹"长江1号"(新品种登记号GS-01-003-2011)是由江苏省淡水水产研究所以2000年从国家级江苏高淳固城湖中华绒螯蟹原种场收集的长江水系中华绒螯蟹为基础群体历经10年5代选育而成。中华绒螯蟹"长江2号"(新品种登记号GS-01-004-2013)是由江苏省淡水水产研究所以2003年从荷兰引回的莱茵河水系中华绒螯蟹为基础群体,     

中国大陆沿海六水系绒螯蟹(中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹)群体亲缘关系:RAPD指纹标记

用 4 8个具有丰富多态性的 10碱基随机引物对辽河、黄河、长江、瓯江、珠江和南流江的中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹的 6个群体进行RAPD分析。结果发现 :(1)两个引物具有群体特异性带 ,其中Z2扩增的 880bp片段为珠江蟹和南流江蟹群体中所特有 ,而 70 0bp片段为长江蟹、辽河蟹、黄河蟹和瓯江蟹所特有 ,可作为区别日本绒螯蟹和中华绒螯蟹的分子遗传标记 ;(2 )Opp17扩增的 94 7bp片段的出现频率 ,在长江、黄河和辽河群体显著地从南到北递减 ,长江蟹 87.50 %、黄河蟹4 1.66%、辽河蟹 10 .83%。这一遗传渐变的度量可作为区别这三个水系的中华绒螯蟹种群的判据 ;(3) 6水系群体内的平均遗传相似度依次为 :辽河蟹 0 .90 8>南流江蟹 0 .897>瓯江蟹和珠江蟹 0 .895>黄河蟹 0 .890 >长江蟹 0 .850 ;6群体间遗传距离及其UPGMA、NJ聚类分析进一步表明 ,南流江蟹、珠江蟹同长江蟹、辽河蟹及黄河蟹在基因组之间存在明显的歧化。     

中华绒螯蟹新品种——“长江1号”、“长江2号”

<正>中华绒螯蟹"长江1号"(新品种登记号GS-01-003-2011)是由江苏省淡水水产研究所以2000年从国家级江苏高淳固城湖中华绒螯蟹原种场收集的长江水系中华绒螯蟹为基础群体历经10年5代选育而成。中华绒螯蟹"长江2号"(新品种登记号GS-01-004-2013)是由江苏省淡水水产研究所以2003年从荷兰引回的莱茵河水系中华绒螯蟹为基础群体,     

Atlantic Fisheries Technological Conference,Moncton, NB,August 21, 1995

No abstract available for this article.     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

1. In the last two decades, Brazil has advanced significantly with the expansion and improvement of its national system of protected areas. Until recently most of the expansion was concentrated in the Amazon region (with useful lessons). It also had an uneven ecological representation of coastal and marine ecosystems, concentrated in coastal waters. Despite significant advances, the levels of funding, staff and stakeholders' engagement remain relatively low for such a vast system.
2. Within the past few years, key elements of a new strategy for protection of coastal and marine areas have started to emerge, combined with some participatory processes and a focus on expansion of the total area protected (from <1.5% protection of the country's marine area). These included: a renewed focus on priority areas for conservation; attention to national and international commitments and targets; clarity about the need for partnerships and funding; better engagement of Brazilian society and stakeholders; new, and more collaborative, models of protected areas management and conservation; and openness in the relationships with wider society.
3. Significant results of this effort have started to appear: new large mosaics of oceanic protected areas were created; Amazon mangroves were recognized by the Ramsar Convention; new mangrove protected areas were created, besides other ones proposed; project proposals are under development with partners for better funding and sharing of responsibility; and there is a better engagement with stakeholders. The building of the Brazilian Blue Initiative is underway.
4. The implementation of the proposed 15‐year marine strategy is at its onset: partnerships need to be strengthened and substantial funding is required. It will only be possible to manage the larger system of protected areas if there are more collaborative and innovative models for protected areas and conservation management. These should include partnerships with civil society, local and traditional communities and the private sector, as well as greater engagement of scientists and research institutions, stronger and more qualified tourism, volunteer work, etc. Further innovative funding mechanisms will also be needed along the way.

     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Factors influencing the abundance of the common bully, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, in small, North Island, New Zealand, lakes

Adult common bullies, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, are small (total length =  30–120 mm), benthic fish commonly found in the littoral zones of New Zealand lakes where they are a major prey species for trout and eels. Differences in their relative abundance (CPUE) were determined between 21 shallow North Island lakes. Mean CPUE ranged from 2 to >  1000 fish net^{− 1} night^{− 1} and was inversely related to water transparency. The abundance of bullies was not reduced in lakes containing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), but was reduced in all lakes containing self-recruiting populations of eels, Anguilla spp. Mean densities of planktonic larval bullies in the limnetic zone were also inversely related to water transparency. Since low water transparency is related to increased trophic status for these lakes, the abundance of bullies is likely to be related to lake productivity, rather than turbidity.     

Annual Meeting of the Pacific Fisheries Technologists,Red Lion Inn,San Diego,CA, February 18-21, 1996

No abstract available for this article.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.