黄颡鱼早期发育阶段的摄食节律及日摄食率

研究了黄颡鱼早期发育阶段摄食的昼夜节律性及日摄食率。结果如下：黄颡鱼仔稚鱼摄食具有明显的昼夜节律性。胃平均饱满指数在仔鱼前期、仔鱼后期和稚鱼期分别于21：00、3：00、6：00达最高峰，均于15：00达最低值。不同发育阶段的日摄食率分别为：仔鱼前期69.96%，仔鱼后期28.84%，稚鱼期10.00%。     

山东半岛南部癆鱼产卵场癆鱼仔、稚鱼摄食的研究

研究了山东半岛南部Ti鱼产卵场体长2．5－17．9mm的Ti鱼仔、稚鱼的摄食。Ti鱼仔、稚鱼主要饵料为原生动物的鼎形虫、单角铠甲虫、三角铠甲虫。小型桡足类的卵、桡足类的无节幼体和桡足幼体。桡足类种类为墨氏胸刺水蚤、小拟哲水蚤、克氏纺锤水蚤、双刺纺锤水蚤和拟长腹剑蚤等小型类桡足类。各种饵料所占的个数的百分比为：鼎形虫2．2％，单角铠甲虫7．6％，三角铠甲虫3．3％，桡足类的卵42．2％，无节幼体30．4％，桡足幼体14．1％，Ti鱼仔、稚鱼的摄食率为16．2％，摄食活动主要在白天，在水的中下层进行。由于摄食率低，肠道饱满度差，饥锇可能是引起Ti鱼仔、稚鱼死亡的主要原因。     

杂交石斑鱼(褐点石斑鱼♀×清水石斑鱼♂)仔、稚鱼的摄食与生长特性

为阐明人工育苗条件下褐点石斑鱼♀×清水石斑鱼♂杂交子代(简称杂交石斑鱼)仔、稚鱼阶段的摄食与生长变化状况,采用随机取样实验生态学方法,在水温27.5～31°C条件下,对人工培育的杂交石斑鱼仔、稚鱼的摄食及生长进行了研究。结果显示,杂交石斑鱼仔、稚鱼具有较强的摄食能力;仔鱼3日龄开口摄食,摄食发生率为40%,之后的仔、稚鱼摄食发生率均为100%。仔、稚鱼摄食量随体质量的增加而逐渐上升,可用二项方程式表达。消化道饱满系数为0.95%～11.26%。仔、稚鱼在1.5 h内可以饱食,仔鱼对轮虫和桡足类的消化时间分别为0.5～1 h和1～2 h,稚鱼对桡足类成体的消化时间为1.5～3.5 h。杂交石斑鱼仔、稚鱼各阶段的日摄食率分别为49.85%(5日龄)、22.55%(10日龄)和15.72%(24日龄),可将其作为杂交石斑鱼仔、稚鱼日投喂量参考依据。杂交石斑鱼仔、稚鱼摄食具有明显的昼夜节律性,白天摄食,夜间不摄食。5日龄和10日龄仔鱼均出现2个摄食高峰,分别为9:00和18:00;24日龄稚鱼仅在中午12:00出现摄食高峰。3～30日龄的仔、稚鱼平均全长日增长率为7.96%,平均体质量日增重率为28.73%。全长、体质量分别与日龄的关系均可用指数方程表达,体质量(y)与全长(x)的回归方程为y=0.037 3x2.537 8,b值接近3,表明杂交石斑鱼仔、稚鱼为等速生长类型。     

泥鳅早期发育阶段食性的研究

对池养泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)早期发育阶段的食物组成和食物选择性进行了研究.结果表明,泥鳅早期发育阶段主要摄食浮游动物.7日龄和9日龄泥鳅主要摄食轮虫,其数量比例和重量比例分别达到98.73％、79.59％和97.59％、66.67％.13日龄枝角类的数量和重量比例高达41.15％和98.04％,17日龄桡足类的数量比例和重量比例为30.00％和62.03％.24日龄和31日龄,枝角类和桡足类的数量比例虽然都小于20.00％,但是其重量比例共占到95.00％;13 ～31日龄,枝角类和桡足类为泥鳅的主要食物.7日龄和9日龄,泥鳅对臂尾轮虫属(Brachionus)、龟甲轮虫属(Keratella)和异尾轮虫属(Trichocerca)表现出较强的摄食喜好性,对微型裸腹溞(Moina micrura)也表现出一定的摄食喜好性,对桡足类回避.13日龄和17日龄泥鳅对臂尾轮虫属和龟甲轮虫属仍有较强的摄食偏好性,同时对裸腹溞属(Moina)、秀体溞属(Diaphanosoma)、剑水蚤属(Cyclops)和华哲水蚤属(Sinocalanus)也表现出了较强的摄食喜好性.24日龄和31日龄泥鳅不再主动选食轮虫,喜好摄食裸腹潘属、低额溞属(Simocephalus)、剑水蚤属和华哲水蚤属.     

投喂卤虫无节幼体条件下黄颡鱼仔稚鱼生长、存活率、摄食力和体成分的变化

试验分析了投喂卤虫无节幼体条件下黄颡鱼(Pseudogrus fulvidraco)仔稚鱼生长、存活率、摄食力和体成分的变化。随着仔稚鱼的生长和发育,摄食率和胃充塞度逐渐加大,体长大于10 mm的仔鱼,摄食率都在93.3%以上,大多数个体胃充塞度都在3～5级。投喂卤虫无节幼体的黄颡鱼仔稚鱼生长较传统育苗方式生长快,存活率高。体内粗养分、氨基酸与脂肪酸含量都发生相应变化。黄颡鱼淀粉酶、蛋白酶与脂肪酶活性均在1日龄时即可检测到,开口期即5日龄时,3种消化酶比活力均达到较高值,15日龄后消化酶比活力又都降低到较低水平。卤虫无节幼体体内营养物质含量丰富,大小适口,是黄颡鱼仔稚鱼开口摄食的优质生物饵料。     

大口胭脂鱼苗种食性研究

1cm的大口胭脂鱼幼鱼主要以小球藻为食，小球藻占所摄食食物总量的77．1％。2～6cm的幼鱼。枝角类是其主要食物，分别占所摄食食物总量的66．2％、53．08％、67．78％、81．62％和63．19％，桡足类和枝角类是其次要食物。7cm的幼鱼的主要食物仍然是枝角类，占所摄食食物总量的51．37％，同时其也开始摄食底栖生物。8～9cm的幼鱼底栖生物取代枝角类成为其主要食物，分别占所摄食物总量的49．2％和62．24％，枝角类和桡足类是其次要食物。     

黄颡鱼仔鱼摄食习性研究

在６０ｍ＾３水泥试验池，对人工催产孵化的黄颡鱼仔鱼的摄食习性进行了研究。仔鱼孵出４ｄ后，即开口摄食外界食物，开口饵料为轮虫，小型枝角类及桡足类幼体。随着鱼体的生长，摄食种类逐渐增加，摄食强度及摄食习性有一定的规律。     

池养线纹尖塘鳢仔、稚、幼鱼的食性与生长

对池养仔、稚、幼鱼的摄食与生长作了较深入研究.仔鱼的混合营养期短,仅2～3 d,并处在开食期内,开口摄食率低.5日龄仔鱼全长4.31 mm,开口饵料主要为100～150 μm轮虫:稚鱼饵料为350～800 μm裸腹溞、枝角类幼体和桡足类无节幼体,并逐渐转为枝角类为主:后期稚鱼可驯化摄食人工混合饲料.仔、稚、幼鱼具明显的昼夜摄食节率,属晚间摄食为主的昏晨摄食型鱼类.体长与日龄呈直线关系,体重与日龄呈指数函数关系,体长与体重呈幂函数关系,其曲线回归方程为W=0.0112L3.1827,b=3.1827,接近于3,属等速生长型.     

黄海中南部鳀鱼各发育阶段对浮游动物的摄食

对1999～2001年在黄海中南部采集的鯷鱼(Engraulis japonicus)消化道进行了分析。产卵场的鯷鱼仔稚鱼和越冬场的成鱼都是主要在白天摄食，胃饱满指数白天明显高于夜间。鯷鱼消化道中的食物团几乎全部由浮游动物组成。鯷鱼偏好的食物随鯷鱼长度的增加而变化。桡足类和它们的卵子、幼体是最大的优势类群。体长小于10mm的鯷鱼仔稚鱼主要摄食桡足类的卵和无节幼体；体长11～20mm的鯷鱼仔稚鱼主要摄食桡足类的桡足幼体和原生动物；叉长21～30mm的鯷鱼主要摄食纺锤水蚤等小型桡足类和甲壳类的蚤状幼体；叉长41～80mm的鯷鱼主要摄食桡足类的桡足幼体；叉长81～90mm的鯷鱼主要摄食中华哲水蚤和桡足幼体；叉长91～100mm的鯷鱼主要摄食中华哲水蚤、胸刺水蚤、真刺水蚤等较大的桡足类；叉长101～120mm的鯷鱼主要摄食中华哲水蚤、胸剌水蚤、太平洋磷虾、细长脚域；叉长大于121mm的鯷鱼主要摄食太平洋磷虾和细长脚Song。     

不同开口饵料对黄颡鱼仔稚鱼生长和成活率的影响试验

以人工催产、孵化的黄颡鱼仔稚鱼为材料,用红虫、人工微粒子粉料、鸡蛋黄和红虫+人工微粒子粉料+鸡蛋黄混合等4种饵料投喂25d,研究其对黄颡鱼仔稚鱼生长和成活率的影响。试验结果表明,黄颡鱼仔稚鱼的生长速度大小为:红虫组混合饵料组人工微粒子粉料组鸡蛋黄组,黄颡鱼仔稚鱼成活率大小为:混合饵料组红虫组人工微粒子粉料组鸡蛋黄组。采用混合饵料投喂的方法能满足黄颡鱼仔稚鱼开口期以后的摄食能力和营养需求,是黄颡鱼仔稚鱼适宜的开口饵料。     

Transpositional feeding rhythm of loach <Emphasis Type="Italic">Misgurnus anguillicaudatus</Emphasis> from larvae to juveniles and its ontogenesis under artificial rearing conditions

The diel feeding rhythm and ontogenesis during early life stage of loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus were investigated under experimental conditions (light: L 06:00–18:00, D 18:00–06:00 h). Morphological and behavioral developments of loach from newly hatched to 40 days after hatching were observed. Larvae were able to prey on daphnia 3–4 days after hatching at 23 ± 0.5°C. As the larvae grew, they showed an increasing feeding capacity and a distinct feeding rhythm. Feeding intensity and incidence for day-4 larvae were highest at 10:00 and 16:00 h. The highest levels of feeding intensity for day-12 larvae occurred at 08:00, 12:00, and 18:00 h as did feeding incidence. By day 20, when the larvae metamorphosed, the highest levels of feeding intensity occurred at 06:00, 18:00, and 24:00 h and were concurrent with the highest feeding incidence. After metamorphosis, feeding capacity had again increased considerably and, in contrast to the earlier stages before day 20, feeding intensity for day-30 juveniles peaked at 05:00 and 20:00 h, about 1–2 h after the maximum feeding incidence. The feeding rhythm of loach juveniles at day 40 was almost the same as the day-30 juveniles. The estimated maximum daily feeding rates were 43.1%, 33.4%, 19.0%, 12.8%, and 5.8% of body weight on days 4, 12, 20, 30, and 40, respectively. Thus, loach was found to have different feeding rhythms in the pre- and post-metamorphosis stages, with the highest feeding activity in daytime during the larval planktonic stage before metamorphosis, and intensely nocturnal feeding behavior during the juvenile benthic stage after metamorphosis.     

大黄鱼仔鱼摄食节律与生长的初步研究

本文研究了大黄鱼仔鱼的昼夜摄食习性及生长。实验结果表明:全长5.0—5.5mm的大黄鱼仔鱼具有明显的昼夜摄食节律,白天摄食,夜间不摄食。白天有三个摄食高峰,以下午13:00最高,早上9:00和下午17:00次之。仔鱼在12日龄前生长较慢,12日龄后生长明显加快。全长与日龄之间的关系可用方程TL=3.7545e~(0.047D)表示。     

Feeding rhythm and growth of the tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, during its early life stages

The feeding rhythm and growth characteristics of the early life stages of the tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, were studied. Larvae began to prey on rotifers about 2–3 days after hatching at 23°C. About 12 days after hatching, larvae had grown to 8–9 mm in total length and were able to prey on Artemia larvae. As the larvae grew, they showed an increasing feeding capacity and a distinct feeding rhythm. Feeding intensity for day‐6 larvae was highest at 12:00 and 18:00 hours, about 2–3 h after the maximum feeding incidence. The highest levels of feeding intensity for day‐16 larvae occurred between 09:00 and 18:00 hours. By day 26, when the larvae had metamorphosed, feeding capacity had again increased considerably and, in contrast to the earlier stages, feeding intensity peaked at 18:00 and 24:00 hours concurrently with feeding incidence. Thus, tongue sole were found to have different feeding rhythms in the pre‐ and post‐metamorphosis stages, with the highest feeding activity in the daytime during the larval planktonic stage, and at night during the juvenile benthic stage. The estimated maximum daily feeding rates were 65%, 40% and 11% of body weight on days 6, 16 (larvae) and 26 (juveniles) respectively. Size variation increased markedly with development.     

中华绒螯蟹的摄食节律

为了探究中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)最适宜的投喂时间,本实验将120只初重约68 g的幼蟹随机分养在24个塑料缸(70 cm×40 cm×50 cm)中。采用一次饱食投喂(将昼夜分为8个时间点:10:00、13:00、16:00、19:00、22:00、01:00、04:00、07:00,每个时间段作为1个处理组,每天每个处理组饱食投喂1次)的方法研究中华绒螯蟹的昼夜摄食节律。结果显示,幼蟹在不同投喂时间点表现出24 h周期性的摄食节律,且总摄食高峰期在22:00。从其中6d的平均摄食量可以看出,河蟹主要在19:00~22:00时间段摄食;在肝胰腺酶活性方面,淀粉酶活性在19:00~22:00内高于其他各组,且在22:00获得最高值;脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和钠钾ATP酶酶活性有相似的变化趋势,在13:00~22:00时间段这些酶的酶活呈现上升的趋势,且最高值均在22:00获得。在相关摄食基因表达方面,肝胰腺中Leptin基因的相对表达量在22:00点显著低于13:00和16:00,与其他各组相比差异不显著(P0.05);肠道中胆囊收缩素(CCK)基因的相对表达量在22:00点显示出最低值,与10:00、13:00、04:00和07:00点相比差异显著(P0.05)。综上所述,中华绒螯蟹存在明显的摄食节律,这可能与光照紧密相关,最适宜的投喂时间为22:00。     

南海北部陆坡金鼻眶灯鱼秋季摄食节律

中层鱼是深海食物网的重要组成部分,其摄食节律的研究对探讨以中层鱼为核心的能量流动与物质循环具有重要意义。本研究利用2014年10月南海北部陆坡海域拖网调查数据,对中层鱼优势种金鼻眶灯鱼(Diaphus chrysorhynchus)秋季的摄食节律进行了研究。结果表明:(1)金鼻眶灯鱼取样体长范围为28~110 mm,集中于50~59 mm体长组,各时间段摄食等级与体长间均不存在正相关;(2)金鼻眶灯鱼在18:00左右上浮摄食,次日05:30左右达到摄食高峰,为连续摄食,5个取样时间段平均摄食等级范围为1.50~2.57,呈增长趋势;(3)差异性分析表明,金鼻眶灯鱼傍晚与夜间或清晨间摄食等级差异性显著,表现在18:30~19:30时间段与01:00~02:00、04:45~05:50或06:30~07:30三个时间段间(P=0.041;P=0.000;P=0.007),另03:30~04:30与04:45~05:50时间段间摄食等级也存在极显著差异(P=0.005);(4)金鼻眶灯鱼各时间段摄食等级频率呈波浪形变化,4级频率在06:30~07:30时间段达到最高峰;0级频率在黄昏18:30~19:30时最高,01:00~02:00降为0,03:30~04:30上升到黄昏时的一半,此后连续下降。总体而言,金鼻眶灯鱼傍晚至次日清晨连续摄食,连续排遗,摄食集中于清晨。综上所述,金鼻眶灯鱼是一种昼夜垂直迁移、夜间连续摄食与排遗的浮游动物食性鱼类,其在南海陆坡水域能量流与物质流中起着承上启下的作用。     

Effects of Feeding Time on Growth,Survival, and Food Conversion Ratio of Huso huso Fingerlings

This study was carried out to determine the effect of feeding time on growth parameters, food conversion ratio, and survival rate of Huso huso fingerlings (2.11 ± 0.03 g) over a period of five weeks. Fish in triplicate tanks were fed a commercial pelleted diet four times every 24 h on one of four schedules: at 08:00, 11:00, 14:00, and 17:00 h (day feeding); at 08:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 22:00 h (day/night feeding); at 18:00, 21:00, 24:00, and 06:00 h (night feeding); or at 08:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 22:00 h (full dark feeding). At the end of the experimental period, fish in the day-fed group had significantly (P < 0.05) better final weight, daily growth rate, specific growth rate, survival, condition factor, and food conversion ratio than day/night and night-fed groups. Performance of fish fed under full dark conditions was intermediate between day-fed and the other groups. In terms of rearing costs, daytime feeding of Huso huso is the most efficient.     

池养条件下瓦氏黄颡鱼仔稚鱼摄食节律和日摄食率研究

对池养条件下瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)早期发育阶段的摄食节律进行了研究。结果表明:每日5:00~9:00及17:00~21:00瓦氏黄颡鱼的饱满指数相对较高,15:00~17:00最低,表明瓦氏黄颡鱼属于晨昏摄食型;在仔鱼出膜后的第5、10、15、20、25和30天瓦氏黄颡鱼的日摄食率分别为44.79%、33.72%、23.21%、19.92%、16.58%和10.27%,呈逐渐下降趋势。     

Effect of Feeding Frequency on Feed Consumption,Growth, and Feed Efficiency in Aquarium‐reared Norris and NWAC103 Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)*

Abstract.— A 6‐wk feeding study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding frequency on growth rate of juvenile Norris and NWAC103 channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, reared under laboratory conditions. Four replicate groups of Norris and NWAC103 catfish (average weight of 4.0 ± 0.2 g/fish, SEM) were fed to visual satiety at different feeding frequencies (one, two, or three times daily). The percent of total daily food consumed for Norris catfish fed three times daily (0800, 1200, and 1600 h) was 44.4, 27.7, and 27.9%, respectively, while NWAC103 catfish consumed 42.9, 26.7, and 30.4%, respectively. Specific growth rate and feed intake were higher in fish fed three times daily compared to fish fed once and twice daily for both strains. Feed efficiency was reduced in NWAC103 fed three times daily compared to fish fed once or twice, while feed efficiency was similar among the Norris treatments. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract index ([weight of GI tract/weight of fish] × 100) decreased in NWAC103 catfish as feeding frequency increased, while a similar nonsignificant trend was also observed in Norris catfish. The results of this study demonstrate that aquarium‐reared Norris and NWAC103 catfish fed three times a day consume more feed and gain more weight than catfish fed once or twice a day. The observed decrease in the GI index as a result of feeding more frequently demonstrates that the size of the GI tract increases, relative to body weight, when catfish are fed only once a day. Under laboratory conditions, the number of times a day the fish are fed should be considered when trying to maximize growth of NWAC103 and Norris strains of catfish.     

南昌月亮湖夏季浮游动物昼夜垂直分布及迁移特征

2013年8月1日19∶00至2日18∶00,通过间隔1 h的定量采样,研究南昌市典型城市湖泊月亮湖中浮游动物(轮虫、枝角类和桡足类)的昼夜垂直分布规律。结果表明,月亮湖共发现浮游动物20种,其中轮虫16种,枝角类1种,桡足类3种;剪形臂尾轮虫(Brachionus forficula)、桡足类无节幼体(Copepoda Nauplii)和迈氏三肢轮虫(Filinia maior)为优势物种,分别占总捕获数量的48.27%、15.75%和11.11%。浮游动物主要类群和优势物种的Morisita指数均大于1,说明月亮湖中的浮游动物群落呈聚集分布。密度垂直分布和平均滞留深度分析结果显示,浮游动物垂直分布昼夜差异明显,夜间(19∶00-05∶00),浮游动物先聚集于月亮湖中层,01∶00后逐渐迁移到表层;白天(06∶00-18∶00),浮游动物逐渐从表层向中层和底层迁移;主要类群中轮虫、枝角类和桡足类的迁移均表现为夜间上升、白天下降、傍晚再上升,轮虫和桡足类的迁移幅度小于枝角类。优势种剪形臂尾轮虫和无节幼体的昼夜垂直迁移表现为夜升昼降,至傍晚再上升;迈氏三肢轮虫昼夜垂直分布差异显著(P0.05),但昼夜垂直迁移活动不明显。相关分析表明,水温、p H值和溶解氧对月亮湖浮游动物的垂直分布和迁移活动有显著影响。