松浦银鲫形态学特征及主要经济性状

松浦银鲫主要形态学性状：体高／体长比为42．6％，头长／ 体长比为26．7％，体厚／体长比为20．3％，尾柄长／体长比为12．7％，尾柄高／体长比为16．8％，背吻距／体长比为49．9％，背尾距／体长比为56．2％，体厚／头长比为76．4％。侧线鳞数和侧线至背鳍基部及侧线至腹鳍基部的鳞片数为327／7，第一鳃弓左鳃耙数为50．5个，体背部青灰色，体侧淡绿色，腹部姜黄色。上述指数除头长／体长比外，都与方正银鲫明显不同，而细胞遗传学特征与方正银鲫相同，群体中雄性极少，为雌核发育群体。松浦银鲫个体较大，生长较快，一龄鱼稍快于方正银鲫，体重30克以上；二龄鱼体重约160克。群体生产力，在与鲤、链等鱼混养情况下，亩产30－45公斤。由于松浦银鲫体高较高，1－3龄鱼的肥满系数明显高于方正银鲫，鱼肉营养成份中，粗脂肪在鲜肉（3．6％）和干肉（14．8％）中都明显低于正方银鲫， 这是松浦银鲫的一个极有价值的指标。松浦银鲫和方正银鲫一样繁殖力极强，2龄极能成熟和繁殖，因此其生产能力很大。     

异育银鲫当年育成技术要点

我县于1995年引进试养异育银鲫，在进行配养和二龄养成取得理想效果后，1997年又在县鱼种场3．1亩坑塘中进行了主养异育银鲫当年育成商品鱼试验，该试验自1月20日放苗至10月12日结束。经干塘测产，总产银鲫967．2kg．家鱼603．5kg；亩产银鲫312kg，家鱼195Kg．银鲫平均个体重203g。主要技术要点如下；1．放养早繁苗种。利用早繁苗种延长其生长期是当年养成取得理想规格的关键措施，我局于1997年4月20日从省淡水所购进第一批早繁银鲫乌仔，规格1～1．5cm。比养殖常温苗种提前放苗20天左右，保证银鲫有较长的生长时间。2．肥水下塘。银鲫食性…     

初始体重差异对黄颡鱼补偿生长的影响

将黄颡鱼(Pseudobagrus fulvidracoR ichardson)按初始体重不同分为大(L)、小(S)两种规格(平均体重分别为11.79 g和2.76 g),在水温(28±1)℃、自然光照条件下,研究了初始体重差异对其补偿生长的影响。试验为期4周,每种规格设定3组,第1组为对照组,整个试验期间正常投喂;第2组第1周正常投喂,第2周停止投喂,后2周恢复投喂;第3组前两周2停止投喂,后2周恢复投喂。大规格鱼的3组分别以LC(对照组)、LD1和LD2表示,小鱼分别以SC(对照组)、SD1和SD2表示。结果显示:整个试验结束时,两种规格试验鱼试验组的体重均未赶上对照组,但各组的特定生长率在恢复生长过程中均显著高于对照组,表现为部分补偿生长;L规格鱼的补偿生长主要通过显著提高饲料转化效率和摄食率实现,S规格鱼通过显著提高摄食率实现;试验结束时,除LD2组的脂肪含量显著较低外,其余各组的鱼体生化成分与对照组无显著差异。     

喹烯酮对彭泽鲫生长性能的影响

彭泽鲫系从鄱阳湖捕捞,体重212.5~237.5g/尾,体长17.8~18.2 cm,用强氯精消毒,在水族箱中暂养7d适应环境后用于实验。实验时间6周,各组饲养条件相同。在饲料中分别添加1%、2%、3%剂量的喹烯酮,结果均能明显促进彭泽鲫的生长,其中以添加1%剂量效果最好;喹烯酮对于提高彭泽鲫的成活率也很有意义。     

摄食配合饲料的鱼密度和EM菌对蚌鱼综合养殖系统中浮游植物的影响

通过93 d围隔实验比较了增加摄食配合饲料的鱼(草鱼和银鲫)密度和添加EM菌对三角帆蚌、草鱼、银鲫、鲢和鳙综合养殖系统中浮游植物群落和初级生产力的影响。采用2×2实验设计,设4个处理:LF0(20尾草鱼+10尾银鲫)、LFA(20尾草鱼+10尾银鲫+EM菌)、HF0(40尾草鱼+20尾银鲫)和HFA(40尾草鱼+20尾银鲫+EM菌)。所有处理中三角帆蚌、鲢和鳙密度相同,均为每个围隔内40只蚌、8尾鲢和2尾鳙。实验期间围隔内不换水,每天分2次投喂配合饲料;定期向LFA和HFA围隔内泼洒EM菌。结果显示,围隔内出现浮游植物超过81种,分别隶属7门、32科、73属;实验前期浮游植物优势种为微囊藻和栅藻,后期转为微囊藻、平裂藻和腔球藻;浮游植物生物量平均为3.2×108～8.3×108个/L;摄食配合饲料的鱼密度和EM菌对浮游植物种类组成和多样性无显著影响,但高密度草鱼和银鲫组(HF0和HFA)中浮游植物生物量和群落呼吸强度较高,初级生产力较低;添加EM菌可降低蓝藻在浮游植物生物量中的比例,增加初级生产力。研究表明,在蚌鱼综合养殖中放养摄食配合饲料的鱼密度不宜过高。     

新疆额尔齐斯河银鲫年龄鉴定比较与生长特征研究

以2013年4－10月从新疆额尔齐斯河采集的546尾银鲫（Carassius auratus gibelio）样本为材料,比较4种钙化组织（微耳石、鳞片、鳃盖骨和脊椎骨）年龄鉴定结果,选择最佳的年龄鉴定材料,研究其生长特征。结果表明,4种钙化组织中,微耳石磨片年龄读数的平均百分比误差（IAPE）最低（1.89%）,同一观察者2次读龄的吻合率最高（91.9%）,为4种材料中最为准确的年龄鉴定材料;采用微耳石进行年龄鉴定,银鲫样本由1～9龄组成,以3～4龄为主,占77.28%;银鲫体长与体重呈幂函数关系,雌雄群体间无显著性差异,体长与体重的关系为：W=2.661×10-5L3.085（R2=0.96,n=546）;生长规律用von Bertalanffy生长方程表示为：Lt=359.7 [1-e-0.172(t+1.066)], Wt=2042.3[1-e-0.172(t+1.066)]3.085;个体的生长拐点年龄为5.49龄,对应的体长及体重分别为243.2 mm和610.81 g。     

气泡幕对许氏平鲉的阻拦效果研究

气泡幕可作为海洋牧场鱼群控制的技术手段之一。本研究通过改变气泡幕在水槽中的相对位置和试验许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegeli)的密度来观察许氏平鲉的行为反应,运用了观察法、对照试验法和控制变量法探究了气泡幕对不同密度下的许氏平鲉的阻拦效果。结果显示:1)试验鱼20尾时,气泡幕的位置分别设置在矩形水槽长的1/4、1/2和3/4处(鱼的密度为12.52、6.26、4.17尾/m2),阻拦率分别达到了98.2%、88.4%和92.9%,阻拦效果明显。2)气泡幕设置在水槽长度方向的1/2处,试验鱼分别为5尾、10尾、15尾和20尾时,气泡幕阻拦率分别达到了100%、85.7%、100%和88.4%(鱼群密度分别为1.56、3.12、4.69、6.26尾/m2),阻拦效果良好。3)由于阻拦率较高,试验鱼群密度和阻拦效率没有明显的关系。本研究结果可为我国投放许氏平鲉的海洋牧场鱼群控制技术以及取水口拦鱼技术提供参考。     

异育银鲫经过低温下停食后的补偿生长

在室内水槽中进行了10周实验,以检验异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibeli)经过低温下停食后的补偿生长。实验鱼初始体质量为(5.1±0.1)g,分为4组:2组鱼在第1~4周内被停食,在第5~10周分别恢复投喂蛋白能量比为23 g.MJ-1(SL组)和26 g.MJ-1(SH组)的等能饲料;另2组鱼(CL组和CH组)在1~4周内投喂蛋白能量比为23 g.MJ-1的饲料,在第5~10周分别投喂蛋白能量比为23 g.MJ-1(CL组)和26 g.MJ-1(CH组)的饲料。第1~4周内水温控制在14.8~15.2℃,第5~10周内水温控制在24.8~25.2℃。结果表明,第4周结束时SL组和SH组体质量明显低于CL组和CH组;SL组和SH组全鱼水分、蛋白质和灰分百分含量明显高于CL组和CH组,但脂肪含量明显低于后者。恢复投喂期间,SL组在第7~10周内SGR高于CL组,SH组第5~8周内SGR高于CH组,但SL组与SH组,CL组与CH组之间SGR无显著差异(P>0.05)。实验结束时,SL组和SH组的体质量分别低于CL组和CH组,SL组与SH组间及CL组与CH组间体质量无显著差异(P>0.05);SL组和SH组全鱼、躯干和内脏团内蛋白质和灰分含量分别高于CL组和CH组,脂肪含量分别低于CL组和CH组。本实验结果显示,经过低温下停食后,异育银鲫仅表现出部分补偿生长能力,恢复投喂期间增加饲料蛋白质含量未明显增强异育银鲫的补偿生长。[中国水产科学,2007,14(1):113-119]     

方正银鲫与鲤鱼杂交子代的生产

方正银鲫(雌)与鲤鱼(雄)配组繁殖培育出的子代具有生长快、产量高、个体大、肉质厚、味鲜美、疾病少、起捕率高、适应性广等特点。根据我们三年的养殖情况,亩放养子代银鲫500尾,亩产可达136.5公斤,平均体重315克,比方正银鲫体重增加104.5％,比普通鲫鱼增加147％以上。 1.生产情况 (1) 亲鱼选择与催产每年冬季干塘时,选择体重300克以上、体质健壮、体形     

渔业生态环境

实验室养殖试验中发现台湾光唇鱼增重较快且耐低氧,高温致死上限为35.5～36.5℃,低温致死下限为5.5～7.0℃。在水槽中养殖体重为55～56g 的光唇鱼,水温30℃每尾鱼2.5h 耗氧1.75×10~(-6),水温15℃耗氧0.72×10~(-6);体重10～13g 的光唇     

Effect of partial replacement of dietary monocalcium phosphate with neutral phytase on growth performance and phosphorus digestibility in gibel carp,Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch)

A feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of partial replacement of dietary monocalcium phosphate (MCP) with neutral phytase on growth performance and phosphorus digestibility in gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch). Control diet was prepared with 2% MCP but without phytase (P0). Other three experimental diets were prepared by replacement of MCP by 25%, 50% and 75% respectively in comparison with control with supplementation of neutral phytase at 500 U kg^?1 diet in each and designated as P25, P50 and P75 respectively. Gibel carp (initial body weight of 30.22 ± 1.98 g) were reared in twelve 300‐L cylindrical fibreglass tanks provided with filtered flow‐through tap water at 26–28°C. After 8‐week experiment, gibel carp fed with P50 had no obvious differences from the control group on weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency rate (PER) and survival rate. Phytase supplementation did not affect body compositions or muscle compositions. Crude protein and phosphorus (P) contents in the faeces of fish fed with the phytase‐supplemented diets were significantly lower than those of the control group. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of crude protein and P in gibel carp were increased when fish fed with the diets in which MCP was replaced by neutral phytase. This study suggested that partial replacement of dietary MCP at 50% with neutral phytase was considered as a recommended dietary supplemental level and increased dietary P and protein availability.     

Effects of size grading on growth and survival of juvenile turbot at two temperatures

Juvenile turbot were size graded into three size groups (mean initial size): Small (3.4 g), medium (7.0 g) and large (10.5 g), and additional fish were held in ungraded (6.6 g) groups. Subgroups (n = 396) of fish were tagged and individual growth rates and social interactions within different size categories were studied in fish reared at 13 and 19 °C. Size grading of juvenile turbot did not improve growth. Specific growth rates (SGR) were mainly size-related, and no differences in SGR or mortality between the experimental groups at both tem-peratures were found. A higher level of social interactions was indicated amongst medium-sized fish than amongst those in the smallest and largest categories. Excess feeding may have been important factors in reducing aggression, so that the growth of the smallest individuals was not suppressed by the larger individuals in the present study. Grading seems to be an unnecessary operation to improve the growth and survival of juvenile turbot (5- 150 g). However, as it was mainly the smallest individuals in each group that died, grading of very small turbot (2-5 g) can be recommended.     

Comparison on growth performance,body coloration changes and stress response of juvenile river catfish,Pangasius hypophthalmus reared in different tank background colour

The effects of different tank background colours (green, black and white) on the growth performance and body coloration of juvenile river cafish, Pangasius hypophthalmus, were examined in this study. The experimental fish with an initial body weight (BW) 0.13 ± 0.05 g and total length (TL) 2.54 ± 0.37 cm were used, and groups of 15 fish per tank were randomly distributed. The experiment was conducted for 20 days as a triplicate for each treatment. Survival, growth in BW, body weight gain (BWG), total length (TL), total length gain (TLG), specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor, feed conversion ratio (FCR), swimming speed, body coloration and stress response were evaluated. River catfish reared in white and green tanks attained significantly higher BW, BWG, TL, TLG and SGR compared to the black tank. The white tank attained significantly better FCR compared to the black tank. River catfish showed the most active swimming behaviour in the green tank (5.49 ± 1.32 cm/s) while the least in the white tank (3.37 ± 0.93 cm/s). Body coloration of river catfish in the black tank showed almost pure black body coloration (75.59 ± 9.08), followed by the green tank (126.23 ± 17.46) and the white tank (148.19 ± 10.51). However, there was no significant difference in the stress level of river catfish reared in white and black tanks and insignificant to those reared in the green tank. The findings in this study showed that the white and green background colour tanks can be used for promoting growth of river catfish culture while the black background colour tank can enhance body coloration that is suitable as ornamental fish.     

The effects of grading on the growth and survival of juvenile Dover sole (Solea solea L.)

A 3-month study was carried out to investigate the effects of grading on the overall production, growth performance and survival of juvenile Dover sole (Solea solea L.). Juvenile fish (4.0–40.4 g) were sorted into three size groups: small (4.0–15.5 g), medium (16.0–21.5 g) and large (22.0–40.5 g). In addition, a group of unsorted fish was followed for comparison. The fish from each sorted group and the unsorted group were divided between triplicate tanks at a stocking density of 1.5 kg m⁻². The fish were weighed and counted 21, 42, 63 and 92 days after stocking. In addition, 30 randomly chosen fish in each tank (=90 from each group) were individually tagged. The survival, size distribution, growth and productivity were calculated for small, medium, large and unsorted groups. In addition, comparisons were made between combined sorted and unsorted fish. There was no significant difference between the mean weight and distribution of sorted and unsorted fish by the end of the trial. An increased overall productivity in combined sorted fish was observed. Regular grading could therefore still be beneficial for sole farming as long as the grading interval supports maximum growth (in this case over 90 days). Survival was not significantly affected by the grading process.     

Influence of feeding ratio and size on susceptibility to microsporidial gill disease caused by Loma salmonae in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Two trials were designed to quantify the effect of feeding ratio and fish size on the cohabitation transmission of Loma salmonae, the causative agent of microsporidial gill disease (MGD) in salmonids, Oncorhynchus spp. To evaluate the effect of feeding ratio on disease onset, groups of 45 rainbow trout, O. mykiss (Walbaum) (RBT), were fed daily at 1% (low), 2% (medium) or 4% (high) of the fish biomass in the tank. There were three tanks at each feeding level: two tanks were exposed to the pathogen and one was a control. For the second objective, 300 RBT were separated into seven tanks so that the weight classifications were small (17-23 g), medium (32-38 g) and large (57-63 g). Each size class was done in duplicate with one control tank containing medium-sized fish. Separately for each trial, on day 0 post-exposure (PE) five highly infectious RBT were added to each tank (not including the control tanks) to begin the cohabitation exposure period. Beginning on day 21 PE and continuing biweekly until days 70 and 77 PE for the feeding and fish size trials, respectively, each fish was evaluated for visible branchial xenomas to determine disease onset time. Using survival analysis, the survival curves for the low, medium and high feedings were not significantly different from each other. However, there were significant differences amongst the small, medium and large weight classes in the size trial. The median numbers of days to the development of branchial xenomas was 31, 38 and 42 for small, medium and large size fish, respectively. On any given day, a medium or large sized fish had a hazard ratio for developing branchial xenomas of 0.66 and 0.63, respectively, compared with a small fish. In addition to host species and host strain differences, fish size is now considered a host risk factor for the development of MGD.     

Influence of management protocols on carp growth under nursery conditions: relative importance of food and water quality

Twenty outdoor holding tanks (10 m–3 each), were filled with ground water and grouped into five feeding schemes: live zooplankton cultured outside the fish growing tank (LFS); direct nursery pond fertilization schedule in static (MS) as well as in exchanged water (EMS); intermediate conditions between the LFS and MS (IS); and supplementary food system using mixture (1:1) of finely ground mustard oilcake and boiled rice (SFS). Two hundred common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry were introduced into each of the twenty outdoor tanks maintained at ambient temperature outside the laboratory. After 90 days of rearing, the fish were harvested and analysed for various growth parameters and food conversion efficiency. The average weight of carp attained in the LFS was significantly higher than that in the other four feeding schemes. The frequency distribution of final body weight of common carp showed the preponderance of large and small fish in the LFS and MS, respectively. Likewise, plankton intake by the carp fry was highest in the LFS. The rate of survival was much higher in the LFS as compared with the rest of the treatments. The water quality remained far better in the former than the latter. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate sources on growth performance and utilization for gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Günther)

The nutritional function of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides for omnivorous gibel carp and carnivorous Chinese longsnout catfish were investigated and the ability of these two species to utilize carbohydrates was compared. For each species, triplicate groups of fish were assigned to each of five groups of isoenergetic and isonitrogenous experimental diets with different carbohydrate sources: glucose, sucrose, dextrin, soluble starch (acid‐modified starch) and α‐cellulose. The carbohydrates were included at 60 g kg^?1 in Chinese longsnout catfish diets and at 200 g kg^?1 in gibel carp diets. A growth trial was carried out in a recirculation system at 27.8 ± 1.9 °C for 8 weeks. The results showed that fish with different food habits showed difference in the utilization of carbohydrate sources. For gibel carp, better specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) were observed in fish fed diets containing soluble starch and cellulose, but for Chinese longsnout catfish, better SGR and FE were observed in fish fed diets containing dextrin and sucrose. Apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter (ADC_d) and apparent digestibility coefficient of energy (ADC_e) were significantly affected by dietary carbohydrate sources in gibel carp. ADC_d and ADC_e significantly decreased as dietary carbohydrate complexity increased in Chinese longsnout catfish except that glucose diet had medium ADC_d and ADC_e. In both species, no significant difference of apparent digestibility coefficient of protein was observed between different carbohydrate sources. Dietary carbohydrate sources significantly affected body composition, and liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and malic enzyme (ME) activities also varied according to dietary carbohydrate complexity. Fish with different food habits showed different abilities to synthesize liver glycogen, and the liver glycogen content in gibel carp was significantly higher than in Chinese longsnout catfish. The influence of carbohydrate source on gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis was also different in the two fish species.     

Intensive rearing of juvenile crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus,Astacidae) during the first 6 months: effects of size grading

Recent advances in crayfish feeding have enabled the development of size grading studies from the start of first‐feeding. A 180‐day experiment aimed at intensive rearing of Pacifastacus leniusculus was carried out under controlled conditions, evaluating the effects of size grading at two different periods from the onset of exogenous feeding. Stage 2 juveniles were stocked in fibreglass tanks at a density of 100 m², and fed a dry diet for salmonids combined with restricted amounts of Artemia cysts. Five groups were tested: no grading, grading at 60 days (large and small size) and grading at 100 days (large and small size). After 6 months, no significant differences were found in the survival among groups (mean: 73.06%). The highest final growth (pooled results from upper and lower classes: 17.39 mm carapace length, 1.43 g weight) was achieved by the crayfish sorted at 60 days, showing significant differences from the ungraded group. Smaller crayfish graded at 60 days grew significantly faster than smaller crayfish graded at 100 days. The food conversion ratio was lower in the graded groups (mean: 2.64), showing significant differences from the ungraded group (3.23). This study shows that size grading allows a better performance and an improved feeding efficiency.     

膨化与非膨化饲料对大规格草鱼生长、体成分及部分生理生化指标影响

以商业配方为基础,配制膨化饲料和非膨化饲料饲喂初始体重（394.96±13.21g）草鱼（Ctenopharynodon idellus）120天,旨在对比这两种饲料对其生长、体成分及部分生理生化指标的影响。养殖试验在水库网箱（2m×2m×2m）中进行,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。实验结果表明,与非膨化料组相比,膨化饲料组草鱼成活率和增重率显著提高（P＜0.05）,饵料系数显著降低（P＜0.05）,增重成本显著降低（P＜0.05）;肥满度、肝体比、脏体比和肠体比显著升高（P＜0.05）;鱼体血清血糖、甘油三酯、总固醇和过氧化氢酶显著升高（P＜0.05）;胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶显著降低（P＜0.05）;肝脏谷丙转氨酶（GPT）显著升高,谷草转氨酶（GOT）显著降低（P＜0.05）;鱼体成分中水分和灰分无显著差异（P>0.05）,粗脂肪显著升高、粗蛋白显著降低（P＜0.05）。综上所述,与非膨化饲料相比,饲喂膨化饲料可使大规格草鱼生长性能和养殖效益提高,但会鱼体肥满度和粗脂肪含量提高。     

Effects of dietary vitamin C on growth,gonad development and antioxidant ability of on‐growing gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS III)

An 88‐day experiment was conducted in a flowing system to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin C on growth, body composition, antioxidant and gonad development of on‐growing gibel carp. Triplicate tanks of gibel carp (77.2 ± 0.1 g) were randomly fed with one of seven experimental diets containing l ‐ascorbic acid of 0, 101.1, 188.5, 313.1, 444.1, 582.1 and 747.0 mg/kg, respectively. The results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) of fish were not affected by dietary l ‐ascorbic acid. Dietary l ‐ascorbic acid of 444.1 mg/kg diet led to low levels (p < .05) of gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hypothalamic gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) in on‐growing fish, as well as the early ovarian stages (Developing stages) compared with fish (Maturing stages) from the other groups. Dietary l ‐ascorbic acid supplementation increased (p < .05) the dorsal muscle collagen content, but did not affect the protein or lipid content of dorsal muscle in gibel carp. Plasma total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased (p < .05) and then remained unchanged with the increase in dietary l ‐ascorbic acid levels. Dietary l ‐ascorbic acid of 101.1 mg/kg diet improved (p < .05) plasma lysozyme activity of the fish. Broken‐line regression indicated that dietary l ‐ascorbic acid requirement of 77 g gibel carp was 223.3 or 225.0 mg/kg diet based on plasma T‐AOC or SOD activity, which was a little higher than that based on plasma l ‐ascorbic acid concentration (193.2 mg/kg).