缢蛏鳃的光镜与扫描电镜研究

用光镜和扫描电镜观察了缢蛏鳃的组织学和表面结构。鳃丝有主鳃丝和普通鳃丝之分,鳃丝表面有前纤毛和侧纤毛,分别与食物的运送和呼吸水流的产生有关。普通鳃丝的扁平细胞为呼吸上皮。相邻鳃丝通过含有血管的丝间连接连系,相邻的鳃小瓣通过隔膜状的瓣间连接连系。两根主鳃丝之间的12~22根鳃丝由簇内连接连接成簇。     

苏氏Mang鲶鳃超微结构观察

对苏氏Mang鲶鳃结构进行扫描和透射电镜观察。Mang鲶鳃丝末端膨大呈杓状结构，每一鳃丝两侧具有许多呈褶状的鳃小片，相邻两鳃丝上的鳃小片紧密镶嵌排列。鳃弓和鳃耙表面分布众多味蕾。鳃丝呼吸面上皮细胞薄，高度血管化，形成呼吸面隆起，非呼吸面由微脊细胞彼此相连，间缝具分泌细胞开口。鳃小片由单层或数层外上皮细胞和由基膜相隔的柱状细胞及其围在血管腔的凸缘构成，氯细胞多分布在鳃小片基部，并有开口通外，还探讨了Mang鲶鳃丝和鳃小片特殊的结构与功能。     

苏氏鲢鲶鳃超微结构观察

对苏氏鲢鲶鳃结构进行扫描和透射电镜观察.鲢鲶鳃丝末端膨大呈杓状结构,每一鳃丝两侧具许多呈褶状的鳃小片,相邻两鳃丝上的鳃小片紧密镶嵌排列.鳃弓和鳃耙表面分布众多味蕾.鳃丝呼吸面上皮细胞薄,高度血管化,形成呼吸面隆起;非呼吸面由微脊细胞彼此相连,间缝具分泌细胞开口.鳃小片由单层或数层外上皮细胞和由基膜相隔的柱状细胞及其围在血管腔的凸缘构成,氯细胞多分布在鳃小片基部,并有开口通外.还探讨了鲢鲶鳃丝和鳃小片特殊的结构与功能.     

中国蛤蜊鳃的光镜与扫描电镜观察

用光镜和扫描电镜观察了中国蛤蜊鳃的组织学和表面结构。所有鳃丝的组织结构均相同。鳃丝上皮按结构与功能可区分为4个区带：前纤毛柱状细胞区、侧纤毛柱状细胞区、粘液细胞区和扁平细胞区。前纤毛和侧纤毛分别与食物的运送和呼吸水流的产生有关。扁平细胞为呼吸上皮，其结构有助于气体交换。相邻鳃丝通过成排的、含有血管的丝间连接连系。     

不同高温水平下虾夷扇贝鳃的显微观察

实验室内营造了20℃、22℃、24℃及26℃四个不同高温水平处理组,将在15℃(对照组)暂养的虾夷扇贝(Mizuhopecten yessoensis)分别驯化到相应温度下(升温幅度1℃/d),并饲养7 d。然后采用组织学方法研究了不同高温水平下虾夷扇贝鳃的组织结构变化特征。结果显示,15℃时鳃小瓣厚度显著高于20℃、22℃、24℃和26℃下的鳃小瓣厚度,且在同一温度下,虾夷扇贝的鳃小瓣外鳃的厚度显著高于内鳃。15℃时虾夷扇贝鳃丝的宽度最大,为40.41μm,显著高于20℃、22℃、26℃时鳃丝宽度(P0.05),另外,20℃和22处理组,虾夷扇贝鳃丝宽度差异不显著(P0.05)。15℃时虾夷扇贝丝间隔宽度最大,为36.39μm,显著高于22℃、26℃时丝间隔宽度(P0.01)。24℃时,鳃小腔与鳃间隔扩张明显。由此可见,高温对虾夷扇贝鳃的组织结构影响显著。     

五种蚌的形态变异与判别分析

运用多变量形态度量学方法，采用6个形态性状对褶纹冠蚌、三角帆蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌和球形无齿蚌5种蚌的种间以及地理种群间的形态变异进行了研究。主成分分析构建了2个主成分，第一主成分受4个性状的影响，贡献率为54.17%；第二主成分受1个性状的影响，贡献率为34.08%。主成分分析和聚类分析表明，褶纹冠蚌与三解帆蚌形态相近，随圆背角无齿蚌与球形无齿蚌外形相拟。方差分析和t检验表明，褶纹冠蚌和三解帆蚌的不同地理种群分别表现出形态上变异。建立了5种蚌的判别函数，三角帆蚌和圆背角无齿蚌的判别准确率均为100%，褶纹冠蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌和球形无齿蚌的判别准确率依次为98.92%、86.36%和96.88%，总判别准确率为97.83%。     

紫贻贝鳃的研究

用光镜和扫描电镜观察了紫贻贝鳃的组织学和表面结构。鳃丝上皮由六个区带的细胞组成：前纤毛柱状细胞、前侧纤毛柱状细胞、无纤毛柱状细胞、侧纤毛柱状细胞、立方或扁平细胞及后纤毛柱状细胞。各种柱状细胞的纤毛与食物的运输及水流的产生有关。立方或扁平细胞为呼吸上皮区，其组织学和表面结构有助于进行气体交换。     

紫贻贝（Mytilus edulis L．）鳃的研究

用光镜和扫描电镜观察了紫贻贝鳃的组织学和表面结构。鳃丝上皮由六个区带的细胞组成：前纤毛柱状细胞、前侧纤毛柱状细胞、无纤毛柱状细胞、侧纤毛柱状细胞、立方或扁平细胞及后纤毛柱状细胞。各种柱状细胞的纤毛与食物的运输及水流的产生有关。立方或扁平细胞为呼吸上皮区，其组织学和表面结构有助于进行气体交换。     

淡水珍珠蚌的苗种繁殖（上）

我国有淡水蚌100多种，但适合养殖珍珠的蚌仅有三角帆蚌、褶纹冠蚌、无齿蚌。目前生产上用得最广、养殖珍珠价值最高的河蚌为三角帆蚌和褶纹冠蚌。一、淡水珍珠蚌的生态、生活习性（－）生活习世珍珠蚌一般生活于江河、湖泊、池塘等水体的底泥中，蚌体潜入泥中的深度随季节变化而不同。冬季水温低时，蚌体大部分潜入泥沙中，前腹缘向下，背缘向上，仅露出壳后缘部分呼吸摄食。夏季则大部分露在泥沙外。不同种类的蚌对环境的要求不同，如把纹冠蚌喜栖息于水流缓慢或静水的泥沙中，喜肥水，适宜pH为5－7；三角帆蚌喜栖息在流水的沙质底泥中，…     

人工繁殖裙纹冠蚌的方法

人工繁殖褶纹冠蚌一般在内池和外荡进行，内池繁殖具有操作简便、管理方便、成本低和省工等优点。所需设备如下。     

淡水和半咸水条件下中华鲟幼鱼鳃上皮泌氯细胞的形态特征与数量分布

为了探讨中华鲟幼鱼进入长江口半咸水环境后,渗透压适应调节过程中鳃上皮泌氯细胞的适应性变化,将幼鱼在淡水(盐度0)和半咸水(盐度15)两种条件下驯养60 d,利用光镜和扫描电镜技术对比分析鳃上皮泌氯细胞的形态、分布与数量特征。结果表明:幼鱼鳃上皮泌氯细胞主要集中分布于鳃小片基部和鳃小片之间的鳃丝上,细胞略呈椭圆形。半咸水条件下,幼鱼鳃丝上皮泌氯细胞数量和大小显著增加,鳃小片上皮泌氯细胞数量则未发生改变,但细胞大小显著增加;而鳃丝和鳃小片上皮泌氯细胞的形态在淡水和半咸水中均未发生显著变化。扫描电镜观察发现,鳃丝上皮泌氯细胞顶膜开口的形态分为3种类型:Ⅰ型,突起型;Ⅱ型,凹陷型;Ⅲ型,深洞型。淡水条件下,顶膜开口形态多为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,未发现Ⅲ型存在;而半咸水条件下,顶膜开口形态以Ⅲ型为主,Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型也有少量分布。     

Myxobolid parasites infecting the gills of the Iberian nase, Chondrostoma polylepis (Steindachner), in Galicia (NW Spain), with a description of Myxobolus gallaicus sp. nov.

Three species of myxobolid parasites were found infecting the gills of the Iberian nase, Chondrostoma polylepis , in the River Ulla (Galicia, NW Spain), Myxobolus leuciscini , M. impressus and M. gallaicus sp. nov., which is described herein. Myxobolus leuciscini locates in the intralamellar space and the plasmodium begins to develop in the endothelium of the capillaries of the secondary lamellae. Myxobolus impressus plasmodia are located in the interlamellar multilayered epithelium. Myxobolus gallaicus plasmodia are elongated and are located exclusively in the central venous sinus of the branchial filament, suggesting that they begin their development in branchial endothelial tissue. We also present data on spore size and morphology, plasmodium and pansporoblast characteristics and pathological effects of the three species in the host branchial tissues.     

Pathology of bacterial gill disease: ultrastructure of branchial lesions

Abstract. The range of branchial lesions associated with bacterial gill disease (BGD) in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Richardson), was investigated through the ultrastructural examination of 23 separate outbreaks of the disease condition within commercially reared stocks. Diseased branchial tissues had a large and diffusely distributed monomorphic population of filamentous bacteria which were strictly epicellular. Although bacterial colonization was restricted to the branchial cavity, it was neither site nor cell specific: epithelial and chloride cells of the lamellae, filaments and lining tissues of the branchial cavity were all uniformly affected. The bacteria possessed an extensive glycocalyx which appeared to facilitate adhesion to the apices of the microridged sub-unit modifications of the cell surface. Sites of colonization were accompanied by a diffuse pattern of cellular degeneration and necrosis that was generally restricted to the outer layers of epithelium. The polarity and nature of these changes suggest that the mechanism of interaction between the bacteria and host cells includes progressive hydropic change as a sequel to primary membrane damage and consequent increased cell permeability. These cellular changes were accompanied by the range of stereotypical responses of the gill to damage frequently reported for BGD including lamellar fusion, epithelial hyperplasia, and squamous and mucous cell metaplasia, in addition to lamellar spongiosis.     

Immunolocalization of Na+, K+-ATPase-rich cells in the gill and urinary system of Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus, fry

Localization of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase-rich cells in the gill and urinary system of Acipenser persicus fry was performed through immunofluorescence light microscopy using a mouse monoclonal antibody IgGα₅ raised against the α-subunit of chicken Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase. Different types of epithelia were clearly identified in the gill epithelium: epithelia of branchial arch, interbranchial septum, filament and lamellar epithelium. The Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase-rich cells were found in the epithelia of branchial arch, interbranchial septum, filament, interlamellar region and also in the lamellae. Histologically, the urinary system is divided into head kidney, trunk kidney and short caudal kidney. The head kidney is composed of the pronephric tubules and the haemopoietic tissues, while the trunk kidney is composed of a large number of glomeruli and convoluted nephrons. Each nephron consisted of a large glomerulus and tubules (neck, proximal, distal and collecting tubules) which connected to ureters. Posteriorly, ureters extended and joined together to form a small urinary bladder. In the urinary system, no specific fluorescence staining was observed in the glomerulus, neck segment and proximal tubules. The distal tubule cells and collecting tubule cells showed a strong immunostaining of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase. Epithelia of ureters and urinary bladder also showed several isolated immunofluorescent cells. Immunofluorescent cells were rich in Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase enzyme which is very important for osmoregulation.     

扁玉螺鳃的形态学研究

用光镜和扫描电镜观察了扁玉螺鳃的组织学和表面结构,鳃叶上皮由５个区带的细胞组成,即前纤毛柱状细胞,立方细胞,侧纤毛柱状细胞,后纤毛柱状细胞及呼吸上皮。侧纤毛是产生呼吸水流的动力来源,呼吸上皮细胞表面凹凸不平,其组织学和表面结构有助于进行气体交换。     

Distribution and structure of lesions in the gills of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., affected with amoebic gill disease

Gills of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., with amoebic gill disease (AGD), were analysed by routine histology to identify lesion morphology and distribution patterns. Numbers of lesions occurring dorsally, medially and ventrally in the gill filaments were recorded as was lesion size, proximity to the gill arch and the degree of pathological severity involved. The mean number of lesions and pathological severity in the dorsal region of the second left gill arch were significantly higher than that found ventrally ( P  < 0.01). There were no significant differences between gill regions in lesion size or proximity of lesions to the gill arch. Serially sectioned lesions revealed interlamellar cysts to be spherical to ovate in shape and fully enclosed within a wall of epithelium. Small to medium size cysts sometimes contained necrotic amoebae. Inflammatory cells, morphologically identified as neutrophils and macrophages, were occasionally seen infiltrating medium sized cysts. Larger cysts were mostly clear of any cellular debris.     

美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)眼睛早期发育的组织学观察

应用石蜡切片及HE染色的方法对美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)早期发育过程中眼睛的发生、分化和形成过程进行了系统的观察.结果显示,受精后21 h 13 min,视泡出现;受精后26h 23 min,视泡发育成视杯;受精后35 h 44 min,原始视网膜和晶状体形成;受精后60h 15 min,角膜在视网膜前缘处形成,由单一的立方上皮构成;2日龄仔鱼,巩膜分化完成,由软骨组织和弹力纤维构成,脉络膜出现;3日龄仔鱼,虹膜出现,视网膜分化完全,由外向内的色素层、视觉细胞层、外界膜、外核层、外网膜层、内核层、内网膜层、视神经节细胞层、视神经纤维层和内界膜10层构成,此时视觉细胞层中视杆细胞出现;14日龄仔鱼,角膜分化完全,由自外向内的复层扁平上皮、前弹性层、基质层、后弹性层和内皮层5层构成;22日龄仔鱼,脉络膜腺出现;26日龄稚鱼脉络膜分化完全,由外向内依次为银膜层、血管层和色素层,虹膜也完全分化,由外向内依次为虹膜内皮层、前缘层、基质层、后缘层和色素层;45日龄幼鱼,视网膜内核层分化成两层水平细胞.此时美洲鲥眼睛的各个结构均发育完善.     

Ultrastructural observations on the causative agent of epitheliocystis in the brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus Lesueur, from Ontario and a comparison with the chlamydiae of higher vertebrates

Abstract. Stages of development of chlamydial organisms were found in intracellular 'cysts' in the epithelium of the gill lamellae of brown bullheads. Early, irregularly shaped stages with granular cytoplasm occurred in membrane-bound vacuotes in host cells of undetermined origin. The organisms enlarged and divided within the grossly hypertrophied host cell. Dense nucleoids were first seen in single, closely packed organisms, which became enlarged and irregular in shape. Small, spherical organisms were formed from larger ones by fission and budding. Mature cysts contained many small, dense, spherical forms, each of which contained a dense central nucleoid. Fine filaments arranged perpendicular to the plasma membrane traversed the space between the inner and outer membranes of the dense spherical forms, which appeared to be the terminal stage of development. The ultrastructural features of the chlamydial agent of epitheliocystis are compared with those in other fish and with chlamydiae in higher vertebrates.     

Fine structure of the peritrichous ectocommensal Zoothamnium sp. with emphasis on its mode of attachment to penaeid shrimp

Abstract. The colonial peritrich Zoottiamnium sp. is a common ectocommensal of shrimp. Heavy branchial infestations of this protozoan can cause mass mortalities of commercially important penaeid species in shrimp culture. In an effort to better understand the morphology of these organisms, the ciliates and their attachment to gills and pereiopods of Penaeus aztecus and P. setiferus were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Each zooid contains peristomial rows of cilia, numerous food vacuoles, a large macronucleus, one or more contractile vacuoles, freeribosomes, abundant mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The contractile spasmonehie is surrounded by striated tubules that appear to develop from scopular cilia. The pellicular surface is crenated and has numerous pores. The base of the ciliate's stalk forms a circular disc that fuses with the epicuticle but does not penetrate the underlying cuticle or epithelium. Intertwining microfibrils and osmiophilic particles in the stalk accumulate along the base and merge with the cuticular surface coat. This mode of attachment inflicts no damage to the host tissue and elicits no appreciable pathological response. The shrimp apparently suffocate when dense colonies reduce the respiratory surface area.