不同pH下五溴联苯醚BDE-85对海水小球藻的毒性效应

将海水小球藻培养在不同pH(8.66、8.44、8.19、7.93)下、不同含量(0、1.52、3.04、6.08、12.16、24.32μg/g)五溴联苯醚BDE-85中，在指数生长期时测定海水小球藻的比生长速率、净光合放氧速率、暗呼吸速率、叶绿素荧光参数以及超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性等参数，探讨不同pH条件下海水小球藻对BDE-85致毒胁迫的生理响应。试验结果表明，低pH条件下经过中、低含量BDE-85处理的海水小球藻的比生长速率呈增加趋势，其中6.08、12.16μg/g试验组较对照组分别增长了6.33%、7.39%;6.08μg/g试验组在低pH条件下净光合放氧速率比对照组高出18.43%,而24.32μg/g试验组则比对照组低39.98%;同时过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性增强，表明海水小球藻的抗氧化作用增强，出现了应激活性，但高含量(24.32μg/g试验组)的BDE-85处理下增强作用不明显。综上，低pH条件可以促进海水小球藻的生长，也可以缓解中、低含量的五溴联苯醚BDE-85的毒害作用，但当BDE-85含量过高时，其缓解效果受到抑制，并且在高含量的BDE-85处理下...     

不同温度下BDE-209对草鱼离体肝脏组织的毒性效应

为探讨不同温度条件下十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)对鱼类的毒性影响,以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼离体肝脏组织为试验材料,在肝脏组织匀浆液中加入浓度为0.00、0.04、4.00、400.00μg/L的BDE-209,并将其分别置于低温(15℃)、常温(25℃)、高温(35℃)中水浴60 min,然后检测肝脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性以及丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果显示:低温时各浓度组BDE-209诱导下的SOD、CAT、GR活性与对照组没有显著性差异;常温时BDE-209对SOD、CAT、GR活性具有低浓度诱导高浓度抑制的现象,高温时BDE-209对肝脏组织中CAT、SOD、GR活性造成明显的抑制效应,MDA在不同温度条件下其含量都随BDE-209暴露浓度的升高而升高。研究结果表明:在一定的温度范围内,温度越高,BDE-209对鱼体肝脏组织造成的氧化损伤越大。     

溴氰菊酯对草鱼早期发育阶段的毒性效应

水温(22±1)℃澳氰菊醑对草鱼胚胎27 h孵化EC50为2.13 μg/L,孵化安全浓度为0.213 μg/L;96h LC50和96 h致畸EC50分别为5.09 μg/L、12.10 μg/L,安全浓度为0.509 μg/L.畸形的主要症状为弯体、卵黄囊膨大、围心腔水肿以及部分仔鱼的体表有瘤状赘生物.     

四溴联苯醚慢性胁迫对大泷六线鱼血液生化指标的影响

四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)常用作阻燃剂,是水环境中常见的持久性有机污染物。本研究以大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)为研究对象,探究不同浓度的BDE-47慢性胁迫6周后对其血液生化指标的影响。本研究共设置7组:5ng/L(A组)、50 ng/L(B组)、500 ng/L(C组)、5μg/L(D组)、50μg/L(E组)以及空白对照组和二甲基亚砜(DMSO)组,以7个生化指标作为评估指示物。结果表明:不同浓度BDE-47慢性胁迫会对大泷六线鱼的血液生化指标造成不同程度影响。除碱性磷酸酶(AKP)指标,其余指标空白对照组和DMSO对照组无明显差异(P0.05),说明DMSO不影响BDE-47毒理效应的分析。与两对照组相比,7个指标未表现出显著的时间效应和剂量效应关系。随着胁迫时间的延长,500 ng/L组对7个指标的影响最明显,其中血糖(GLU)受各浓度影响最明显。随着胁迫浓度的增加,第4周各指标波动最大,其中第2周和第4周GLU受影响最大。第1和3周,随着BDE-47胁迫浓度的升高总蛋白呈现先降低后升高趋势,且在第1周表现最为明显;而白蛋白在各浓度BDE-47组中变化无明显规律。总胆红素第1~4周各浓度组差异不显著(P0.05),但第6周各实验组变化差异明显高于第5周(P0.05)。不同浓度BDE-47实验组中尿素含量随时间延长呈降低趋势。AKP活性随时间延长均呈现显著升高的趋势(P0.05),而乳酸脱氢酶则在3~5周变化较为明显。通过主成分分析C组和4周胁迫条件下,7个生化指标提取特征值,发现GLU是其中最具有代表的指标。因此,GLU在浓度和时间维度上是7个生化指标中最敏感的,可以作为评价该鱼类对所在BDE-47环境影响的潜在指示物。本研究将为进一步完善BDE-47暴露对鱼类的安全性评价提供依据。     

菲、芘、壬基酚对黑褐新糠虾的急性毒性

通过测定菲、芘、壬基酚对黑褐新糠虾的急性毒性,探讨了这三种难降解有机物对黑褐新糠虾的24h、48 h、72 h和96 h半致死浓度(LC50 ).结果表明菲对黑褐新糠虾24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h的半致死浓度分别为530 μg/L、310 μg/L、166 μg/L和126 μg/L;壬基酚对黑褐新糠虾24 ...     

吡喹酮、甲苯咪唑、溴氰菊酯对花鳗鲡的急性毒性

采用静水式急性毒性试验法研究了吡喹酮、甲苯咪唑和溴氰菊酯对花鳗鲡(Anguilla marmorata)(体重为0.87±0.19 g)的急性毒性。试验结果表明,在水温28±2℃时,吡喹酮对花鳗鲡的24 h LC50、48 h LC50、72 h LC50、96 h LC50分别为73.85 mg/L、66.71 mg/L、56.57 mg/L、52.72 mg/L,安全浓度为16.34 mg/L;甲苯咪唑对花鳗鲡的24 h LC50、48 h LC50、72 h LC50、96 h LC50分别为142.81mg/L、13.80 mg/L、5.19mg/L、1.74mg/L,安全浓度为0.023 mg/L;溴氰菊酯对花鳗鲡的24 h LC50、48 h LC50、72 h LC50、96 h LC50分别为9.56μg/L、9.34μg/L、7.69μg/L、7.67μg/L,安全浓度为2.68μg/L。吡喹酮、甲苯咪唑、溴氰菊酯对花鳗鲡分别属于低毒、中毒、剧毒药物。甲苯咪唑对花鳗鲡的安全浓度0.023 mg/L远低于欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla)的常用浓度1～2 mg/L,因此在花鳗鲡养殖中使用甲苯咪唑制剂需十分谨慎。     

滨海湿地中多溴联苯醚的污染特征及生态风险评价研究进展

滨海湿地中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)污染及其对滨海湿地的影响受到越来越多的关注,但对其污染特征和生态风险等仍有许多问题未厘清。从滨海湿地中PBDEs的种类和浓度、PBDEs在沉积物中的分布特征、PBDEs分布与沉积物理化因子的关系、PBDEs生态风险评价等相关研究进展进行了系统梳理,分析了滨海湿地沉积物和生物体内中PBDEs种类和浓度,讨论了PBDEs在滨海湿地中的水平与垂向分布规律,探讨了滨海湿地沉积物理化因子对PBDEs分布的影响,归纳了滨海湿地中PBDEs的生态风险评价方法。今后需进一步明确滨海湿地沉积物和生物体内的PBDEs同系物及富集浓度,加强滨海城市排污口附近区域的PBDEs归驱研究,解析滨海湿地沉积物理化因子(如铁、硫、氮等元素)与PBDEs的关系,加强PBDEs生态风险阈值和评价方法研究,为滨海湿地污染控制和评价提供技术支撑。     

长江口疏浚泥浸出液、悬浮液对浮游生物的影响↑（*）

长江口疏浚泥浸出液和悬浮液对小球藻（Chlorella saccharophila）和大型溞（Daphina magna）的生长试验和急性毒性试验结果表明，浓度为90％和100％疏浚泥的浸出液及100％的悬浮液对小球藻生长有较强的抑制作用，对小球藻的96h－EC↓（50）分别为87％和99．5％；对大型溞的96h     

氰戊菊酯、醚菊酯对日本囊对虾的急性毒性

为了研究两种拟除虫菊酯类农药对日本囊对虾(Penaeus japonicus)的急性毒性效应,采用半静态换水补药方法研究了氰戊菊酯和醚菊酯对平均体重(10.6±2.5)g日本囊对虾的急性毒性。试验结果表明:在水温(18.2±0.3)℃时,氰戊菊酯对日本囊对虾的24 h LC50、48 h LC50、72 h LC50、96 h LC50分别为1.52、0.810、0.520、0.310μg·L-1,安全浓度为0.069 0μg·L-1;醚菊酯对日本囊对虾的24 h LC50、48 h LC50、72 h LC50、96 h LC50分别为1.88、1.30、0.940、0.760μg·L-1,安全浓度为0.190μg·L-1。两种农药均属于极高毒药物,对日本囊对虾的毒性大小为:氰戊菊酯醚菊酯。因此在作为清塘药物进行清塘时需特别谨慎使用。     

3种常用水产杀虫剂对大型溞的急性毒性

在水温(23±1)℃下,研究辛硫磷、敌百虫和甲苯咪唑等3种常用水产杀虫剂对大型溞的急性毒性。结果表明,敌百虫对大型溞24h和48h的半致死质量浓度分别为70.13μg/L和22.96μg/L,安全质量浓度为0.74μg/L;辛硫磷对大型溞24h和48h的半致死质量浓度分别为0.93μg/L和0.24μg/L,安全质量浓度为0.0048μg/L;甲苯咪唑对大型溞24h和48h的半致死质量浓度分别为104.31μg/L和27.56μg/L,安全质量浓度为0.58μg/L。3种杀虫剂对大型溞的毒性:辛硫磷敌百虫甲苯咪唑,均属于剧毒,在水产养殖过程中应谨慎使用。     

Atlantic Fisheries Technological Conference,Moncton, NB,August 21, 1995

No abstract available for this article.     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

1. In the last two decades, Brazil has advanced significantly with the expansion and improvement of its national system of protected areas. Until recently most of the expansion was concentrated in the Amazon region (with useful lessons). It also had an uneven ecological representation of coastal and marine ecosystems, concentrated in coastal waters. Despite significant advances, the levels of funding, staff and stakeholders' engagement remain relatively low for such a vast system.
2. Within the past few years, key elements of a new strategy for protection of coastal and marine areas have started to emerge, combined with some participatory processes and a focus on expansion of the total area protected (from <1.5% protection of the country's marine area). These included: a renewed focus on priority areas for conservation; attention to national and international commitments and targets; clarity about the need for partnerships and funding; better engagement of Brazilian society and stakeholders; new, and more collaborative, models of protected areas management and conservation; and openness in the relationships with wider society.
3. Significant results of this effort have started to appear: new large mosaics of oceanic protected areas were created; Amazon mangroves were recognized by the Ramsar Convention; new mangrove protected areas were created, besides other ones proposed; project proposals are under development with partners for better funding and sharing of responsibility; and there is a better engagement with stakeholders. The building of the Brazilian Blue Initiative is underway.
4. The implementation of the proposed 15‐year marine strategy is at its onset: partnerships need to be strengthened and substantial funding is required. It will only be possible to manage the larger system of protected areas if there are more collaborative and innovative models for protected areas and conservation management. These should include partnerships with civil society, local and traditional communities and the private sector, as well as greater engagement of scientists and research institutions, stronger and more qualified tourism, volunteer work, etc. Further innovative funding mechanisms will also be needed along the way.

     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Factors influencing the abundance of the common bully, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, in small, North Island, New Zealand, lakes

Adult common bullies, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, are small (total length =  30–120 mm), benthic fish commonly found in the littoral zones of New Zealand lakes where they are a major prey species for trout and eels. Differences in their relative abundance (CPUE) were determined between 21 shallow North Island lakes. Mean CPUE ranged from 2 to >  1000 fish net^{− 1} night^{− 1} and was inversely related to water transparency. The abundance of bullies was not reduced in lakes containing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), but was reduced in all lakes containing self-recruiting populations of eels, Anguilla spp. Mean densities of planktonic larval bullies in the limnetic zone were also inversely related to water transparency. Since low water transparency is related to increased trophic status for these lakes, the abundance of bullies is likely to be related to lake productivity, rather than turbidity.     

Annual Meeting of the Pacific Fisheries Technologists,Red Lion Inn,San Diego,CA, February 18-21, 1996

No abstract available for this article.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.