高温对鱼类的影响及其预防研究

鱼类是水生变温动物,其生长繁衍与生活环境条件密切相关,其中环境温度是鱼类生长发育最重要的环境因子之一.水温影响着鱼类的摄食、生长、免疫和生殖等活动,具有多方面生态作用.     

温度对鱼类生存的影响

鱼类进化发展至今，分布在全世界各个水域中的鱼类形成了能够在不同水温环境条件下生存的各种类型：如温水性鱼类、广温性鱼类、冷水性鱼类／耐低温鱼类和暖水性鱼类／耐高温鱼类。水温的变化不仅导致鱼类的夏眠和冬眠，而且还影响鱼类的繁殖和水体溶氧量，是与鱼类循环系统和呼吸系统关系最为密切、并进而影响鱼类生存的重要环境因子之一。     

长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区重要鱼类繁殖生态需求

长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区内有多种重要鱼类,环境因子是鱼类生存的重要外部条件。金沙江下游梯级电站的建设运行将改变保护区的生境特征,从而影响鱼类的繁殖生长。本文基于文献调研、历史数据收集整理、数值模拟和统计分析等资料和方法,对保护区内重要鱼类的水温、水质和水文水动力等生态需求进行了分析研究。结果显示：重要鱼类繁殖的生态需求与文献调研中给出的生态需求吻合程度较高且更接近天然情况。     

环境缺氧(Hypoxia)及其对鱼类影响的研究进展

环境缺氧不仅会引起鱼类形态结构的改变还使其生理状态发生变化,对鱼类的各种生命活动具有重要影响。本文从环境缺氧的因素、适应的类型及其对鱼类呼吸、摄食、生长和游泳的影响等方面进行了综述,旨在为鱼类生理生态相关研究、渔业养殖提供基础资料。     

热应激对鱼类生命活动影响的研究进展

本文综述了热应激对鱼类生命活动的影响,包括代谢与生长、抗氧化能力、热休克蛋白以及免疫相关研究成果。鱼受到热应激时,机体会产生对自身有害的活性氧,在一定的温度范围内,鱼类通过酶联通路和非酶联通路来消除体内多余的活性氧。大多水鱼类在适宜温度内,生长率与水温成正相关,超过适宜温度,鱼类代谢紊乱,生长缓慢甚至停止,长时间的热应激会导致鱼类死亡。研究鱼类的耐高温性,对创造更高的水产养殖经济效益和选育耐高温品种具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

怎样建造一个冷水鱼养殖场

按照养殖上的分类．一般将适应水温范围比较广的鱼类。如青、草、鲢、鳙、鲤、鲫、鲂鱼等称为温水性鱼类：罗非鱼、淡水白鲳、革胡子鲶及彩虹鲷等品种。它们在水温低于15度以下。就会死亡，所以称它们为热水性鱼类：而将生长水温要求不高于20度水温的鱼类。如鲑鳟鱼类。称为冷水性鱼类；以鲟鱼、裂腹鱼为代表的鱼类生长温度稍高。可以达27度左右。称为亚冷水鱼。     

不同温度下重复疲劳运动对鲢幼鱼游泳能力及代谢率的影响

在自行设计的鱼类游泳能力测定装置中,采用流速递增法,测定了不同温度(10、15、20、25℃)条件下鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)幼鱼2次疲劳运动过程中临界游泳速度和耗氧率的变化,探究重复疲劳运动对鲢幼鱼游泳能力和活动代谢率的影响。结果表明,在10~25℃温度范围内,鲢幼鱼临界游泳速度随温度升高而呈线性增加(U_(crit,1)=3.52+0.14T,R~2=0.98,P0.05;U_(crit,2)=3.33+0.09T,R~2=0.97,P0.05),重复运动后的临界游泳速度明显小于第1次。运动最大耗氧量(MMR)和标准代谢率(SMR)均随温度升高而增加,且第1次测试的耗氧率显著高于第2次;运动后过量耗氧率(Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption,EPOC)随着温度升高而增加,与温度相关性显著(P=0.024);第2次测试疲劳后EPOC较第1次低,疲劳运动对EPOC影响不显著(P=0.36);表明适宜温度范围内,温度对游泳能力和活动代谢具有促进作用,疲劳运动对鱼类游泳能力和活动代谢不利,有一定的抑制作用。     

我国鱼类资源的危机和保护

对我国海洋和淡水鱼类资源危机的现状、导致鱼类资源危机的各种因素进行了分析,指出我国鱼类资源危机的严重性。提出污水处理、生态修复、伏季休渔、依法治渔、保护鱼类生物多样性等保护措施。     

斑点叉尾鮰养殖技术

斑点叉尾鮰又称沟鲶、河鲶。原产北美洲,是一种大型淡水鱼类,最大个体可达35kg。是美国淡水鱼主要养殖对象,其产量占淡水鱼之首。 斑点叉尾鮰属温水性鱼类,生存温度为0—38℃,生长水温为15—32℃;正常生长要求溶氧范围3—5mg/L,当低于1mg/L     

湘江下游长沙段鳜早期资源的时空分布特征及与环境因子关系

为掌握鳜[Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky)]早期资源在湘江下游的时空分布特征及与生境特征的关联, 2020 年和 2021 年 5–7 月在湘江长沙段使用圆锥网对鳜早期资源进行隔日采样, 统计分析了鳜鱼苗发育阶段的时间分布、 水层分布及水文环境因子变化, 研究了湘江中鳜主要繁殖时期及苗汛高峰期的水文特征, 以公式计算了鱼苗群体对圆锥网的逃逸能力, 并利用冗余分析(RDA)对鳜鱼苗丰度和环境因子进行了关联分析。结果表明: 鳜在湘江的繁殖高峰期为 5 月中旬到 6 月下旬, 产卵场位置分散且规模不等; 鳜鱼苗样品中弯曲期仔鱼占比较大且倾向于表层, 导致鱼苗整体丰度在表层大于中下层(P＜0.05), 但卵黄囊期仔鱼更倾向于中下层, 分布差异主要由游泳能力及流速所致; 各阶段鳜仔鱼的群体逃逸能力未在流速上表现出差异, 即无结构性的鱼苗逃逸现象; 鳜鱼在湘江中繁殖主要受洪水刺激, 鱼苗丰度与水温正相关(P＜0.05), 与透明度负相关(P＜0.05); 繁殖高峰期水温在 19.3~28.0 ℃, 透明度小于 30 cm, 目前湘江中水温、透明度、流速及溶氧等条件均符合鳜鱼繁殖生境要求, 2021 年鳜鱼苗丰度较 2020 年提高一倍以上, 饵料鱼资源恢复或是鳜群体繁殖能力提升的重要原因。建议在湘江水域进一步加强鳜鱼及其他鱼类的早期资源保护与监测, 促进鱼类群落的生态稳定性恢复, 充分发挥其对湘江—洞庭湖—长江水域的鱼类资源补充作用。     

Long-term study of the reproductive timing of the Neotropical catfish Iheringichthys labrosus (Lütken, 1874): Influence of temperature and river discharge

Unravelling the effect of climate variability on species biology has been one of the main goals of ecological studies. Environmental factors such as river discharge and temperature have being proposed as triggers of reproductive cycle in fish. In temperate climates, fish reproduction is affected mainly by temperature, while is influenced by flood pulses in large tropical rivers. We evaluated the influence of temperature and river discharge as triggers of Iheringichthys labrosus’ reproduction. We studied the following reproductive variables: gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI) and condition factor (K). Females of I. labrosus were examined in a time series of ten years along three sites located in Lower Uruguay River at the beginning (last week of November-first week of December, spring) and by the end of the reproductive period (middle-end of April, autumn). Generalised linear models detected a positive effect of mean winter temperature and site on the spring mature female GSI. Site was significant in addition to the interaction between temperature and site. Moreover, the effect of winter temperature was stronger than water discharge in triggering reproductive timing of I. labrosus, contrary to the model proposed for other species in tropical systems. Additionally, a literature review suggested a latitudinal gradient on reproduction, occurring earlier and prolonged with decreasing latitude (and increasing temperature). In this study, we stated the effect of temperature on the life history in a Neotropical fish using a multifaceted approach, particularly important in the current context of global climate warming.     

水电站影响下太湖西苕溪鱼类产卵生境及其早期资源与环境因子的关系

水利设施运行影响下的鱼类早期资源发生规律被逐渐关注,坝下区域也成为鱼类产卵生境的关注热点。西苕溪作为太湖上游的重要补充支流,是太湖流域鱼类完成生活史过程的重要载体。为解析电站影响下的坝下河流生境变量与鱼类早期资源的内在联系,本研究于2022年4—7月在西苕溪江东电站坝下的东山段开展了持续90 d的鱼类早期资源调查以及时空格局研究。结果显示,该区域鱼卵日平均密度为(0.5±0.7)ind/m3,仔鱼日平均密度为(0.5±0.6) ind/m3。运用形态学结合分子生物学方法进行种类鉴定,共鉴定鱼类35种,隶属4目14科22属,其中产沉性卵鱼类9种,产浮性卵5种,产黏性卵9种,产漂流性卵12种。5月下旬、6月上旬和6月下旬为产卵高峰期。左右岸样线以沉性卵和以水生植物为黏附基质的产黏性卵鱼类为主,河心样线则以产漂流性卵、产黏性卵和浮性卵鱼类为主。该区域鱼类卵苗数量受水温、流速、水位影响较大,水位、流速是影响鱼类繁殖的主要因子,电站调度对卵苗量有显著影响。基于卵苗收获量、卵苗发育时期等结果,判定该采样区域——西苕溪江东电站坝下东山段为适宜多种鱼类繁殖的复合型产卵场,对太湖流域鱼类多样性和渔业资源...     

River modification reduces climate resilience of brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations in Ireland

This study investigated interactions between eco‐hydromorphological state, riparian vegetation cover, water temperature and fish community composition in lowland rivers in Ireland. Physical habitat modification of study sites corresponded with degraded eco‐hydromorphological state (degree of ecological and physical modification) and reduced thermal buffering capacity (greater temperature fluctuation and increased frequency of extreme temperature events). This impact was reflected in the fish community, with a shift from a brown trout‐dominated (Salmo trutta L.) fish assemblage to predominance of the more thermally plastic minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus (L.), and stone loach, Barbatula barbatula (L.). Eco‐hydromorphological state may be a central factor affecting the ability of temperate rivers to resist temperature change in a warming climate and to maintain suitable conditions for salmonids and other cold‐water biota. Strategies aimed at climate change proofing of temperate rivers should focus on preserving or re‐establishing the eco‐hydromorphological processes that create habitat complexity and buffer stream temperature.     

Water diversion reduces abundance and survival of two Mediterranean cyprinids

Water flow is a fundamental characteristic required for the ecological integrity of stream ecosystems. However, populations of many freshwater fishes in the Mediterranean region are threatened by man‐induced drought due to water diversion. Mark‐recapture methodology is an effective tool for estimating fish abundance and survival probability, but it has been seldom used with Mediterranean freshwater fish. We tagged over 2,400 individuals of two threatened cyprinids (Mediterranean barbel Barbus meridionalis and Catalan chub Squalius laietanus) inhabiting an Iberian stream affected by water diversion, and used mark‐recapture methods to evaluate the effects of flow, temperature and depth on their apparent survival and abundance at hydrologically altered and perennial reaches. Based on estimates over the summer drying season, survival of Mediterranean barbel was more than six times higher in an upstream reach with permanent flow than a middle reach impacted by water diversion. Water depth was the most important habitat feature accounting for differences in survival, with both barbel and chub exhibiting higher survival and abundance at permanent sites farther downstream where flow had been restored and in an unaltered tributary. Our results show clear negative impacts of water diversion on fish populations. Both species, but particularly barbel, have life‐cycle characteristics that may allow populations to recover quickly if natural streamflow was restored by conserving water and reducing water diversion.     

On amphidromy, a distinct form of diadromy in aquatic organisms

Amphidromy is a distinctive form of diadromy that involves some fish, decapod crustaceans and gastropod molluscs. Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well‐grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there. This life‐history strategy is observed in numerous fish species, primarily in islands of the tropics and subtropics (probably more than 75 species, especially sicydiine gobies), and extends to temperate countries as far as Japan in the north and New Zealand in the south. There has been considerable confusion about the nature of amphidromy and its distinctiveness from anadromy, another category of diadromy. The return to freshwater of small juveniles of amphidromous fishes is functionally and strategically different from the return of large mature adults, as happens in anadromy. The strategy is recognized as distinctive by numerous fish biologists who work with amphidromous fishes, although it has tended to be rejected or ignored by others, typically those who have no personal experience with them.     

On size and growth in freshwater fish

Patterns of growth and size achieved in freshwater fish are examined with relation to the issues of indeterminate and determinate growth and asymptotic growth. Various authors suggest minimum, average and maximum sizes attained by fish, variously pointing to very small gobies and very large sharks, with most fish being about 150 mm long. Growth in fish is distinctive in that typically it continues throughout life, even though it becomes slower with increasing age and the onset of sexual maturity. Growth rates and size achieved by fish are highly flexible and subject to both genetic and environmental controls, so that size reached may vary with environmental variables such as water temperatures and food availability (both food abundance and prey types and sizes). Frequency distributions of 5 disparate freshwater fish faunas (Papua-New Guinea 267 species and tropical; North America 709 species and subtropical to Arctic; Australia 176 species and tropical to temperate; New Zealand and Great Britain 27 and 39 species and both warm to cool temperate) closely resemble distributions generated by the theoretical model of Hutchinson & MacArthur, and also data on diverse faunas. Frequency distributions in these faunas are closely similar, with a majority of species being small. This similarity would seem to suggest a general explanation. However, examination of the freshwater fish fauna of North America suggests that, rather than showing a predominance of large fish in the Arctic, the fauna has more large fish towards the tropics, though the proportion of large fish there is lower owing to the proliferation of small species in the tropics and a paucity of them towards the Arctic. Analysis shows a shift in the size composition of the fauna with latitude and shows that the general pattern for the whole of North America consists of a composite series of rather different patterns. This suggests that there is probably no meaningful general explanation of the overall patterns seen in these diverse and disparate faunas and that the similarity in overall size distributions between freshwater fish faunas of North America, New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand are of little ecological or evolutionary significance. The generality of Cope's rule is questionable, especially for fish, in which dwarfing and/or evolution towards smaller size are seen to be common phenomena.     

Seasonal and diel patterns in the migrations of fishes between a river and a floodplain tributary

Nunn AD, Copp GH, Vilizzi L, Carter MG. Seasonal and diel patterns in the migrations of fishes between a river and a floodplain tributary. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 153–162. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Abstract –  The population behaviours associated with the migrations of fishes in lowland river ecosystems are amongst the most poorly-understood dispersal mechanisms of temperate freshwater organisms. This study evaluated the influence of four environmental variables (light levels, river discharge, water temperature and water velocity) on the timing, intensity and direction of fish movements between the River Avon (Hampshire, England) and a small floodplain tributary, Ibsley Brook, over a 12-month period. Using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to identify patterns of movement (by groups of species) and the relative strengths of explanatory variables in the data, the probability of fishes migrating between the river and tributary was determined using Bayesian modelling. The intensity and direction of fish movements between the river and tributary varied temporally, both on a diel and seasonal basis, and there were species- and age-specific patterns in behaviour. Diel movements appeared to be triggered by changes in light intensity and brook water velocity, whereas seasonal movements were mostly driven by changes in river discharge and water temperature, particularly those associated with floods. This study emphasises the importance of connectivity in river systems, as fishes migrated in all conditions, but especially during rapidly-rising discharge.     

Temperature influence on the fish assemblage structure in a large lowland river, the lower Oder River, Germany

Abstract –  Water temperatures were expected to structure river fish assemblages by promoting: (i) offspring's growth and densities in warm years, (ii) spring spawning fish when temperatures increase early and (iii) improved growth and overwintering condition from elongated vegetation periods. Favourable temperature conditions in their first year should improve growth and survival in consecutive years. In the lower Oder River, Germany, fish have been sampled annually, 0+ in July since 1997, and older fish in November since 1998. This data set was analysed to test the hypotheses mentioned above. The water temperature ranged between −0.4 and 25.1 °C during the study period, resulting in substantial variations of the 29 temperature metrics derived from daily means. Cumulative degree-days until catch, in spring and during March, as well as minimum and mean temperatures in March and spring explained 63% of the variability observed. The mean total length of the most frequent 0+ fish differed significantly between years related to temperature. Increased length growth at higher temperatures was a general tendency. Total length and density of 0+ fish were significantly inversely correlated, but the potential influence of temperature on species densities was not significant. The mean fish densities varied not significantly between years. No indication was found that higher total length in the first year of life resulted in an improved growth in subsequent years.
For future research and management it has to be expected that temperature impacts become increasingly significant in regulated river systems. With decreasing hydrodynamics the significance of temperature effects will increase.     

Environmental influences on life history strategies in partially anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta,Salmonidae)

This paper reviews the life history of brown trout and factors influencing decisions to migrate. Decisions that maximize fitness appear dependent on size at age. In partly anadromous populations, individuals that attain maturity at the parr stage typically become freshwater resident. For individual fish, the life history is not genetically fixed and can be modified by the previous growth history and energetic state in early life. This phenotypic plasticity may be influenced by epigenetic modifications of the genome. Thus, factors influencing survival and growth determine life‐history decisions. These are intra‐ and interspecific competition, feeding and shelter opportunities in freshwater and salt water, temperature in alternative habitats and flow conditions in running water. Male trout exhibit alternative mating strategies and can spawn as a subordinate sneaker or a dominant competitor. Females do not exhibit alternative mating behaviour. The relationship between growth, size and reproductive success differs between sexes in that females exhibit a higher tendency to migrate than males. Southern populations are sensitive to global warming. In addition, fisheries, aquaculture with increased spreading of salmon lice, introduction of new species, weirs and river regulation, poor water quality and coastal developments all threaten trout populations. The paper summarizes life‐history data from six populations across Europe and ends by presenting new research questions and directions for future research.     

电厂温排水对水生生物影响评价综述

总结温排水对水生生物和生态系统的一般性影响;介绍我国和美国4个不同环境背景的大型电厂温排水对当地水生生物的影响;分析厂址特定因素和环境背景的影响;讨论电厂温排水影响评价存在的问题。(1)温排水可能会影响水生生物的生长、生存和繁殖,改变群落的多样性和丰度,并可能导致栖息地的变化,但影响性质和程度各不相同;(2)温排水对水生生物的潜在影响程度与厂址特定因素包括地理位置、受纳水体是海水还是淡水、受纳水体的体积、水交换速率、生物栖息地等密切相关;(3)为了准确评价温排水的影响,我国首先应根据不同海域、流域或湖泊的特点,选择出代表性重要水生生物并进行热影响研究,为不同流域、湖泊、海域温度基准的制定奠定基础;应尽快制定温排水环境影响评价导则,使得温排水限值能够满足国家水体质量标准,确保受纳水体中平衡土著的贝类、鱼类和野生生物种群的生长和繁育,并且已考虑了温排水与所有其他对物种重要影响(包括杀生剂的影响、取水卷吸效应的影响、过度捕捞、其他污染源的排放等)的累积影响。