乳酸菌利用罗非鱼下脚料水解液发酵L-乳酸的探讨

以罗非鱼（Oreochromis spp.）下脚料为原料,采用高温热水抽提法提取其蛋白质作为乳酸菌发酵L-乳酸的氮源。以酵母膏作为对照,探讨了保加利亚乳杆菌（Lactobacillus bulgaricus）、嗜热链球菌（Streptococcus thermophi-lus）和鼠李糖乳杆菌（L.rhamnosus）在罗非鱼下脚料水解液培养基中的生长情况及L-乳酸的产量。结果显示,3种乳酸菌在2种培养基中均能良好地生长,pH下降明显;L-乳酸产量随乳酸菌菌种不同而异,其中鼠李糖乳杆菌在罗非鱼下脚料水解液培养基中发酵10 h后,L-乳酸净产量为3.38 g.L-1,与以酵母膏作为氮源的产酸水平相当。可见罗非鱼下脚料水解液可以替代酵母膏作为L-乳酸发酵的一种低成本氮源。     

混合乳酸菌发酵改善罗非鱼蛋白酶解液风味的研究

通过嗜热乳链球菌（Streptococus thermophilus）和保加利亚乳杆菌（Lactococcus bulgarcus）混合发酵，改善罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）下脚料蛋白酶解液风味，采用响应面设计试验考察乳酸菌发酵时间（X1）、温度（五）及接种量（恐）对酶解液风味感官评分值（Y）的影响，并利用同时蒸馏萃取与气相色谱-质谱（GC—MS）联用技术测定挥发性成分。结果表明，响应面分析法（RSM）优化的乳酸菌发酵条件为时间9h，温度45℃，接种量16％，预测风味感官评分值为4．1；酶解液发酵后的挥发性成分由原来的27种增加至33种，增加的主要是酯类物质，另外产生了辛酸及十六醛等风味物质。乳酸菌发酵能减弱罗非鱼酶解液的腥味，但脱苦效果不明显。     

微生态制剂及其在水产养殖中的应用问题(二)

美国食品药物管理局和美国饲料管理协会公布了43种可直接饲喂且通常认为是安全的微生物(GRAS)作为微生态制剂的出发菌株,具体为:乳酸杆菌属:短乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、纤维二糖乳杆菌、弯曲乳杆菌、德氏乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、罗特氏乳杆菌、乳酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌。     

乳酸菌在水产养殖中的应用

<正>乳酸菌是一类能利用可发酵性碳水化合物(主要是糖类)产生大量乳酸的无芽孢、革兰氏染色阳性细菌的总称,主要包括乳杆菌属(如嗜酸乳杆菌)、链球菌属(如粪链球菌)、名串珠菌属(如乳酸明串珠菌)、双歧杆菌属(如长双歧杆菌)、片球菌属(如戊糖片球菌)等。乳酸菌耐酸,在pH 3.0~4.5的酸性条件下能够生存,但不耐热,温度达到65~75℃便会死亡。一、乳酸菌的主要作用1.抑制病原菌,预防疾病乳酸菌可通过3种机制抑制和杀灭病原菌,一是产生     

海水对固定化乳酸菌生长的影响

为探究固定化乳酸菌对海水中不同因素的耐受性,采用涂布分离计数法测定海水中不同pH值、NaCl浓度、Pb~(2+)浓度、葡萄糖浓度对固定化乳酸菌生长的影响。结果表明:海水pH值为6.0,德氏乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、屎肠球菌三种乳酸菌在海水中的活菌率分别为98.0%、117.6%、111.4%;在海水中添加NaCl和醋酸铅溶液均抑制乳酸菌的生长,但屎肠球菌的耐盐性与耐重金属铅的能力均比德式乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌强;乳酸菌生长的最适葡萄糖浓度为20%,过量葡萄糖会抑制其生长。综合比较三种乳酸菌在海水中的生长耐受性,得出屎肠球菌对海水中的pH值、NaCl浓度、Pb~(2+)浓度及葡萄糖变量的耐受性较强。     

罗非鱼皮明胶的脱腥方法及理化性质

以罗非鱼鱼皮明胶为原料,通过感官评定比较活性炭吸附法、酵母菌发酵法及乳酸菌发酵法的去腥效果,从中筛选出适宜的脱腥方法;采用正交试验探讨不同的脱腥条件对明胶溶液透明度及腥味感官评分值的影响。同时对经脱腥处理后的明胶进行理化性质分析,并利用同时蒸馏萃取与气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术测定其挥发性成分,为工业化制备无腥味罗非鱼皮明胶提供理论依据。结果表明:活性炭吸附法、酵母菌发酵法及乳酸菌发酵法均对明胶溶液具有脱腥作用,它们之间的脱腥效果差异显著(P(0.05),其中以活性炭吸附法脱腥效果最好。正交试验确定的活性炭吸附脱腥的适宜条件为添加1.5%(w/v)活性炭到5%(w/v)明胶溶液中,40℃吸附30min。经脱腥处理后制得的明胶无腥味,粗蛋白含量为91.3%,凝胶强度高达301g,透明度增加,水不溶物减少;GC-MS分析结果显示,明胶溶液脱腥前检出的挥发性成分有33种,其中大部分是酯类物质,其次是醇类、酮类和烯类等物质,明胶溶液脱腥后检出的挥发性成分有26种,种类及相对含量比脱腥前的少,减少的主要是烯类和酮类物质。研究表明,活性炭吸附法能有效去除明胶的腥味,改善其理化性质,可应用于工业化生产无腥味罗非鱼皮...     

微生物发酵床垫料中酵母菌的分离与鉴定

目的了解微生物发酵床垫料中的酵母菌情况,为发酵床管理与安全生产提供参考。方法研究福州市福清市和永泰县2个发酵床养殖场采集垫料样品,分离其中的酵母菌。对不同样品中分离到的菌株根据菌落形态初步归类后,选出代表性的2个酵母菌株,采用生理生化测定结合ITS序列分析进行鉴定。结果这2株酵母菌中1株为假丝酵母菌(Candida palmioleophila),1株为阿萨丝孢酵母菌(Trichosporon asahii)。     

嗜水气单胞菌拮抗菌甲基营养型芽孢杆菌WM-1发酵条件优化

为优化嗜水气单胞菌拮抗菌——甲基营养型芽孢杆菌WM-1的发酵条件,获得抑菌物质产生的最佳培养基配方和培养条件,本实验以嗜水气单胞菌为指示菌,以发酵上清液的抑菌活性为检测指标,采用单因素和正交实验设计,对菌株WM-1的发酵条件进行优化。结果显示,菌株WM-1最适发酵培养基为可溶性淀粉1.0%、牛肉膏1.5%、硫酸镁0.07%、磷酸氢二钾0.05%;最佳发酵条件为初始pH 7.5、培养温度30°C、装液量20%、摇床转速210 r/min、培养时间48 h。在最适培养基和最佳发酵条件下,菌株WM-1发酵液抑菌圈直径达(22.5±0.50)mm,抑菌活性比优化前提高了40.6%。本研究为嗜水气单胞菌的防治提供了新的材料、为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌应用于嗜水气单胞菌的生物防控提供了理论基础。     

复合生物制剂降解饲料中霉菌毒素的研究

目的 研究复合生物制剂降解饲料中霉菌毒素的效果，寻求一种安全、绿色、高效的生物降解霉菌毒素的方法。方法 将嗜热链球菌、戊糖片球菌和布氏乳杆菌混合发酵产物、酵母细胞壁提取物、杜仲叶提取物复配制成生物制剂，对黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、玉米赤酶烯酮(ZEN)和呕吐毒素(DON)进行体外降解试验，并探究降解饲用玉米中霉菌毒素的复合生物制剂适宜配比。结果 实验结果表明复合生物制剂与各组分单独使用相比，其对AFB1、ZEN和DON的降解率有显著提高(P<0.05),降解率均达到90%以上；复合生物剂添加量为1%时，对饲用玉米中3种霉菌毒素的降解率最高，均超过90%。结论 复合生物制剂对黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤酶烯酮毒素和呕吐毒素具有显著的降解作用，其适宜添加量为1%。     

不同乳酸菌对发酵草鱼品质的影响

为探明不同乳酸菌对发酵草鱼微生物数量和理化性质的影响,进一步提高发酵鱼制品的品质,实验对草鱼背部肌肉经不同乳酸菌(植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌和副干酪乳杆菌)发酵后制品的微生物数量、pH、总酸、水分含量、白度、氨基酸态氮、硫代巴比妥酸和挥发性盐基氮等进行分析,探究不同乳酸菌在草鱼发酵过程中(0～15d)对其品质的影响.结果显...     

酸制剂对罗非鱼生长和饲料利用的影响

为考察不同酸制剂对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长和饲料利用的影响,在基础饲料(对照组)中分别添加0.3%磷酸、富马酸、柠檬酸和乳酸,饲养奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼9周(初始平均体重约1.9g)。结果表明,添加0.3%柠檬酸和乳酸饲料组的罗非鱼特定生长率显著高于对照组和添加富马酸组(P<0.05);磷酸组、柠檬酸组和乳酸组的饲料效率较对照组有提高趋势(P>0.05),乳酸组的饲料效率显著高于富马酸组(P<0.05);柠檬酸组和乳酸组鱼体水分含量显著高于富马酸组(P<0.05),体粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分含量在组间差异不显著(P>0.05);胃蛋白酶活性在富马酸组显著低于其它饲料组(P<0.05),肠淀粉酶活性在柠檬酸组和乳酸组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);肝脏代谢酶活性在柠檬酸组和乳酸组显著高于对照组、磷酸组和富马酸组(P<0.05),相应地,柠檬酸组和乳酸组罗非鱼血清甘油三酯含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果说明,添加0.3%柠檬酸和乳酸能显著促进罗非鱼幼鱼生长,提高饲料的利用,富马酸降低罗非鱼对饲料的利用。     

Lactic acid bacteria in fish: a review

Fish are continuously exposed to a wide range of microorganisms present in the environment, and the microbiota of fish have been the subject of several reviews. This review evaluates lactic acid bacteria in fish, and focuses on the several investigations that have demonstrated that Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Carnobacterium belong to the normal microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract in healthy fish. However, it is well known that the population level of lactic acid bacteria associated with the digestive tract is affected by nutritional and environmental factors like dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, chromic oxide, stress and salinity. Pathogenic lactic acid bacteria such as Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Carnobacterium and Lactococcus have been detected from ascites, kidney, liver, heart and spleen. Some antibiotic treatments and vaccinations have been proposed to cure or prevent these diseases that seem, however, to spread with the development of fish culture. It has also been reported that some lactic acid bacteria isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of fish can act as probiotics. These candidates are able to colonise the gut, and act antagonistic against Gram-negative fish pathogens. These harmless bacteriocin-producing strains may reduce the need to use antibiotics in future aquaculture.     

一株干酪乳杆菌对养殖水体亚硝酸盐去除机理的研究

为了解乳酸菌去除养殖水体亚硝酸盐的作用机理,实验研究了一株干酪乳杆菌L821a(Lactobacillus casei)对淡水鱼养殖水体亚硝酸盐的去除状况,通过对菌体、酶及代谢产物的实验,证明其去除亚硝酸盐的机理包括胞内酶作用、代谢产物乳酸的直接化学反应2H++3NO2-=NO3-+2NO↑+H2O作用和间接促进微生物反硝化作用3种作用机理。在养殖水体中主要以间接作用方式发挥作用。分析认为乳酸促进反硝化作用的原因在于为反硝化微生物提供了易于利用的有机碳源(能量物质)。     

大菱鲆利用水解鱼蛋白和牛蛙蛋白的差异

为探究大菱鲆对不同来源水解蛋白的利用效率,实验选取太平洋狭鳕和牛蛙下脚料为蛋白来源,分别制备水解鱼蛋白和水解牛蛙蛋白,以初始体重为(8.00±0.01) g的大菱鲆为研究对象,进行为期56 d的养殖实验。实验设2个对照组,正对照组(PC)鱼粉含量为35.0%,负对照组(NC)鱼粉含量为26.5%;设2个实验组,水解鱼组(FPH)为26.5%的鱼粉和8.0%的水解鱼蛋白,水解牛蛙组(BPH)为26.5%的鱼粉和9.5%的水解牛蛙蛋白。结果显示,FPH组的终末体重、增重率和特定生长率显著高于BPH组和NC组,与PC组无显著差异。摄食6 h后,食糜必需氨基酸中赖氨酸、精氨酸、苏氨酸和缬氨酸在BPH组的含量显著高于PC组;多数非必需氨基酸在BPH组含量最高,但无显著差异。质子偶联氨基酸转运载体PAT1和小肽转运载体PepT1的mRNA表达量分别在FPH组和BPH组都显著高于PC组和NC组;碱性氨基酸转运载体CAT1和y⁺L型氨基酸转运载体y⁺LAT2的mRNA表达量在各处理组中无显著差异。研究表明,在饲料中添加鳕和牛蛙蛋白水解物均能提高大菱鲆的生长性...     

饲料中添加两种蛋白水解物对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长性能及肠道组织学结构的影响

本研究共配制了3种等氮等脂的实验饲料,其中,对照组饲料使用15％鱼粉提供部分饲料蛋白,2个实验组饲料分别用鱼水解蛋白和鸡水解蛋白替代了饲料中10％的鱼粉蛋白.对初始体重为4.16g左右的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼进行了为期12周的投喂,研究了其对大菱鲆生长性能及肠道组织学结构的影响.结果显示,鱼水解蛋白组(PHf)的特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白效率比和蛋白质沉积率较对照组(FM)无显著差异(P＞0.05),但显著高于鸡水解蛋白组(PHc)(P＜0.05);3组实验鱼的摄食率无显著差异(P＞0.05);PHf和PHc组的鱼体蛋白含量显著高于FM组(P＜0.05),3组实验鱼的脂肪含量无显著差异(P＞0.05).PHf和PHc组的鱼体肌肉必需氨基酸含量显著高于FM组(P＜0.05).PHf和PHc组的前肠和中肠黏膜皱襞高度大于FM组,且PHf组较FM组差异显著(P＜0.05);3组实验鱼的前肠和中肠上皮细胞的高度无显著差异(P＞0.05);FM组前肠和中肠的肠壁厚度大于其他2组,且显著大于PHf组(P＜0.05).大菱鲆饲料中使用鱼水解蛋白替代部分鱼粉蛋白在生长性能及肠道组织学结构方面要优于使用鸡水解蛋白.     

Supplementation of Protein Hydrolysates to a Low‐fishmeal Diet Improves Growth and Health Status of Juvenile Olive Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

An 11‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate three different protein hydrolysates as feed ingredients in high‐plant‐protein diets for juvenile olive flounder. Five experimental diets were fed to juvenile olive flounder to examine the effect of three different protein hydrolysates on growth performance, innate immunity, and disease resistance against bacterial infection. A basal fishmeal (FM)‐based diet was regarded as a high‐FM diet (HFM) and a diet containing soy protein concentrate (SPC) as a substitute for 50% FM protein was considered as a low‐FM diet (LFM). Three other diets contained three different sources of protein hydrolysates, including shrimp, tilapia, and krill hydrolysates (designated as SH, TH, and KH), replacing 12% of FM protein. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Triplicate groups of fish (15.1 ± 0.1 g) were handfed one of the diets to apparent satiation twice daily for 11 wk and subsequently challenged against Edwardsiella tarda. Growth performance and feed utilization of fish fed hydrolysate‐supplemented diets were significantly improved compared to those of fish fed the LFM diet. Dietary inclusion of the protein hydrolysates significantly enhanced apparent digestibility of dry matter and protein of the diets. In the proximal intestine, histological alterations were observed in the fish fed the LFM diet. The fish fed the hydrolysate diets showed significantly longer mucosal fold and enterocytes and greater number of goblet cells compared to fish fed the LFM diet. Respiratory burst activity was significantly higher in fish fed the TH and KH diets than fish fed the LFM diet. Significantly higher immunoglobulin levels were found in fish fed SH and KH diets compared to those of fish fed the LFM diet. Dietary inclusion of the protein hydrolysates in SPC‐based diets exhibited the highest lysozyme activity. Significantly higher superoxide activity was observed in groups of fish fed the KH diet. Fish offered the protein hydrolysates were more resistant to bacterial infection caused by E. tarda. The results of this study suggest that the tested protein hydrolysates can be used as potential dietary supplements to improve growth performance and health status of juvenile olive flounder when they were fed a LFM diet.     

Effect of pretreatments on chemical compositions of mince from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and fishy odor development in protein hydrolysate

Fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) have gained increasing attention as nutritious fish products. Lipid oxidation associated with fishy odor in FPH limits its utility. Thus, an appropriate pretreatment of fish mince prior to hydrolysis by lowering pro-oxidants and lipid substrates could tackle such a problem. Different pretreatments of Nile tilapia minces including (1) washing (W), (2) washing and membrane removal (W-MR), and (3) washing/membrane removal followed by acid or alkaline solubilization (W-MR-Ac or W-MR-Al) were conducted prior to hydrolysis. During the hydrolysis process, degree of hydrolysis (DH) and chemical changes were monitored. Color and sensory properties of milk fortified with hydrolysates prepared from mince without and with pretreatment were also determined. Among the pretreated mince samples, W-MR-Al contained the lowest remaining myoglobin and heme iron contents and also showed the lowest total lipid and phospholipid contents (P?<?0.05). When mince and W-MR-Al were hydrolyzed using Alcalase for up to 120?min, higher DH were found in W-MR-Al. Furthermore, lower peroxide values, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and non-heme iron contents of hydrolysates from W-MR-Al were also observed (P?<?0.05). When FPH powder from mince and W-MR-Al (0.3% to 0.5%) were fortified in milk, the former yielded a lower likeness score (P?<?0.05) at all levels used. The addition of the latter up to 0.5% had no effect on likeness of all attributes, compared with control (without FPH). An appropriate pretreatment of mince was a promising approach to lower fishy odor problem, caused by lipid oxidation in FPH.     

低盐乳酸菌法与传统法腌干鱼制品的风味比较

为了研究不同腌制方法对鱼肉风味的影响,为腌干鱼制品加工新技术的进一步优化和应用提供理论依据,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC-MS)联用法分析,鉴定比较了鲜红牙原料采用低盐乳酸菌法和传统法腌干鱼制品的风味成分变化。结果表明:鲜红牙、低盐乳酸菌法腌干鱼和传统腌干鱼肉中分别检测出80、110、91种挥发性成分,醛、醇、酮类化合物是构成腌干鱼肉独特风味的主要成分。经低盐乳酸菌法腌干的鱼肉挥发性物质对风味贡献较大的醛、醇、酮类化合物总量达35种,而鲜鱼和传统腌干鱼肉中分别只有17和21种。低盐乳酸菌法腌干鱼肉风味物质中含有大量的醇、醛类物质,但不含有胺类物质,在保持传统腌制鱼肉风味的基础上增加了特有的花香味、水果香味及酒香味,提升了鱼肉感官品质。所以采用低盐结合复合乳酸菌法制备腌干鱼,不仅能缩短腌制时间,还能提升腌干鱼肉特有的风味,而且防止了胺类物质的产生,显著提高产品的品质和安全性。