饲料中可消化淀粉对大口黑鲈生长、体组成和非特异性免疫指标的影响

配制6种不同可消化淀粉水平(5.93%、8.71%、11.96%、15.11%、18.16%、21.74%)的等氮和等脂肪的饲料,以试验鱼的生长、饲料效率、体组成、血糖及非特异性免疫和血液学参数作指标,评定大口黑鲈饲料中可消化淀粉的适宜水平。用上述6种饲料饲喂初始体质量(28.36 ± 0.10)g 的大口黑鲈48 d,每饲料设3个重复,每重复35尾鱼。采用表观饱食投喂,每天饲喂2次(8:00和16:00)。结果显示,饲料中可消化淀粉水平为21.74%时,大口黑鲈成活率最低;可消化淀粉水平超过8.71%时,鱼体终末体质量、特定生长率和摄食量均显著下降;但饲料效率和蛋白质效率在可消化淀粉水平为11.96%时达到最高。随着饲料中可消化淀粉水平的升高,饲料的蛋白质消化率差异不显著,但脂肪和淀粉的消化率显著降低;全鱼、肌肉、内脏及肝脏的蛋白质含量均显著降低,而水分含量显著升高,脂肪含量在8.71%组达到最高后又显著降低;肝体比、脏体比、肝糖原及血清谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶的活性均显著升高。饲料中可消化淀粉水平高于11.96%时,试验鱼餐后6至12 h呈现持续的高血糖症状;血清蛋白质含量和血清补体活性在可消化淀粉为8.71%时达到最高;而血清溶菌酶活性和头肾白细胞呼吸爆发活性在11.96%组达到最高。另外,红细胞数和红细胞压积未受到饲料中可消化淀粉水平增高的显著影响,但血红蛋白含量显著降低。综合大口黑鲈的生长、饲料效率、体组成、血糖和非特异性免疫指标得出,大口黑鲈对饲料中可消化淀粉的利用与耐受力有限,饲料中可消化淀粉的适宜水平为8.71% ~ 11.96%。     

配合饲料和冰鲜鲢对大口黑鲈生长、血浆生化指标、抗氧化能力和组织学的影响

为探讨不同来源饲料对大口黑鲈生长、血浆生化指标、抗氧化能力以及肝脏和肠道组织学的影响,实验选取初始体质量为(12.45±0.07)g的大口黑鲈180尾,随机分成2个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复30尾,分别投喂配合饲料和冰鲜鲢,养殖84 d。结果显示,配合饲料组大口黑鲈的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料系数(FCR)显著低于冰鲜鲢组,而蛋白质效率(PER)、肝体比(HSI)和脏体比(VSI)显著高于冰鲜鲢组。大口黑鲈摄食配合饲料后,肝糖原含量显著高于冰鲜鲢组,肝脏蛋白酶活性显著低于冰鲜鲢组,而肌糖原和肠淀粉酶活性无显著差异。饲喂配合饲料组大口黑鲈血浆谷草转氨酶(AST)活性、血糖和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及Ca/P比值显著高于冰鲜鲢组,而血浆碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性以及总蛋白(TP)、甘油三酯(TG)、尿素、钙和磷含量显著低于冰鲜鲢组。各实验组血浆谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性以及胆固醇(TC)和胰岛素含量均无显著差异。配合饲料明显影响大口黑鲈肝脏和肠道的组织结构,饲喂配合饲料组实验鱼的肝脏空泡化现象严重,小肠绒毛受到严重机械性损伤。研究表明,在本实验条件下,冰鲜鲢更适合饲喂大口黑鲈,配合饲料不仅影响大口黑鲈的生长,而且损伤肝脏和肠道的健康。因此,可以借鉴冰鲜鲢的营养组成和大口黑鲈的代谢特性,深入研发大口黑鲈的饲料配制技术。     

饲料中添加复合植物提取物对大口黑鲈生长性能、血清生化指标和肝脏、肠道健康的影响

大口黑鲈糖代谢能力差,如何通过营养手段改善高糖水平下大口黑鲈的肝糖应激及炎症反应,成为近年来的研究热点。本文旨在研究饲料中添加由桑叶黄酮、栗木单宁和桑叶多糖组成的复合植物提取物对大口黑鲈生长性能、血清生化指标和肝、肠道健康的影响。在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%、0.2%的复合植物提取物配制3组等氮等脂饲料(J0、J1、J2)。饲喂大口黑鲈56天。结果表明：与J0组相比,J2组可显著提高大口黑鲈的末均重、增重率及特定生长率(P<0.05);J0~J2组大口黑鲈机体粗脂肪、水分、粗灰分、钙和总磷,肥满度、脏体比均无显著差异(P>0.05),粗蛋白含量随着复合植物提取物添加量的增加呈上升趋势,J2组显著高于J0组(P<0.05);J1~J2组肝体比显著降低,血清白蛋白含量和白蛋白/球蛋白值显著提高,J2组血清球蛋白含量显著降低,J1~J2组血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性和血糖含量显著降低(P<0.05);J1~J2组胆固醇和甘油三脂含量呈降低趋势,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈升高趋势(P>0.05);J1~J2组肝脂空泡化程度显著降低,肠道绒毛高度显著降低(P<0.05)。由此得出,饲料中添加复合植物提取物能显著提高大口黑鲈的生长性能和改善其肝脏健康。研究结果为复合植物提取物在大口黑鲈饲料中的应用效果评价提供理了理论依据,并为大口黑鲈饲料配方优化提供参考资料。     

大口黑鲈对四种蛋白质饲料原料的表观消化率研究

为大口黑鲈的营养研究和配合饲料研制提供理论依据，试验以Cr2O3为消化指示物，测定了大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）对进口白鱼粉、国产鱼粉、普通豆粕和发酵豆粕的干物质、蛋白质和脂肪的表观消化率。试验饲料由基础饲料和试验原料以70：30的质量比混合挤压成软颗粒饲料。试验结果表明，大口黑鲈对动物性蛋白白鱼粉和红鱼粉的干物质表观消化率分别为78．56％和9．12％，高于植物性蛋白普通豆粕的68．28％和发酵豆粕的72．19％，而发酵豆粕的干物质表观消化率比普通豆粕要高一些。大口黑鲈对4种饲料原料的蛋白质表观消化率在80．21％～85．55％，对4种饲料原料的脂肪表观消化率为81．18％～91．06％。大口黑鲈可以很好地利用4种饲料原料中的蛋白质和脂肪。     

饲料纤维源对大口黑鲈生长、血浆生化指标、肠道抗氧化能力和组织学的影响

为比较评价纤维源在鱼饲料中的营养生理功能差异,在基础饲料中分别添加豆渣(SF)、发酵豆渣(FF)、羧甲基纤维素(CF)和微晶纤维素(MF)配制成相同纤维水平的等氮等脂实验饲料,饲喂大口黑鲈[平均体质量(21.59±0.12) g] 8周,从生长、血浆生化、肠道抗氧化以及组织学等指标比较不同纤维源对大口黑鲈的作用差异。结果显示,CF组大口黑鲈的终末体质量(FBW)、特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)显著低于其他组,而饲料系数(FCR)、肝体比(HSI)和肝脂含量显著高于其他组。CF组血浆谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性以及甘油三酯(TG)含量显著高于其他组。同时发现,CF组大口黑鲈肠道超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和Na+, K+-ATP酶活性显著低于其他组,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于其他组,而一氧化氮(NO)含量以FF组最高。与其他组相比,CF组大口黑鲈肝脏外观发白,肝细胞空泡化严重,后肠绒毛机械性损伤加剧。研究表明,饲料不同纤维源会显著影响大口黑鲈的肝脏和肠道健康,进而影响其生长性能,而且应重新评估羧甲基纤维素作为水产饲料黏合剂的可行性。     

维生素C对大口黑鲈生长与非特异性免疫的影响

以不同维生素C水平(添加量分别为0、500、1000、2000和4000mg·kg-1)的5种饲料喂养初始体重为19g左右的大口黑鲈1个月,每个处理50尾鱼,各处理3个重复,研究维生素C对大口黑鲈生长及非特异性免疫的影响。结果显示:饲料中添加维生素C能显著促进大口黑鲈的生长和脾体指数(P<0·05),然而对大口黑鲈的成活率以及肝体指数等不产生影响(P>0·05);饲料中添加维生素C能显著促进大口黑鲈血清中超氧化物歧化酶活力和溶菌酶活力(P<0·05);随着饲料中维生素C添加水平的提高,大口黑鲈肝脏中维生素C的积累量显著升高(P<0·05)。实验证明,Vc作为免疫刺激剂能有效地提高大口黑鲈的生长与非特异性免疫能力。     

不同种类淀粉对草鱼生长、肠系膜脂肪沉积和鱼体组成的影响

将试验草鱼随机分配在 12个水族箱中 ,每箱放鱼 30尾 ,分别以玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉、水稻淀粉为糖源配制 3种试验饲料 ,饲养初始体重为 (8.49± 0 .0 4)g的草鱼 80d ,观察不同种类淀粉饲料对草鱼生长、肠系膜脂肪沉积和鱼体组成的影响。每种饲料设 3个平行组 ,日投喂率按鱼体重的 3%计算。试验结果显示 :尽管草鱼对糖的表观消化率以小麦淀粉组最高 ,但摄食小麦淀粉饲料的草鱼与摄食玉米淀粉和水稻淀粉饲料的草鱼在生长上并无显著性差异。然而小麦淀粉组和玉米淀粉组的内脏比、肝胰脏脂肪含量、血浆甘油三酯水平以及肠系膜脂肪占鱼体的百分比显著高于水稻淀粉组 (P <0 .0 5 )。鱼体营养成份组成除了水稻淀粉组全鱼脂肪含量相对低于玉米淀粉组和小麦淀粉组之外 ,其它成份没有太大的差异。     

饲料中脂肪与蛋白质比对大口黑鲈生长、体组成和非特异性免疫的影响

为探讨大口黑鲈饲料中不同脂肪与蛋白质含量比对其生长、体组成和非特异性免疫的影响,实验设计了8种(D1~D8)不同脂肪与蛋白质含量比的总能递增饲料。D1~D8饲料的脂肪水平递增(9.0%～26.5%),而蛋白质水平递减(52.0%～31.0%)。用上述饲料饲养体质量为(10.06±0.02)g的大口黑鲈88 d,每饲料设3重复,每重复30尾鱼。结果显示,特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质消化率、脂肪消化率和脂肪沉积率均以D2组最高,但随饲料中脂肪与蛋白质含量比的进一步升高呈现显著下降趋势。D3~D5组的蛋白质效率显著高于D1和D8组。D2、D3组与D4组间的蛋白质沉积率差异不显著,但显著高于其他各组。D1~D4组间的总能消化率差异不显著,但显著地高于其他各组。饲料中脂肪含量过高对鱼体组成产生显著的影响,使体脂的积蓄显著增高。随着饲料中脂肪与蛋白质含量比的升高,成活率呈显著下降趋势,D1和D2组的成活率显著高于D5~D8组。非特异性免疫分析显示,D4组血清溶菌酶活力和D2组血清补体活性及头肾白细胞呼吸爆发活性为最高。以饲料为单因子作单因素方差分析得出,满足大口黑鲈最适生长和饲料利用的饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平分别为49.30%和11.50%。以饲料中蛋白质和脂肪水平为自变量,分别以特定生长率和蛋白质沉积率为因变量进行二元二次回归分析得出,特定生长率最大时,饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和脂肪与蛋白质含量比分别为48.20%、12.44%和0.26;蛋白质沉积率最高时,饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和脂肪与蛋白质含量比分别为46.42%、13.96%和0.30。以饲料蛋能比为自变量作一元二次回归分析得出,蛋白质沉积率最大时,饲料的蛋能比、蛋白质、脂肪和脂肪与蛋白质含量比分别为23.72mg/kJ、46.16%、14.18%和0.31。研究认为,饲料的脂肪和蛋白质水平对大口黑鲈的生长、体组成、饲料效率和免疫力有着不同程度的影响;饲料中过高的脂肪会抑制蛋白质的消化与利用,表明脂肪对蛋白质的节约作用有限。建议大口黑鲈实用饲料的蛋白质和脂肪水平分别保持在46%~49%和11.5%~14%范围内较为适当。     

高脂或低蛋白日粮中添加发酵桑叶对大口黑鲈生长、代谢与抗氧化能力的影响

为研究发酵桑叶对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)生长、代谢与抗氧化能力的影响,选用初始体重为11 g的大口黑鲈,随机分成3组,每组4个重复。分别饲喂基础饲料、含10%桑叶高脂饲料和含10%桑叶低蛋白饲料8周。试验结果表明:同基础饲料相比,饲料中添加发酵桑叶显著抑制低蛋白组大口黑鲈的生长,而不影响高脂组大口黑鲈的生长性能。基础饲料组大口黑鲈血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性以及甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著高于低蛋白组,与高脂组无显著差异,同时,低蛋白组血清中HDL-C/CHO和HDL-C/LDL-C比值显著高于基础饲料组和高脂组。试验组大口黑鲈血糖含量显著低于基础饲料组(P0.05)。饲料中添加发酵桑叶显著提高大口黑鲈血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及CAT/SOD比值。各组鱼体的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量无显著差异。由此可见,饲料中添加发酵桑叶会降低大口黑鲈血脂、血糖,增强其机体的抗氧化作用。     

黄鳍鲷幼鱼对几种不同糖源的利用

本研究用来评价黄鳍鲷幼鱼对饲料中葡萄糖、麦芽糖、糊精、玉米淀粉和预糊化玉米淀粉的利用。本试验饲料为6种等氮(粗蛋白:45%,干重)等脂(粗脂肪:9%,干重)的半纯化饲料,其中对照组糖源为纤维素。每种饲料设3个平行。试验鱼初始体重为(3.57±0.13)g(平均值±均差)。试验鱼饲养在含18个水族箱的循环系统中。水温保持在(27±1)℃。试验周期为8周。本试验用来评价黄鳍鲷幼鱼对饲料中不同糖源利用的指标为生长指标、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和肝脏的6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶。试验结果表明,黄鳍鲷幼鱼体增重、特定生长率、肝体比、肠系膜脂肪体比、饲料效率、蛋白质效率、肝脂肪合成有关酶活性和全鱼、肌肉、肝脏组成均受到饲料中不同糖源的显著影响。预糊化玉米淀粉和麦芽糖组比其它糖源组显著具有更好的体增重和特定生长率,但与对照组没有显著性差异。黄鳍鲷幼鱼生长和体增重与饲料中糖源的复杂性没有相关性。饲喂预糊化淀粉和对照饲料鱼的饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著比其它组高。饲料中糖的添加增加了黄鳍鲷幼鱼的肝体比,但对照组肝体比与糊精组,玉米淀粉组没有显著性差异。预糊化玉米淀粉组肠系膜脂肪体比比其它饲料组要高。结论:基于体增重和特定生长率为指标,饲料中添加25%预糊化玉米淀粉和麦芽糖可以提高黄鳍鲷幼鱼的生长。另外,玉米淀粉预糊化显著提高了黄鳍鲷对玉米淀粉的利用。     

芽孢杆菌有氧发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标及肠组织结构的影响

芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)有氧发酵豆粕的肽类和活菌等含量丰富,为研究其替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)幼鱼的养殖效果,配制鱼粉含量为50%的大口黑鲈基础饲料,在基础饲料中用芽孢杆菌有氧发酵豆粕分别替代0、10%、20%、30%和40%的鱼粉,配制成5种等氮、等能实验饲料进饲养实验。实验共分5个组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼[初始体重为(19.83±0.33) g]。采用表观饱食投喂饲养75 d。结果显示,20%和30%实验组增重率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但饲料效率、存活率与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),20%的替代组增重率及饲料效率皆出现最大值;各实验组之间肥满度和肝体比均无显著差异(P>0.05),但替代组脏体比出现下降的趋势,且当替代量超过30%时,显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。血清白蛋白含量各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),替代组总蛋白和球蛋白的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活力随鱼粉替代量的增加而显著升高,10%组与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),其他各替代组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。对肠道组织结构的研究结果显示,40%组前肠肠绒毛密度和肠壁厚度均显著低于对照组;30%前肠绒毛高度和宽度显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。10%组中肠肠壁厚度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但与其他各实验组与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05);20%和40%组中肠绒毛密度和高度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各实验组的后肠肠壁厚度显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但30%组绒毛高度和宽度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上所述,在本实验条件下,芽孢杆菌有氧发酵豆粕替代20%的鱼粉不会影响大口黑鲈的生长性能和体质,对其肠道健康有一定的促进作用。     

Effects of raw corn starch levels on growth, feed utilization, plasma chemical indices and enzyme activities in juvenile yellowfin seabream Sparus latus Houttuyn

A 10‐week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of raw corn starch levels on the growth, feed utilization, plasma chemical indices and metabolic enzyme activities of juvenile yellowfin seabream Sparus latus. Four semi‐purified experimental diets with different raw corn starch levels (5%, 10%, 20% and 26%) and a high‐protein control diet were prepared before the experiment and hand‐fed to triplicate groups of juvenile yellowfin seabream Sparus latus. Weight gain and specific growth rate for fish fed the diet containing 26% raw corn starch were significantly lower than those for fish fed 10% or 20% corn starch diets or the high‐protein control diet. Fish fed 10% or 20% corn starch diets had a slightly better growth performance than those fed the 5% corn starch diet. Feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for 20% raw corn starch fed fish were the highest among all groups, although no statistically significant differences were found among the experimental groups. The high‐protein control group had a significantly lower PER value than other groups. Protein productive values for fish fed the 5% raw corn starch diet and the high‐protein control diet were significantly lower than those of fish fed the 20% raw corn starch diet, but not significantly different from the values of any other group. The values of intraperitoneal fat ratio, viscerosomatic index and condition factor, as well as body and muscle compositions, were unaffected by corn starch levels. The hepatosomatic index and liver glycogen level for fish fed 5%, 10%, 20% raw corn starch and the high‐protein control diets were equal but significantly lower compared with that of fish fed the 26% raw corn starch diet. Plasma values of the fish were not affected by various dietary treatments, except that a significantly higher plasma glucose concentration was measured in the high‐protein control group compared with the values in the other groups. There were variations in the activities of hepatic hexokinase and pyruvate kinase of the yellowfin seabream after they had been fed different dietary raw corn starch levels for 10 weeks. The overall results showed that a 20% inclusion level of raw corn starch in the diet was better utilized by juvenile yellowfin seabream than 5%, 10% or 26% levels and had a protein‐sparing effect.     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate level on growth performance,body composition,apparent digestibility coefficient and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile cobia,Rachycentron canadum L

A 9‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary carbohydrate level on the growth performance, body composition and apparent digestibility coefficient and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile cobia. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing graded levels of starch (1.3%, 6.5%, 12.5%, 18.4%, 24.2% and 30.4%) were fed to juvenile cobia. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) increased with increasing dietary starch up to 18.4% (P<0.05), and thereafter SGR declined but FER and PER remained nearly the same. Apparent digestibility coefficient of starch reduced significantly when dietary starch up to 30.4%. Fish fed the diets with starch from 18.4% to 30.4% showed higher amylase activities in intestinal tract than those fed diets containing starch 1.3% and 6.5% (P<0.05). Significantly higher whole‐body lipid contents were observed in fish fed the diets containing higher starch. Whole‐body moisture content was inversely correlated with whole‐body lipid content, while protein and ash showed no significant differences. Plasma glucose, hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen and liver lipid increased with an increasing dietary starch. Based on SGR and FER, the appropriate dietary starch supplementations of juvenile cobia were estimated to be 21.1% and 18.0 % of diet respectively.     

Apparent digestibilities of common feedstuffs for bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides using individual test ingredients

Apparent digestibility of dry matter and energy, and availability of amino acids from blood meal (BM), fish meal (FM), meat and bone meal (MBM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), soybean meal (SBM), corn, wheat and yellow grease (YG) were determined for bluegill Lepomis macrochirus (mean weight, 57 g), and likewise, but not for BM or wheat, for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (mean weight, 30 g). To avoid nutrient interaction from a reference diet, diets containing 98.5% (985 g kg⁻¹) of test ingredients were used, except for semi-solid, YG which was mixed with corn to permit pelletization. Faeces were collected by a siphoning method. Apparent dry matter digestibility values ranged from 50% (corn) to 87% (BM) for bluegill and from 53% (MBM) to 76% (PBM) for largemouth bass. Apparent energy digestibility values ranged from 53% (corn) to 92% (BM) for bluegill and from 63% (MBM) to 93% (YG) for largemouth bass. Apparent digestibility of most amino acids exceeded 90% for evaluated protein sources, except for MBM which showed slightly lower values (80–90%) for both fishes. Isoleucine digestibility from BM was relatively low (82%) for bluegill. High digestibility values for SBM, PBM and BM, indicate good potential for replacing FM in diets for both fishes.     

不同小麦淀粉和脂肪水平对大黄鱼的生长性能、饲料利用及糖代谢关键酶活力的影响

为探讨饲料中添加不同小麦淀粉和脂肪水平对大黄鱼幼鱼生长、饲料利用以及糖代谢关键酶活力的影响,进行了为期8周的生长实验。设计了3个小麦淀粉水平(5%、10%和30%)和2个脂肪水平(5%和10%)的3×2的两因子实验,配制了6种等氮的饲料,分别喂养平均体质量为(6.75±0.12)g的大黄鱼幼鱼。结果显示,饲料中小麦淀粉和脂肪水平对大黄鱼增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FE)、成活率(SR)、肝体比(HSI)和肥满度(CF)无显著交互作用,对脏体比(VSI)有显著交互作用。在同一脂肪水平下,淀粉水平为30%组WG和SGR显著高于10%淀粉组。不同小麦淀粉和脂肪水平对肝糖原含量无显著交互作用,而对肌糖原含量有显著交互作用,在饲料脂肪水平为5%时,30%小麦淀粉水平下的肝糖原含量显著高于10%和20%淀粉水平,10%淀粉水平下的肌糖原含量显著高于20%和30%淀粉水平;在脂肪水平为10%时,10%淀粉水平下的肝糖原含量显著高于20%和30%淀粉水平,而30%小麦淀粉水平下的肌糖原含量显著高于10%和20%淀粉水平。小麦淀粉和脂肪水平对血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆固醇(TC)和葡萄糖(GLU)含量无显著交互作用,对总蛋白(TP)和甘油三酯(TG)交互作用显著。不同小麦淀粉和脂肪水平对肝脏脂肪酶活性有显著的交互作用,对淀粉酶活性无显著交互作用;同一脂肪水平下,脂肪酶的活性随着淀粉水平的升高而升高,同一饲料淀粉水平下,饲料脂肪水平为10%组的脂肪酶活性显著高于5%组。不同小麦淀粉和脂肪水平对肝脏丙酮酸激酶(PK)的活性有显著的交互作用,而对葡萄糖激酶(GK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)、1,6-二磷酸果糖酶(FBPase)和6-磷酸葡萄糖酶(G6Pase)的活性均无显著交互作用。研究表明,当饲料脂肪水平为5%时,大黄鱼能够通过调节糖酵解关键酶活性及肝糖原含量来维持血糖平衡,改善对小麦淀粉的利用能力;而当脂肪水平为10%时,大黄鱼对小麦淀粉的利用能力降低。     

Effects of different dietary wheat starch levels on growth, feed efficiency and digestibility in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary wheat starch on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in terms of growth performance, feed efficiency and digestibility. Five isoproteic (23.5%) and isolipidic (5.7%) diets with five supplemented levels of wheat starch (D20, D26, D33, D40 and D47 with 20, 26, 33, 40 and 47%, respectively) were fed to triplicate groups of grass carp (mean initial wet weight 6.9 ± 0.1 g) for 8 weeks. Results showed that weight gain (WG, %), feed efficiency (FE, %) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) in D20, D26 and D33 treatments were significantly higher than those in D40 and D47 treatments (P < 0.05). Digestibility of carbohydrate and protein was significantly higher in D20, D26 and D33. No significant differences were found in serum glucose and triglyceride contents between treatments. Serum lipase activity of fish fed D40 and D47 was significantly higher than that of fish fed other diets. Whole-body, muscle and liver lipid contents increased with dietary starch level as did mesenteric fat index, hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index. In conclusion, when dietary protein level was 23%, the level of dietary wheat starch should maximum be 33% to support normal growth of grass carp. Fish growth was hampered by higher wheat starch (>33%) despite fish ate increasing levels of dietary digestible energy. Furthermore, excess digestible carbohydrate was to some extent converted to lipid that was deposited in various tissues. Most importantly, grass carp could endure high levels of cellulose without any negative effect on growth and digestibilities of dietary protein and carbohydrate.     

饲料蛋白水平对宝石鲈增重和体成分的影响

用5种不同蛋白质水平(分别为30.89%、36.67%、40.08%、44.90%、49.14%)的饲料分别饲喂宝石鲈(Scortum bacoo)幼鱼25 d,每组3重复(每重复30尾鱼),室内网箱饲养试验结果表明:40.08%组的日增重、特定生长率显著高于30.89%组(P<0.05),饲料转化率极显著高于30.89%组(P<0.01);不同组间的肝体指数、脏体指数和肥满度无显著差异(P>0.05);饲料蛋白水平对宝石鲈幼鱼肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分及肝脏的水分、粗脂肪无显著影响(P>0.05)。