中华绒螯蟹中内源性氨基脲的产生途径研究

为探究中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)中内源性氨基脲的产生途径,以雄性及雌性个体的背部蟹壳和腹部蟹壳为研究对象,测定氨基脲在上述组织中的残留水平,分析不同部位蟹壳中的主要成分甲壳素、蛋白质及其水解氨基酸的分布规律,评估并验证其与氨基脲残留的相关性。结果显示:不同部位蟹壳中甲壳素含量与其氨基脲残留水平呈明显的正相关性,蛋白质含量及氨基酸组成与氨基脲残留水平呈负相关性,结果表明,蟹壳中的甲壳素和蛋白质及其水解氨基酸可能是导致氨基脲检出的重要因素。验证实验表明,甲壳素和氨基酸在前处理过程中能产生氨基脲,这一途径可能是导致中华绒螯蟹中内源性氨基脲残留的原因。     

中华绒螯蟹白壳和绿壳品系成蟹可食率、类胡萝卜素含量和营养组成的比较

为了评估白壳中华绒螯蟹与广泛养殖的绿壳品系成蟹营养品质是否存在差异，本实验通过采集白壳新品系与正常绿壳品系扣蟹在相同池塘中养至性腺发育成熟的商品蟹，测定其可食率、类胡萝卜素含量和营养组成。结果显示，两种色泽中华绒螯蟹组织系数、可食率和肥满度均无显著差异；白壳品系蟹壳湿样和干样亮度值(L^*)显著高于绿壳品系，但红度值(a^*)显著低于绿壳品系，肝胰腺和卵巢色泽参数无显著差异。白壳品系蟹壳总类胡萝卜素和虾青素含量显著低于绿壳品系，但两品系肝胰腺和卵巢中类胡萝卜素含量和组成均无显著差异。两种品系可食组织部分常规生化组成含量无显著差异，但白壳雌蟹肌肉中C20:4n6比例显著高于绿壳，绿壳雌蟹肝胰腺中18:0、18:2n6和DHA/EPA比例均显著高于白壳品系。两品系肌肉中大部分氨基酸组成和必需氨基酸评分均无显著差异，白壳雌体肌肉中异亮氨酸和酪氨酸含量显著低于绿壳雌体。研究表明，白壳和绿壳品系仅蟹壳的色泽和类胡萝卜素含量方面具有显著差异，其可食率、可食组织的常规生化成分、主要类胡萝卜素含量、脂肪酸组成和氨基酸含量接近，说明白壳品系中华绒螯蟹具有较大的推广潜力。研究结果为中华绒螯蟹白壳品系种质资源评价和进一步选育提供理论依据。     

中华绒螯蟹不同组织氯霉素药物残留分析

选取经检测氯霉素含量超标的中华绒螯蟹,利用水产品中氯霉素残留测定气相色谱法,对其性腺(蟹黄)、肌肉和肝脏等可食部分分别进行了测定,结果在污染的中华绒螯蟹的性腺(蟹黄)和肌肉中均未检出氯霉素,而在肝脏中检出大量氯霉素.所以在中华绒螯蟹氯霉素检测过程中,样品处理应特别注意肝脏的取舍,同时也提醒人们谨慎食用中华绒螯蟹的肝脏.     

伊乐藻对中华绒螯蟹生长和营养品质的影响

本研究分析了有伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)组和对照组(无伊乐藻)中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)在生长、肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸组成等方面的差异,探讨伊乐藻对中华绒螯蟹生长和营养品质的影响。结果显示,有伊乐藻组中华绒螯蟹体重、壳长和壳宽增长率与肥满度均显著高于无伊乐藻组(P0.05),但肝胰腺指数和性腺指数差异不显著(P0.05)。伊乐藻组中华绒螯蟹肌肉的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量均显著高于无伊乐藻组(P0.05);伊乐藻组的雌蟹肝胰腺中的鲜味氨基酸含量也显著高于无伊乐藻组(P0.05),而伊乐藻组和无伊乐藻组的雄蟹肝胰腺氨基酸含量差异不显著(P0.05)。伊乐藻组和无伊乐藻组的中华绒螯蟹肌肉脂肪酸组成和含量差异不显著(P0.05),但伊乐藻组中华绒螯蟹的肝胰腺饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量均显著高于无伊乐藻组(P0.05)。综上所述,伊乐藻不仅有利于中华绒螯蟹的生长,而且能改善中华绒螯蟹的营养品质。     

中华绒螯蟹免疫因子—溶菌酶的初步研究

研究了在自然状态下中华绒螯蟹成蟹血淋巴和大眼幼体组织匀浆上清液中溶菌酶的活性。结果表明,在中华绒螯蟹成蟹血淋巴中均检测出溶菌酶的活性,为(0.0286±0.0081)活力单位(n=30),而在中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体组织匀浆上清液中亦检测到溶菌酶的活性,为(0.0318±0.0073)活力单位(n=4)。     

中华绒螯蟹种质研究进展

总结我国在中华绒螯蟹形态学、养殖性能、细胞遗传学、生化遗传学及分子遗传学方面的种质研究的主要成果 ,归纳中华绒螯蟹不同种群在形态、细胞、生化、分子等层次上的遗传差异。在形态学研究方面 ,运用形态多元分析 ,建立不同种群绒螯蟹从幼蟹到成蟹的量化判别函数 ;在生化遗传和分子遗传研究方面 ,找到中华绒螯蟹区别于其他绒螯蟹的生化遗传标记和分子遗传标记 ,以及中华绒螯蟹不同种群由南到北的分子遗传渐变标记 ;在养殖性能方面 ,阐明中华绒螯蟹不同种群在幼蟹和成蟹阶段的养殖性能 (包括蜕壳、生长、性腺发育、性成熟及生殖洄游等 )差异和特点     

中华绒螯蟹2个幼蟹群体形态性状与体重的关系

对中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）2个幼蟹群体的头胸甲长（壳长）、头胸甲宽（壳宽）、第Ⅳ步足节长与体重性状进行了测定,通过简单相关分析、偏相关分析和回归分析,初步确定了与中华绒螯蟹幼蟹体重相关的外部形态性状,比较了2个群体头胸甲比例的差别,为中华绒螯蟹的选育提供理论依据和测度指标。结果表明,所测各表型性状与体重之间的相关系数均达到极显著水平（P〈0.01）;其中,人工苗壳长与体重的相关性最大,天然苗则是壳宽与体重的相关性最大;分别建立了以形态性状估计人工苗、天然苗群体体重的最优回归方程。从外形比例分析,天然苗的头胸甲近似方形,人工苗的头胸甲近似椭圆形。     

中华绒螯蟹２个幼蟹群体形态性状与体重的关系

对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)2个幼蟹群体的头胸甲长(壳长)、头胸甲宽(壳宽)、第Ⅳ步足节长与体重性状进行了测定,通过简单相关分析、偏相关分析和回归分析,初步确定了与中华绒螯蟹幼蟹体重相关的外部形态性状,比较了2个群体头胸甲比例的差别,为中华绒螯蟹的选育提供理论依据和测度指标。结果表明,所测各表型性状与体重之间的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);其中,人工苗壳长与体重的相关性最大,天然苗则是壳宽与体重的相关性最大;分别建立了以形态性状估计人工苗、天然苗群体体重的最优回归方程。从外形比例分析,天然苗的头胸甲近似方形,人工苗的头胸甲近似椭圆形。     

绒螯蟹三个种群形态判别比较

对长江水系中华绒螯蟹、莱茵河野生中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹三个种群的形态特征进行了判别研究。可数性状分析的结果表明，长江水系中华绒螯蟹、莱茵河野生中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹三个种群，两两之间差异极显著。聚类分析的结果，把长江水系中华绒螯蟹和莱茵河野生中华绒螯蟹划为一组，日本绒螯蟹为另一组。判别分析建立起三者的判别函数，雌雄蟹判别的正确率分别为83．1％、91．9％。     

中华绒螯蟹超氧化物歧化酶的初步研究

对自然状态下长江水系的中华绒螯蟹成蟹血淋巴和大眼幼体组织匀浆上清液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性进行了初步研究。结果表明,在中华绒螯蟹成蟹血淋巴中均检测出超氧化物歧化酶的活性,为182.96±45.66 U/mL(n=29),而在中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体组织匀浆上清液中亦检测到超氧化物歧化酶的活性,为94.29±15.65 U/mL(n=4)。超氧化物歧化酶在河蟹的自身防御系统中起着重要的作用。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.