斑点叉尾基础群体生长和存活性状遗传参数估计

研究估计了斑点叉尾基础群体(G0)体质量、体长和存活性状的遗传参数,为制定育种目标、综合选择指数和选择方法提供基础参数。实验利用5个斑点叉尾引进群体,通过双列杂交和巢式交配设计,产生全同胞和半同胞家系。每个家系内的稚、幼鱼经过中间暂养、个体标记等阶段后,混合放入一个池塘进行生长和存活测试。利用两性状动物模型和公母畜阈模型分别估计生长和存活性状的方差组分和遗传参数。通过最佳线性无偏预测法估计所有个体生长和存活性状的育种值。斑点叉尾基础群体收获体质量和体长遗传力分别为0.41±0.074和0.32±0.064,属于高遗传力水平,并且统计检验显著(P0.05)。尽管在两性状动物模型中设置标记体质量和标记体长作为协变量进行校正,但是由于加性遗传效应和共同环境效应混淆在一起无法剖分,遗传力估计值偏高。收获体质量和收获体长的表型和遗传相关系数分别为0.93和0.97,表现为高度线性正相关。存活性状的遗传力为0.037±0.016,表现为低遗传力,但统计检验仍达到显著水平(P0.05)。家系生长(收获体质量和收获体长)和存活性状育种值间的相关系数分别为0.065和0.100,表现为低度线性遗传正相关,并且统计检验不显著(P0.05)。因此在制定育种方案时,生长和存活性状都可纳入育种目标,利用多性状选择指数方法同时选择。     

日本囊对虾耐高氨氮与生长性状的遗传参数估计

研究估计了日本囊对虾基础群体的体长、腹长、体质量与耐高氨氮性状的遗传参数,为制定综合选择指数、选择方法与育种目标提供技术参考。试验引进日本囊对虾台湾群体亲本,以1尾亲虾构建1个家系,共建立63个全同胞家系,每个家系单独培育,密度调整后开展共同环境养殖测试。各家系养殖150d后,统计每个家系生长性状,并分别从家系中随机选取30尾个体,在氨氮质量浓度为68.5mg/L下进行耐高氨氮试验,48h后统计各个家系的存活率。利用一般线性动物混合模型与广义线性模型分析方法分别估计生长和耐高氨氮性状的方差组分和遗传参数。试验结果表明,日本囊对虾幼虾体长(估计值0.79±0.13)、腹长(0.74±0.24)与体质量(0.31±0.25)遗传力为中高等遗传力水平性状;耐高氨氮性状为低遗传力水平性状,估计值为0.13±0.06,48h后家系耐高氨氮性状平均值为(8.84±12.65)%,耐高氨氮性状的变异水平为143.10%。体长、腹长、体质量与耐高氨氮性状的表型相关与遗传相关系数分别为-0.082~0.08和-0.067~0.17,检验结果不显著。研究结果表明,采用复合育种技术对日本囊对虾生长性状与耐高氨氮性状同时进行改良,可以起到加快育种进程的作用。     

零换水工厂化养殖模式下凡纳滨对虾生长和存活性状遗传参数估计

针对凡纳滨对虾生长和存活性状,本实验估算了零换水养殖模式下的遗传参数,分析该模式与大换水量养殖模式的基因型与环境互作效应(genotype by environment interaction effect,G×E),为后续留种、配种方案制定等育种规划工作提供依据。通过人工授精技术,定向交尾建立了51个凡纳滨对虾全同胞家系。利用荧光标记识别家系,采用零换水养殖模式混养52 d后,测量并记录2个养殖池中的3822尾存活虾的体质量、体长及性别等信息。采用线性(广义线性)混合效应模型和REML算法,基于个体动物模型和父母本阈值模型估计生长和存活性状的方差组分和遗传力。结果显示,收获体质量和存活率具有较大变异系数。收获体质量和体长的遗传力分别为0.49±0.08和0.43±0.07,均属于中高遗传力(h2≥0.15);存活的遗传力为0.11±0.03,属于低遗传力(h20.15)。收获体质量与收获体长的遗传相关系数为0.98±0.01;收获体质量和体长与存活的遗传相关系数分别为0.31±0.15和0.34±0.15。对于体质量和存活性状,零换水和大换水量养殖模式间的遗传相关系数分别为0.62±0.11和0.65±0.11,G×E效应显著(K0.5)。综上所述,凡纳滨对虾在零换水养殖模式下存在较高的遗传变异,但是与大换水量常规养殖模式相比,家系间存在较大的重排序效应,因此针对该养殖模式应单独建立选育系进行新品种培育。     

脊尾白虾耐盐碱性状遗传力和遗传相关的估计

应用数量遗传学原理和全同胞组内相关法估计50日龄脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)耐盐碱性状的遗传力和遗传相关。采用定向交尾方式构建脊尾白虾50个全同胞家系(包括42个半同胞家系)，利用SPSS软件的一般线性模型(GLM)对各家系盐碱胁迫的存活时间进行方差分析，估计脊尾白虾耐盐碱性状的遗传力和遗传相关。结果显示，脊尾白虾耐盐碱性状的遗传力为0.18~0.60，其估计值未达到显著水平，属于中等遗传力；50日龄脊尾白虾耐盐碱性状与体长的遗传相关和表型相关分别为–0.401和0.127，耐盐碱性状和体重的遗传相关和表型相关分别为–0.196和0.033，耐盐碱性状与体长、体重的相关程度较低。本研究表明，选择育种对于脊尾白虾耐盐碱性状的改良具有较大潜力，且以耐盐碱性状为选育指标，不会对脊尾白虾体长和体重产生显著影响。     

俄罗斯鲟早期生长性状遗传参数的估计

采用人工授精技术和家系标准化培育技术构建了30个俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)父系全同胞家系(包含6个母系半同胞组),培育至150日龄和410日龄时,分别从每个家系中随机测量50尾个体的体长和体重。利用ASReml软件进行方差组分的估计,应用多性状动物模型进行俄罗斯鲟生长性状遗传参数的估计。结果表明,150日龄俄罗斯鲟体长和体重的遗传力分别为0.16±0.055、0.18±0.058,410日龄俄罗斯鲟体长和体重的遗传力分别为0.18±0.070、0.094±0.049,不同日龄生长性状的遗传力均为低遗传力,表明俄罗斯鲟更适合大规模家系的育种方法;150日龄和410日龄俄罗斯鲟体长和体重2个生长性状的表型相关和遗传相关均为高度正相关,其中表型相关系数分别为0.91、0.85,遗传相关系数分别为0.62、0.57,说明对体重或体长进行选育,均能实现改良生长性状的目标;不同日龄俄罗斯鲟家系平均体重的平均变异系数高于平均体长,前者为29.09%、29.46%,后者为10.16%、8.43%,表明俄罗斯鲟体重性状更具选育潜力。本研究估测了俄罗斯鲟不同时期生长性状的遗传参数,旨在为下一步合理制定该物种育种方案提供参考依据。     

中国对虾“黄海2号”新品种的培育

选取中国对虾“黄海1号”、“即抗98”2个养殖群体,朝鲜半岛南海群体、乳山湾群体、青岛沿岸群体及海州湾群体等4个自然群体,采用不平衡巢式交配方案设计,于2005年建立了中国对虾育种的基础群体。设计并建立了中国对虾的多性状复合育种技术,选育的目标性状为生长速度、白斑综合症病毒感染后的存活时间及养殖存活率。为最大限度消除环境差异对遗传方差的影响,在中国对虾家系构建过程中采用标准化程序培育苗种,经过对体长为3cm左右的幼虾进行荧光标记,每个家系标记后混合养殖测试。随机从每个家系中抽取同等数目的标记对虾分成2组,一组共同养殖在养殖池中,测试生长速度和养殖存活率,另一组在封闭的水泥池中进行WSSV感染实验,测试病毒感染后的存活时间长短。中国对虾遗传参数的估计结果表明,养殖170天收获体重的遗传力为0.22,抗WSSV存活时间的遗传力为0.14,存活率的遗传力为0.03。采用BLUP法估算个体育种值,通过百分比加权的形式,分别赋予生长速度、抗WSSV存活时间和存活率的加权值为：80%、15%和5%,并对性状育种值进行标准化,获得综合选择指数;按照每个家系及个体的综合选择指数大小进行家系间及家系内留种,并根据系谱信息,设计交配方案,将每代的近交系数控制在1%以内。选育4代后的统计结果表明,平均每代的遗传进展为：生长速度,13.56%;抗病力,6.76%;存活率,5.05%。三个性状中,收获体重的遗传力最高、加权最大,每代获得的遗传进展稳定在12%以上;抗WSSV存活时间与存活率遗传力较低,每代获得的遗传进展相对小且不稳定。实验培育的新品种“黄海2号”于2009年通过全国水产原良种委员会审定,可在适合中国对虾的养殖区进行推广养殖。为更快地培育抗病新品种,解决对虾养殖病害问题,进一步的研究需查明对虾抗病的遗传机制,提高抗病性状的选择强度,快速培育对虾抗病新品种。     

中国对虾生长性状遗传参数的估计

通过人工授精的方法建立了中国对虾21个半同胞家系(47个全同胞家系)。测量了中国对虾21个半同胞(47个全同胞)家系的体长、头胸甲长、头胸甲宽、第2和第3腹节处宽、第2和第3腹节处高、第1腹节长、第6腹节长和体重,共测量中国对虾1387尾。采用混合家系材料,利用Mtd-freml软件中的动物模型进行分析,平均体重作为协变量,得到的生长性状遗传力在0.04～0.20。体重遗传力为0.14±0.16。体长的遗传力为0.10±0.06,头胸甲长为0.07±0.06,头胸甲宽为0.05±0.04,第2、3腹节宽为0.20±0.16,第2、3腹节高的最低为0.04±0.13,第1腹节长为0.09±0.09,第6腹节长为0.19±0.15。各个性状间表现出高的正相关,其中头胸甲宽和体长以及2.3腹节高的遗传相关最大,达到了1.0±0.01,第1腹节长和2.3腹节宽的遗传相关最小为0.82±0.08。遗传力估计结果表明,中国对虾体长、体重性状的遗传力属于中度遗传力,在加性效应控制下,对中国对虾生长性状进行选择育种具有很大的遗传改良潜力,可以获得较好的选择效果。性状间高遗传相关说明在对体重进行选择的同时,其余的生长性状可以获得相关的间接选择反应。通过性状间的相关关系研究,可以对两性状间的关系进行明确的定量,有利于制定合理的多性状选择方案。在实际育种工作过程中,可以排除一些不利的或者相关性小的性状,以达到目的性状的最佳选择进展。实验结果为中国对虾的间接选择和早期选择育种提供依据。     

中国对虾新品种“黄海2号”的培育

选取中国对虾“黄海1号”、“即抗98”2个养殖群体,朝鲜半岛南海群体、乳山湾群体、青岛沿岸群体及海州湾群体4个自然群体,采用不平衡巢式交配设计方案,于2005年建立了中国对虾育种的基础群体.设计并建立了中国对虾的多性状复合育种技术,选育的目标性状为生长速度、白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)感染后的存活时间及养殖存活率.结果显示,养殖170 d收获体质量的遗传力为0.22,抗WSSV存活时间的遗传力为0.14,存活率的遗传力为0.03.采用BLUP法估算个体育种值,通过百分比加权的形式,分别赋予生长速度、抗WSSV存活时间和存活率的加权值为80％、15％和5％,并对性状育种值进行标准化,获得综合选择指数;按照每个家系及个体的综合选择指数大小进行家系间及家系内留种,并根据系谱信息,设计交配方案,将每代的近交系数控制在1％以内.选育4代后的统计结果表明,平均每代的遗传进展为生长速度,13.56％;抗病力,6.76％;存活率,5.05％.3个性状中,收获体质量的遗传力最高、加权最大,每代获得的遗传进展稳定在12％以上;抗WSSV存活时间与存活率遗传力较低,每代获得的遗传进展相对小且不稳定.实验培育的新品种“黄海2号”于2009年通过全国水产原良种委员会审定,可在适合中国对虾的养殖区进行推广养殖.     

基于标记系谱的红鳍东方鲀生长性状遗传分析

利用分子标记辅助家系选育进行红鳍东方鲀生长性状的遗传评估,由红鳍东方鲀基础群体中选择性腺发育良好的雌雄亲本各11尾建立全同胞家系11个,每个全同胞家系随机采集10尾个体组建全同胞家系群体,从混合培育的家系中选择相对较大的个体400尾组建混合选育群体。在红鳍东方鲀遗传连锁图谱上挑选44个均匀分布于22个连锁群上的微卫星DNA标记,每个连锁群有2个标记。全同胞家系群体的遗传分析结果显示,10个高亲本排除概率微卫星标记的Excl(1)和Excl(2)为0.58~0.662和0.736~0.797,14个低亲本排除概率标记的Excl(1)和Excl(2)为0.054~0.43和0.177~0.608,剩余20个中等亲本排除概率标记的Excl(1)和Excl(2)为0.467~0.575和0.641~0.732。利用拥有高亲本排除概率的微卫星DNA标记进行混合选育群体的亲权鉴定,结果显示:不同父母本繁殖产生的子代数量存在明显差异,父本M2和母本F4产生了124个子代,占子代个体总数的32.89%。根据亲权鉴定结果建立的系谱估计主要生长性状的遗传参数,不同日龄的体质量和体长遗传力估计值为0.17~0.21和0.15~0.18。研究表明,利用具有高亲本排除概率的微卫星DNA标记能够有效建立红鳍东方鲀系谱,进行生长性状的遗传参数估计,分子标记辅助家系选育可以作为红鳍东方鲀目标性状遗传改良的新方法。     

凡纳滨对虾生长与高氨氮耐受性的遗传力及选择反应研究

基于选择指数法对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长和高氨氮耐受性进行选择,用3种方法评估选择效果:Ⅰ)比较选择系和对照系相关性状的育种值;Ⅱ)比较选择家系和对照家系的最小二乘均值;Ⅲ)比较选择系与对照系表型值,计算相关性状的现实遗传力、遗传获得,并采用BLUP法估算相关性状的遗传力及遗传相关。结果显示,生长性状的选择反应为0.493~1.039,高氨氮耐受存活的选择反应为0.028~0.046;凡纳滨对虾生长性状的现实遗传力为0.288~0.315,遗传获得为6.45%~20.16%,高氨氮耐受成活率的现实遗传力为0.016,遗传获得为2.09%;BLUP法估算生长性状遗传力为0.216~0.284,且显著(P0.05),高氨氮耐受性遗传力为0.028±0.026,生长性状间呈高度遗传正相关为0.871~0.948,体质量与高氨氮耐受性间的正遗传相关为0.180±0.032,且显著(P0.05)。研究表明,采用选择指数法选育一代后,生长性状提高明显,高氨氮耐受性提高较小;选育群体生长性状具有较大遗传改良潜力,如何快速提高选育群体的高氨氮耐受性有待进一步研究。     

草鱼幼鱼生长性状和肌肉成分的遗传参数估计

为了研究草鱼幼鱼阶段生长性状和肌肉成分的遗传改良潜力。随机采集288尾人工繁育的4月龄草鱼幼鱼,基于12对微卫星标记,鉴定出来自16个家系（8个母本,9个父本）的273尾个体,各家系、母本和父本对应子代贡献率存在极显著差异（P<0.01）。对草鱼3个生长性状（体质量、体长和肥满度）和2个肌肉成分指标（粗蛋白含量和粗脂肪含量）比较发现,3个生长性状和粗蛋白含量在家系和母系半同胞间存在显著差异（P<0.05）,而3个生长性状和2个肌肉成分指标在父系半同胞间差异均不显著（P>0.05）。基于动物模型和限制性最大似然法,草鱼4月龄体质量、体长、肥满度、粗蛋白含量和粗脂肪含量的遗传力估值分别为0.34、0.33、0.17、0.17和0.20,其中3个生长性状遗传力估值统计检验显著（P<0.05）。遗传相关分析显示,体质量与体长之间呈极显著的高度正相关（0.82, P<0.01）,肥满度与体质量和2个肌肉成分之间存在显著的正相关（0.17-0.29, P<0.05）。研究表明,草鱼4月龄生长性状具有较高的选育潜力,并可通过体长选择实现对体质量的遗传改良;推测在草鱼生长改良过程中,可能会伴随肥满度和粗脂肪含量的变化,这应当引起重视。     

Genetic (co)variation in harvest body weight and survival in Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei under standard commercial conditions

In 1997, CENIACUA (Centro de Investigaciones para la Acuicultura en Colombia) in collaboration with AKVAFORSK (Institute of Aquaculture Research, Norway) initiated a family-based selection scheme in Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei to improve growth rate and survival in ponds and tanks. This paper reports results from a series of tests in which a total of 430 full-sib families (representing 204 paternal half-sib families) were tested for harvest weight and survival in standard commercial and intensive growing environments. The families originated from two selected lines. The estimates of heritability (h²±S.E.) for harvest weight for the two lines were 0.24±0.05 and 0.17±0.04, and the corresponding estimates for survival in pond/tanks were 0.04±0.02 and 0.10±0.02. Results showed a favorable correlation between the estimated mean full-sib family breeding values for harvest weight and pond/tank survival (0.42 in line 1 and 0.40 in line 2) indicating that selecting for growth will cause a positive correlated response in overall survival. The genetic correlations between body weights and pond/tank survival in different grow-out environments were high, demonstrating low genotype by farm interaction (GXE) for both traits.     

Response to selection for harvest body weight of Oreochromis shiranus

Realised and predicted responses to selection were obtained for harvest body weight of Oreochromis shiranus from two generations of selection at the National Aquaculture Centre, Domasi, Malawi. The realised response was estimated from the difference in the least squares means of selected and unselected control populations, while the predicted response was obtained from the difference of the mean breeding values between generations. The realised (13.2%) and predicted (14.4%) responses for harvest body weight over the two generations of selection were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The intensity of selection from F₁ to F₂ (0.66) and from F₂ to F₃ (0.59) was low due to availability of few selection candidates per family at harvest caused by mortality, tag loss and the need to form broad heterogeneous multi-strain F₂ and F₃ populations. Within generation, the heritability estimates for the F₁ (0.31 ± 0.09), F₂ (0.31 ± 0.10) and F₃ (0.35 ± 0.11) generations were moderate. Across generation, the heritability estimate was low (0.14 ± 0.27). Within generation, the magnitude of the common full-sib effect was moderate (0.08-0.09) and not significantly different from zero (P > 0.05). However, across generations, the common full-sib effect was high (0.27 ±0.05) and significantly different from zero (P < 0.05). A substantial correlated selection response due to selection for increased harvest body weight was observed for both tagging body weight and for survival from tagging to harvest; for tagging body weight 22.8% from F₁ to F₂ and 15.9% from F₂ to F₃; for survival 7.2% from F₁ to F₂ and 13.8% from F₂ to F₃. The results are discussed in relation to the maximisation of the genetic gain in the future generations while constraining the rate of inbreeding.     

Genetic improvement of Israeli blue (Jordan) tilapia,Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner), through selective breeding for harvest weight

Genetic parameters and selection responses were obtained for harvest body weight of blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) from data collected over three generations in a selected population. A total of 18 194 records representing 186 sires and 201 dams were used in the analysis. Within generation heritability estimates for harvest body weight ranged from 0.18 to 0.58. When data from more than one generation were included in the analysis, heritability estimates became more stable (0.33–0.40) and it was 0.33 when all data were included in the analysis. The common full‐sib effect accounted for 10% of the phenotypic variance in the full data set. Heritability for survival from stocking to harvest was estimated at 0.01 and 0.09 in actual units (fitting an animal model) and in the logit (sire model) scale respectively. The genetic correlation between harvest body weight and survival was 0.22 and not significantly different from zero. The total selection response for harvest body weight over the three generations of selection measured as the difference between least‐squares means of selected and control lines was 17.7%. The corresponding figure when response was measured as the difference between mean breeding values of selected and control lines was 19.6%. The average inbreeding coefficient was 0.003 after three generations of selection. These results indicate that there are good prospects for the genetic improvement of harvest body weight in blue tilapia.     

齐口裂腹鱼SNP标记与生长性状的关联分析

齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)是中国特有的冷水性经济鱼类,具有较高的营养和经济价值。为了研究齐口裂腹鱼生长性状关联的分子标记,本研究以114尾同批次繁殖、相同养殖条件的齐口裂腹鱼为研究材料,运用26个齐口裂腹鱼SNPs位点进行生长性状(体重、体高、全长、体长)关联分析。对齐口裂腹鱼生长性状的主成分分析表明,体重占解释方差的93.42%,且特征根大于1,累积方差大于85%,是齐口裂腹鱼生长性状的第一主成分。SNPs位点与生长性状相关分析结果显示:ug17711-0-2201与全长呈显著相关(P0.05),ug24013-0-3669对全长、体长有显著影响(P0.05),ug25050-0-1678对体重、体高、全长和体长都有显著影响(P0.05),ug22712-0-2452对体重、体高、全长和体长都有极显著影响(P0.01)。对与生长性状显著相关的4个SNPs位点进行多态性检测,平均观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.2369和0.2110,平均多态信息含量为0.18,其中ug25050-0-1678具有中度多态性(0.25≤PIC0.5)。综上所述,ug25050-0-1678和ug22712-0-2452与生长性状具有显著相关性,可作为候选位点用于齐口裂腹鱼的分子标记辅助育种。本研究旨为齐口裂腹鱼的遗传改良和选择育种提供基础资料。     

低密度养殖模式下中国明对虾社会交互效应的遗传分析

针对低密度养殖模式下中国明对虾收获体质量和眼球磨损性状的直接遗传效应(DGE)和间接遗传效应(IGE)进行了估计。为了准确估计中国明对虾收获体质量及眼球磨损性状的遗传参数，将来自G8和G9代的178个被标记的家系(G8代88个全同胞家系，G9代90个全同胞家系)，共计6 408尾中国明对虾，每个家系分成3组(每组12尾)，随机放入3个不同的圆缸(半径100 cm)，其中，G8代88个圆缸，G9代90个圆缸。每个圆缸包含3个不同的家系，1个家系共与其他6个家系进行组合，生长测试80 d后对体质量及眼球磨损性状进行测量和评估。结果显示，使用传统的动物模型获得收获体质量的遗传力为0.11±0.05，属低遗传力水平。似然比检验结果表明，需要将IGE效应包含在模型中(LRT=5.26)。利用包含IGE的扩展动物模型估计得到的总遗传方差由DGE方差(43%)、DGE-IGE协方差(24%)和IGE方差(33%)组成，占表型方差的24%，是传统动物模型获得的遗传力的2倍多(11%)。由DGE-IGE协方差估计出收获体质量的DGE-IGE相关系数为0.32±0.45，属中度正相关，表明由于养殖密度较低，组内个体间社会交互形式为非竞争行为。利用不包含IGE的logit模型获得眼球磨损性状的遗传力估计值为0.05±0.03，属低遗传力水平。包含IGE的总遗传方差占表型方差的比值 ($ {T}^{2} $) 为2.75，显著大于1，是不包含IGE的logit模型获得的遗传力的58倍多(0.05)。上述结果表明，社会交互行为对中国明对虾收获体质量产生了更多可利用的遗传变异。与收获体质量相比，眼球磨损性状更易受个体间社会交互行为的影响，可将眼球是否磨损作为个体间社会交互行为结果的一个性状。     

Quantitative genetic properties of four measures of deformity in yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833

The main aim of this study was to estimate the heritability for four measures of deformity and their genetic associations with growth (body weight and length), carcass (fillet weight and yield) and flesh‐quality (fillet fat content) traits in yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi. The observed major deformities included lower jaw, nasal erosion, deformed operculum and skinny fish on 480 individuals from 22 families at Clean Seas Tuna Ltd. They were typically recorded as binary traits (presence or absence) and were analysed separately by both threshold generalized models and standard animal mixed models. Consistency of the models was evaluated by calculating simple Pearson correlation of breeding values of full‐sib families for jaw deformity. Genetic and phenotypic correlations among traits were estimated using a multitrait linear mixed model in ASReml. Both threshold and linear mixed model analysis showed that there is additive genetic variation in the four measures of deformity, with the estimates of heritability obtained from the former (threshold) models on liability scale ranging from 0.14 to 0.66 (SE 0.32–0.56) and from the latter (linear animal and sire) models on original (observed) scale, 0.01–0.23 (SE 0.03–0.16). When the estimates on the underlying liability were transformed to the observed scale (0, 1), they were generally consistent between threshold and linear mixed models. Phenotypic correlations among deformity traits were weak (close to zero). The genetic correlations among deformity traits were not significantly different from zero. Body weight and fillet carcass showed significant positive genetic correlations with jaw deformity (0.75 and 0.95, respectively). Genetic correlation between body weight and operculum was negative (?0.51, P < 0.05). The genetic correlations' estimates of body and carcass traits with other deformity were not significant due to their relatively high standard errors. Our results showed that there are prospects for genetic selection to improve deformity in yellowtail kingfish and that measures of deformity should be included in the recording scheme, breeding objectives and selection index in practical selective breeding programmes due to the antagonistic genetic correlations of deformed jaws with body and carcass performance.     

Genetic analysis of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): heterosis and heritability for harvest body weight

The aim of this study was to estimate heterosis and heritability for harvest body weight of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) measured at commercial farm conditions. Heterosis and heritability were estimated using a base population from diallel crosses of eight introduced strains. The base population included 9936 shrimp from 207 families that were produced with 188 sires and 172 dams using a nested mating design by artificial insemination. Heterosis was calculated basing on the least squares means (LSM) of harvest body weight. The results showed that most of the hybrids (75%) have positive heterosis for harvest body weight, which ranged from ?13.36% (UA2 × UA5) to 13.80% (UA6 × UA5) with a mean of 2.41%. The high amount of heterosis manifested in the hybrids indicated the usefulness of these hybrids for improving the growth. Variance components and heritability for harvest body weight were estimated using an animal model. The heritability estimate for harvest body weight was 0.092 ± 0.082 (h²) when genetic groups were excluded from the pedigree, but it was decreased when genetic groups were included in the pedigree ( = 0.066 ± 0.050), implying that there are strain additive genetic effect and heterosis in the base population. However, the heritability estimates for harvest body weight were significantly different from zero (P < 0.05) and there was no significant difference between h² and (P > 0.05). The results from this study indicated that significant improvement for growth is possible through cross‐breeding and selective breeding in L. vannamei.     

Genetic parameters for growth‐related traits and survival with age in the Kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus

Genetic parameters were estimated for growth‐related traits and survival of the Kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus based on 66 families, including 30 paternal half‐sib families, which were obtained using artificial insemination of two females by each male. The variance components for growth‐related trait and survival were estimated using a single‐trait animal model and a sir‐dam model, respectively, and genetic parameters were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood method. The coefficients of variation for growth‐related traits such as body length (BL), abdominal length (AL), and body weight (BW) were 9.36%–22.44%, 10.61%–21.92%, and 26.47%–58.33%, respectively, at different ages (45, 75, 105, 135, and 165 days). The corresponding heritability estimates for each growth trait were 0.1545–0.1951, 0.1672–0.1905, and 0.1596–0.1934, respectively, all of which were found to be at moderate levels and increased with age. The heritability of survival on day 165 was low (0.003). The genetic correlations among growth traits were positive and high (0.7316–0.9896) at the different ages, suggesting that selection to improve any single growth trait will cause positive responses in other growth traits examined in M. japonicus. The genetic correlations between growth traits and survival were also positive but low (0.005–0.087), which indicated that only selecting for growth traits may not cause a positive correlated response in the survival of the core population. According to the above results, we suggested that growth and survival traits should be taken as improving targets of breeding in M. japonicus. These results provided reference data for selective breeding and multitrait selection of M. japonicus.     

日本囊对虾早期生长性状遗传参数估计

基于68个日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)全同胞家系,采用混合线性模型和约束极大似然法对日本囊对虾生长性状进行遗传参数的估计。结果表明:1)45日龄、75日龄体长性状的遗传力估计值分别为0.1545±0.0505、0.1933±0.0475,腹节长性状的遗传力估计值分别为0.1672±0.0473、0.1937±0.0468,体重性状的遗传力估计值分别为0.1934±0.0439、0.1992±0.037,均为中等遗传力;2)不同日龄下日本囊对虾生长性状间的表型相关与遗传相关均为高度正相关,45日龄体长–腹节长、体长–体重、腹节长–体重的表型相关为0.7121±0.0188、0.5147±0.0277、0.5052±0.0280,遗传相关为0.9896±0.00340、0.9304±0.0321、0.9429±0.0301,75日龄体长–腹节长、体长–体重、腹节长–体重的表型相关为0.6710±0.0236、0.6555±0.0181、0.6534±0.0160,遗传相关为0.7637±0.0161,0.7479±0.0148,0.7177±0.0131。本研究表明对日本囊对虾生长性状进行选择是有效的,以体长、腹节长、体重任一性状作为指标进行选育均可达到生长改良的目的,本研究结果可为日本囊对虾的早期选择育种和多性状选择提供数据参考。