中国对虾与罗非鱼施肥混养的基础研究↑（*）

用４个海水池塘陆基围隔（５ｍ×５ｍ），进行了封闭式施肥混养中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）与台湾红罗非鱼（Ｏｒｅｏｃｈｒｏｍｉｓｍｏｓａｍｂｉｃｕｓ×Ｏ．ｎｉｌｏｔｉｃｕｓ）的基础研究。结果表明，在不同密度条件下，对虾成活率４５．０％～８６．７％（平均６６４．２％），产量为７５．７～１１１．８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２（５７ｄ），生产力为０．１９／ｍ２·ｄ。池塘对中国对虾的负荷力为１７０．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。其中某些围隔对虾死亡较多的原因是负荷量超过了负荷力，发生饵料缺乏和自残。在限定罗非鱼放养量（８×１０３尾／ｈｍ２）的条件下，鱼虾最适放养尾数配比为１∶３，中国对虾（体长５．５５ｃｍ）的最适放养量为２４×１０３尾／ｈｍ２左右。     

对虾养殖实验围隔中的固氮作用及其氮输入

１９９７年６～１０月,以乙炔还原法进行了不同放养模式下对虾养殖实验中生物固氮作用的测定。结果表明,各围隔中,对虾单养（Ｙ－４）和对虾＋海湾扇贝（Ｙ－５）的固氮作用较高,均值分别为２．６２μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）和２．６５μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）;对虾＋罗非鱼＋缢蛏（Ｔ－５）的最低,为１．５３μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）,对虾＋缢蛏（Ｙ－６）和对虾＋罗非鱼（Ｙ－７）的分别为２．３０μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）和１．８９μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）。各围隔中固氮速率较高与水体有效氮含量较低及有效氮磷比值不高有关。水层固氮蓝藻主要为蓝球藻（Ｃｈｒｏｃｏｃｕｓ）和念珠藻（Ｎｏｓｔｏｃ）。估算各围隔实验期间固氮作用输入分别为Ｙ－４∶１７．７２ｇ;Ｙ－５∶１９．６３ｇ;Ｙ－６∶９．０５ｇ;Ｙ－７∶１０．５９ｇ;Ｔ－５∶７．９９ｇ。     

Experimental studies on intensive polyculture of Chinese shrimp with bay scallop

用放在海水池塘中的８个陆基围隔（５０ｍ×５０ｍ×１８ｍ），研究中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）与不同密度海湾扇贝（Ａｒｇｏｐｅｃｔｅｎｉｒａｄｉａｎｓ）投饵混养的放养方式、生产力和极限放养量。对虾体长（２８５±０１６）ｃｍ，扇贝壳长（１１０±０１２）ｃｍ，放养密度分别为６０尾／ｍ２和０，１５，４５，７５粒／ｍ２，用投饵和施肥（鸡粪和化肥）饲养。结果表明，扇贝密度为０和１５粒／ｍ２时，对虾的成活率无显著差异。混养（扇贝１５粒／ｍ２）时对虾的出塘体长、体重和产量分别比单养高２５％，３８％和６５％；当扇贝密度高于１５粒／ｍ２时，对虾的平均体长、体重和产量随扇贝密度的增加而显著减少（Ｐ＜００５）。扇贝密度为１５和７５粒／ｍ２时，其产量由４７０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２增至１２３６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；当扇贝密度高时，去壳后湿重占体重的百分数从（４２８４±３４４）％降至（３７８８±４２６）％。扇贝的极限放养量为６００～８００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，适宜放养密度为１０～１５粒／ｍ２。     

精养罗非鱼池混养刀额新对虾试验

１９９８年,在２０００ｍ＾２新开挖池塘内进行刀额新对虾与罗非鱼混养试验,经５个月试养,刀额新对虾平均规格１１．１１ｇ,平均每６６７ｍ＾２产１１．６７ｋｇ,成活率２１．０１％,罗非鱼平均规格０．７ｋｇ,每６６７ｍ２产８６５ｋｇ,全池总产鱼虾３８５０ｋｇ,净产３１８１．５ｋｇ每６６７ｍ＾２净产１０６０．５ｋｇ,总纯收入１１４２９．５元,每６６７ｍ＾２,利润３８０９．８３元,其中刀额新对虾利润４３６．６     

水库网箱养殖罗非鱼及其生态经济效益研究

在水库中连续３年设置网箱养殖罗非鱼，按４．５￣６ｋｇ／ｍ＾３放养量投放鱼种（平均规格６３￣９５ｇ／尾），饲养１００天左右，平均规格达到３７４￣４３８．８ｇ尾产量达２７．０￣３２．６ｋｇ／ｍ＾２，饲料系数１．３￣１．７５，利润率达５６．９％￣７５．２％，网箱养鱼能量转移率１７．９％￣２３．９６％。     

中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)种苗土池培育技术研究Ⅰ-Ⅰ期溞状幼体的适宜密度

在６口海水土池（计１．９ｈｍ２）中分别按下列密度（万／ｍ３）布苗：３，４，５，３，４和０．２７，比较研究了中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉ－ｏｃｈｅｉｒｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）Ⅰ期氵蚤状幼体（Ｚ１）的密度对幼体变态率和成活率的影响。结果表明，Ｚ１的密度为４万／ｍ３时，大眼幼体的变态率（大眼幼体密度占Ｚ５密度的％；２１．６％）和成活率（大眼幼体的密度占Ｚ１密度的％；２．４％）及产量（４２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）最高。     

内湖与外河网箱养殖加州鲈的效果分析及技术探讨

１９９９年５月～２０００年４月，对垸内胜利湖和垸外新河的８只网箱养殖加州鲈效果进行了比较。结果表明，外河４只网箱养殖加州鲈平均净单产２８．９～３０．５ｋｇ／ｍ＾２，成活率８６．０％～９１．２％，增重倍数１４．５～１９．０，依次比内湖４只网箱的净产量（２２．４～２４．７ｋｇ／ｍ＾２）、成活率（８１．０％～８５．６％）、增重倍数（１２．０～１５．２ｋｇ／ｍ＾２）分别高４．７～６．１ｋｍ／ｍ＾２、４．０％～５．６％、２．４～３．８ｋｇ／ｍ＾２；此外，相同水域不同放养密度的产量、成活率、增重倍数也有明显差别。     

“集约型”池塘养鱼试验效果与分析

在池塘中央采用高密度、全人工投饵技术方法单养名优鱼类，入池规格及密度为单雄性罗非鱼（全长３～４ｃｍ）６４００尾／亩，斑点叉尾ｈｕｉ（平均尾重５０ｇ）２４００尾／亩，湘云鲫（全长３～４ｃｍ）８０００尾／亩；经１５０～１９０天饲养，平均亩产１３０７～１５２７ｋｇ，饲料系数１．５～１．８，亩产值１．２２～２．０９万元，亩利锐２２４０～５３７４元。“集约型”池塘养殖的单位水面产出能力显著高于以“肥水”养殖     

稻田鲶鱼当年养成食用鱼试验

在９．８７ｈｍ＾２稻田中放养体长３．３－３．９６ｃｍ的鲶鱼,经８５－９０ｄ的饲养,平均规格为３００ｇ,平均ｈｍ＾２产鲶鱼８１９ｋｇ,饵料系数为１．１１,平均ｈｍ６２增收节支７５２８．５元,投入产出比为１：２．９     

池塘主养团头鲂试验研究

三年累计试验面积１７．７５ｈｍ＾２，其中池塘主养一龄团头鲂鱼种５．９５ｈｍ＾２，池塘主养二龄团头鲂鱼种９．８３ｈｍ＾２，池塘主养团头鲂成鱼１．３７ｈｍ＾２。一龄团头鲂，二龄团头鲂，鲂成鱼出池规格分别为１９．６￣３４ｇ／尾，４５．５￣７６ｇ／尾，２２４￣３５０ｇ／尾。养殖成活率分别为９６．６％￣９８％，９３．５％￣９７．４％，７４．５％￣９８％。平均每ｈｍ＾２产量分别为４２６０￣５６４０ｋｇ，５５３     

Procurement decisions regarding shrimp supplies for Thai shrimp processors

Shrimps of all sizes are obtained by direct purchasing from independent farms then sorted and sold by size. Shrimp that has not been sold is kept in cold storage, a heavy burden for shrimp processors. In this paper, a mathematical model and a heuristic model based on the dynamic programming are developed to facilitate harvesting decisions for shrimp processors. The objective function of the proposed model is to minimize the cost related to by-size inventory. The effectiveness of the heuristic model is evaluated under a combination of scenarios with various parameters. The results demonstrate that the heuristic model is quite effective and practical in solving the problem.     

碎、小虾仁重组大虾仁工艺初探

虾仁加工过程中，在出产完整虾仁同时，不可避免地出现１０％～１５％的破碎虾仁，还有大量捕捞小虾虾仁。完整大虾仁经济价值高，可供出口创汇，市场价４０元／公斤左右，而碎虾仁和小虾仁，商业价值不大，销售价仅只有１０元／公斤左右，有的仅作为动物饲料或腐烂丢弃，这将带来不小的经济损失，甚至造成环境污染。许多出产虾仁厂家呼吁尽快进行碎、小虾仁制成大虾仁技术研究。 美国北卡罗利纳州立大学食品科学系的Ｈ．Ａ．Ａｎｄｏｎｉｅ等学者使用冷粘合剂对碎小虾仁进行重组，他们将碎、小虾仁和粘合剂混合后，在温度７℃下保持１２小…     

关于对虾育苗的技术之一PVP-Ⅰ消毒剂在对虾育苗和养成生产中的应用

本文通过PVP-Ⅰ养殖高效水体消毒剂(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮碘,含有效碘5%)与常规福尔马林、抗生素在对虾育苗和养成中对比试验,证明了PVP-Ⅰ在不同品种育苗和养虾过程中对病毒、弧菌、真菌等有较强的杀灭及抑制作用.     

对虾养殖技术之一:南美白对虾无公害养殖技术研究

对虾作为水产业中的支柱品种,一直深受广大消费者的喜爱,也是水产品中出口量较多的品种之一.针对目前对虾养殖过程中施用禁用药物、可用药物用量过多、成虾体内有害物质残留超标等问题,海南省水产研究所于2003年进行了"南美白对虾无公害养殖技术研究"项目,并在项目实施过程中采用了SPF南美白对虾苗种,养殖过程中不投放抗生素等禁用渔药,利用有益微生物改善与优化水质以降低水体中有害物质在虾体内的残留,再结合温性中草药的合理利用来防治虾病,结果表明,养殖对虾各项指标均符合我国无公害对虾标准,达到国内出口与国外进口食品标准,而且产量高,经济效益好.     

中国对虾与日本对虾育苗技术的比较

近年来由于日本对虾的价格远高于同规格的中国对虾，故在北方地区兴起了养殖日本对虾的热潮，从而引发了对日本对虾苗种的大量需求。使许多过去进行中国对虾苗种生产的育苗单位改为进行日本对虾苗种的培育。本文就中国对虾与日本对虾在苗种繁育的方法方面进行了一些比较。（一）亲虾培育1亲虾来源：中国对虾的亲虾来源主要有经养殖虾越冬培育而成鹏称越冬虾以自然海区捕捞的亲虾；而日本对虾育苗所用亲虾全部来源于自然海区捕捞。2暂养水温：中国对虾亲虾暂养温度一般首先控制在14℃以下，这有利于亲虾的恢复．然后再逐步升温至18℃，促进性…     

Simulation of inorganic nitrogen dynamics and shrimp survival in an intensive shrimp culture system

Nitrogenous wastes are major concerns in shrimp production and as a component of total farm wastes that impact the aquatic environment. This study describes a simulation model of the role of heterotrophic and nitrifying bacteria on nitrogen dynamics in intensive Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) culture systems using different feeds and feeding strategies. The model represents: (i) use and remineralization by heterotrophic bacteria of nitrogen wastes and ammonia excreted by shrimp; and (ii) nitrification. The model was quantified using published and unpublished information. The model is multivariate, deterministic and uses a compartment model structure based on difference equations. Evaluation of the model consisted of simulating two indoor and one outdoor experiment that examined the effects of different feeds and feeding levels on nitrogen dynamics. In summary, the model is capable of qualitatively following inorganic nitrogen dynamics. Simulations investigating the effect of heterotrophic remineralization on total inorganic nitrogen suggested that this process may contribute up to 97% of the inorganic nitrogen in the system. This indicates that strategies to increase production, such as increases in feed protein levels or feeding rates, should be carefully evaluated before they are implemented. Future studies need to address bacterial community role in these systems and inorganic nitrogen toxicity mechanisms.     

Socio-economic impacts of shrimp culture

Farmed shrimp contributed 27% of total world shrimp production in 1995 with a volume of 712 000 tonnes. Undoubtedly, the shrimp culture industry earns valuable foreign exchange for developing countries and generates jobs across the industry from fry gatherers to growers and processors. However, grave socio-economic consequences – including conversion, expropriation and privatization of mangroves and other lands; salinization of water and soil; decline in food security; marginalization of coastal communities, unemployment and urban migration; and social conflicts – have followed in the wake of, shrimp farm development in the Philippines and other tropical countries. The paper focuses on mangrove ecosystems: the valuation and cost-benefit analysis of their goods and services, and the mangrove-offshore fisheries connection. Research gaps in these areas and the need to internalize the ecological and socio-economic costs (‘externalities’) of shrimp farming are highlighted. Other recommendations include mangrove conservation and rehabilitation, enforcement of existing legislation, and introduction of environment-friendly aquaculture within the broader framework of community-based, integrated coastal area management, e.g. the traditional, extensive polyculture ponds in Indonesia.     

青虾养殖技术之四早稻田轮养青虾技术

安徽省芜湖县陶幸镇濒临长江水系,水源充沛,水质清新且无污染,池塘单季或双季青虾养殖和双季两茬水稻在当地农业生产中都很具传统和特色,有“江南鱼米之乡”的美誉。近年来,在芜湖县陶幸镇兴起了一种新型的农业生产模式,即早稻田轮养青虾,生产效果显著,在当地青壮劳力不足的情况下促进了农业增产和农民增收。稻虾轮作种养模式是利用4月上旬至7月中旬生产一季早稻,8月初至春节前后养殖一季青虾,亩均增产商品青虾53kg,现将经验总结如下。     

青虾养殖技术之一大规格青虾池塘生态养殖技术

阳澄湖青虾是昆山市地方传统名贵水产品,深受广大消费者的青睐,随着青虾养殖时间的推移,近亲繁育后种质退化,养殖规格变小,影响青虾的养殖效益。为改变这一状况,笔者开展“大规格青虾池塘生态养殖技术研究”,取得较好的效果,现将主要养殖技术介绍如下。     

Optimizing multi-stage shrimp production systems

Multi-stage penaeid shrimp grow-out systems have considerable advantage over conventional single-stage grow-out systems. A multi-stage shrimp grow-out system has more than one production stage wherein the shrimp stocking density changes as the shrimp grow in size and are moved from one production stage to the next. The shrimp stocking density (shrimp/m²) is at its highest when the shrimp post larvae enter the first production stage and is reduced each time the shrimp are transferred to subsequent stages. The use of multi-stage instead of single-stage production systems has been considered by numerous authors. This paper presents a methodology by which to select the optimum number of stages for a production system and, using available data, demonstrates that optimum efficiency can be achieved, in most cases, by using a two-stage production system consisting of a prolonged nursery stage followed by a grow-out stage.