复合矿物盐添加剂对河蟹生长的影响

用三种不同配比的复合矿物盐和一种鲤鱼用矿物盐,均按２％的添加量分别掺入到基础饲料中,制成４种试验饲料,喂养平均规格为２．９ｇ／只的幼蟹３０天,观察其生长效果,结果表明,多矿－１号,多矿－２号复合矿物盐具有显著的促生长功效,幼蟹的增重率比对照组分别提高５３．７％和４４．２％;饵料系数比对照组分别降低６９．３％和５８．１％,而添加鲤鱼用矿物盐的试验组,幼蟹的增重率与对照组之间没有显著性差异。     

AP301蛋白饲料在稚幼鳖饲养中的应用效果

为验证ＡＰ３０１蛋白饲料对稚幼鳖的促生长效果，进行了两组实验，稚鳖经６５ｄ饲养，试验组较对照组增重率提高３７．４％，饲料利用率提高３９％；幼鳖经７７ｄ饲养，试验组较对照组增重率提高１９．５５％，饲料利用率提高１７．２％。实验结果显示ＡＰ３０１可以替代白鱼粉，其添加量可占到饲料总量的１０％。     

喹乙醇对斑点叉尾Hui的促生长作用

用４种不同剂量的喹乙醇添加在基础饲料中对１龄斑点叉尾Ｈｕｉ进行３０ｄ的饲养试验,结果表明添加喹乙醇１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ组促生长效果最好,与对照组相比增重率提高３８．１％,蛋白效率提高了４２．１％,而饲料系数降低了２９．４％,耐低氧试验表明半致死浓度时间１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ组最长,为３．２５ｈ。     

鲤鱼饲料添加剂的研究

根据鲤鱼的基本营养需求，确定基础饲料（蛋白质，脂肪，碳水化合物）配方后，对１２种无机盐和１２种维生素用数理统计正交试验，设计三个水平Ｌ２７（３＾１３），求出它们的电佳添加量，从而得出符合鲤鱼生理需求的无机盐，维生素综合配方－ＧＳ８９１添加剂。该添加剂经生产规模试验（池塘养鲤，水库网箱养鲤）证实，具有明显的促生长和节约饲料的功效。同期对比，增重率提高３０％以上，饲料系数降低７．９％以上。     

工厂化养鳖饲料中维生素E的应用研究（下）

－试验结果（１）生长比较饲养试验中,每两周各组进行一次生长测定,期间幼鳖生长测定五次,生长情况见表２、对照组和试验组各生长指标的比较结果见表３。表２幼鳖生长结果表３生长结果比较表３显示,添加５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ的Ａ组和１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ的Ｂ组,饵料系数比对照Ｃ组分别低０－１５０和０．４４６,饵料效率比Ｃ组分别高２－４％和１０－９％。同时Ｂ组和Ａ组相比,Ｂ组饵料系数低０－２９６,饵料效率高８－５％。这说明增加维生素Ｅ的添加量有利于提高饵料的利用率、降低饵料系数。显示饲料中维生素Ｅ添加水平为５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ和…     

一龄草鱼促长防病饲料添加剂研究：三,VM—I号复合添加剂维生素添加量的…

对ＶＭ－Ｉ号复合添加剂中的维生素分四组不同添加量进行了６０天的网箱饲养夏花草鱼试验，结果表明，不论是鱼体相对生长率，饲料利用率或草鱼成活率，饲料组均高于对照组。１－４＾＃网箱组草鱼的相对生长率均值分别为１０９．６％，１０７．４％，１１６．８％和１２９．６％，与对照组（７８．６％）相比提高２８．８－５１．０％；饲料利用率比对照组高２２．４－４３．０％；草鱼成活率比对照组高３．０－９．６％。对同一配方     

无机磷、锌和复合多维对团头鲂鱼种生长影响的研究

根据团头鲂鱼种营养需要，用商品饲料原料和维生素、矿物盐等添加剂组成营养平衡的试验基础日粮。从基础日粮中分别去除添加的无机磷、锌和复合多维便构成了本次试验的三种试验日粮。试验鱼平均体重８．４３ｇ。４０天的网箱养殖试验表明，当从基础日粮中分别去除添加的无机磷、锌和复合多维后，团头鲂鱼种生长速度和饲料利用率均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）。采食基础日粮、去除无机磷日粮、去除锌日粮和去除复合多维日粮的鱼，其平均增重率分别为１４７．６７％、１０８．４７％、１０６．７５％和１１６．７５％     

天南地北

天南地北“９２１８”中草药添加剂并鳖效果好河南省信阳农业高等专科学校动物科学系经过三年的试验，研制出一种新型、优质、高效养鳖专用中草药饲料添加剂．“９２１８”添加剂系选用具有生物活性的十二味中草药加工制成．该产品具有增强机体免疫力，促进新陈代谢和生长...     

青鱼Mylopharygodon piceus(Richardson)配合饲料添加剂最适量的试验研究

青鱼一龄鱼种在相同的基础料及添加剂的配方中，但在不同的无机盐添加剂量（2％、4％、4％＋1％复合维生素、6％）的条件下，与投喂螺蛳组的对比试验中，进行青鱼配合饲料添加剂的最适需要量的研究。经过33天的饲养，试验结果表明，4％的无机盐和1％的复合维生素的添加剂量的饲料组其增重率最高，饲料系数最低，饲料转换率最高，分别为112．74％、0．79．126．65％，最适于一龄青鱼鱼种的摄食和生长。     

不同饲料对稚鳖生长的影响

本试验分人工配合饲料、鲜鱼肉以及人工配合饲料和鲜鱼混合三个饲料试验组，对当年稚鳖在２９±１℃水温条件下进行生长养殖试验。结果表明：养殖６０天，以投喂鲜鱼肉组稚鳖生长最快，增重倍数达１４．２２；人工配合饲料加鲜鱼肉饲料组饲料系数最低为２．３５，养殖一公斤鳖的饲料成本仅为８．４７元；取得了稚鳖日增重０．３—０．７９克／只的养殖效果。     

The effects of vitamin E on non-specific immune response of the juvenile soft-shelled turtle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pelodiscus sinensis</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary vitamin E supplements on non-specific immune responses in juvenile soft-shelled turtles. Turtles were fed diets supplemented with vitamin E at 0 (control), 50, 250, 500, 1000 and 5000 mg/kg, respectively, for 4 weeks. Results showed that blood cell phagocytosis and serum bactericidal activity were significantly improved in turtles from two diets (250 and 500 mg/kg vitamin E supplementation), while had no significant improvement in turtles from the three remaining diets (50, 1000 and 5000 mg/kg vitamin E supplementation) when compared to turtles from the control group. Serum bacteriolytic activity in turtles from diets with 50, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg vitamin E supplementation were higher than activity levels quantified for the control group, but no significant difference was observed between the 5000 mg/kg vitamin E supplementation diet and the control diet. The results suggest that vitamin E has an upper and lower threshold for improving non-specific immune function in soft-shelled turtles, and the optimal supplementation may be between 250 and 500 mg/kg.     

Effects of dietary vitamin E level on growth and tissue lipid peroxidation of soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann)

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on growth, liver lipid peroxidation and liver and muscle vitamin E level of soft‐shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis. Eight experimental diets analysed to contain 0–457 IU vitamin E kg^?1 were fed to juvenile soft‐shelled turtle of 4.8 g initial body weight for 12 weeks. Weight gain (WG) of the turtles fed the diet containing no vitamin E was significantly lower than those fed diets containing 83–457 IU vitamin E kg^?1 (P<0.05). Feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio showed similar trends to that of WG. No significant difference (P>0.05) was found in whole‐body composition among turtles fed the different diets. Dietary vitamin E requirement using WG as the response and estimated using the broken‐line regression model is approximately 88 IU kg^?1. Liver and muscle vitamin E content increased when dietary vitamin E level increased. Ascorbate‐induced lipid peroxidation in liver tissue of turtles fed diets containing 0 and 17 IU vitamin E kg^?1 was significantly (P<0.05) greater than those fed diets containing high vitamin E (≥35 IU kg^?1).     

Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus supplementation in fish meal-based diets on the growth of soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann)

A growth experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing dietary calcium in fish meal‐based diets on the growth of cultured soft‐shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis. Juvenile soft‐shelled turtles of 4.1 g mean body weight were fed nine diets containing two levels of phosphorus (2.7% or 3.0%) and analysed calcium levels ranging from 4.7% to 6.6% for 10 weeks. The growth of the turtles was enhanced when inorganic calcium was added to the diets. The weight gain of the turtles fed the control diet containing calcium solely from fish meal was the lowest among the test groups, and was significantly lower than those fed the diet containing 5.7% calcium at the 3.0% phosphorus level (P<0.05). Feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios were not affected by different dietary treatments. Whole‐body moisture and crude protein contents of turtles were not affected by different dietary treatments. The body ash of turtles fed 3.0% phosphorus diets tended to be higher than turtles fed 2.7% phosphorus diets. The body calcium to phosphorus ratio of turtles fed 3.0% phosphorus diets was greater than that of turtles fed diets containing 2.7% phosphorus. Supplementation of Ca in a fish meal‐based practical diet is required for the optimum growth of soft‐shelled turtles.     

Estimation of dietary vitamin K requirement of juvenile Chinese soft‐shelled turtle,Pelodiscus sinensis

A 10‐week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the dietary vitamin K requirements of juvenile Chinese soft‐shelled turtles, Pelodiscus sinensis, using menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB) as the vitamin K source. Juvenile soft‐shelled turtles with 6.1 ± 0.1 g body weight were individually reared and fed diets containing seven levels of MSB (0.0, 5.0, 8.9, 12.3, 16.6, 20.7 and 41.0 mg/kg). Turtles fed with an MSB‐free diet exhibited the lowest feed utilization, carapace Ca concentrations, carapace strength or liver menaquinone (MK‐4) concentrations among all dietary groups. Weight gain (WG) in the turtles tended to increase with increase in dietary MSB until a dietary MSB level of 16.6 mg/kg, where WG levelled off. Total plasma prothrombin concentrations, an indicator for blood clotting function, in the turtles fed on MSB supplemented diets were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those in turtles fed on MSB supplemented diets. Liver MSB concentrations increased with increase in dietary MSB. Using broken‐line or sigmoidal regression model, the vitamin K requirements of juvenile Chinese soft‐shelled turtles based on WG, total plasma prothrombin concentrations and liver vitamin K were 21.5, 25.8 and 29.9 mg MSB per kg, respectively.     

Effects of dietary β‐carotene levels on growth and liver vitamin A concentrations of the soft‐shelled turtle,Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann)

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary β‐carotene level on the growth and liver vitamin A concentrations in soft‐shelled turtles, Pelodiscus sinensis, fed a vitamin A‐free diet. Soft‐shelled turtles were fed diets containing 0, 14.5, 26.5, 47.5, 87.3, 112.8 and 163.8 mg β‐carotene kg^?1 for 10 weeks. Although it was not statistically significant due to high deviation within each group, mean weight gain of soft‐shelled turtles fed the diet without β‐carotene supplementation was the lowest among all test groups. Vitamin A concentrations in liver of turtles significantly (P<0.05) increased when dietary β‐carotene level reached 47.5 mg kg^?1 indicating that soft‐shelled turtles were capable of converting β‐carotene to vitamin A. Analysed by regression modelling, dietary β‐carotene levels for optimal growth and maximal liver vitamin A contents of juvenile soft‐shelled turtles fed the vitamin A‐free diets were 49.1 and 88.7 mg kg^?1 respectively.     

维生素E、C和HUFA交互作用对中华绒螯蟹生殖性能的影响

通过投喂添加或不添加VE、VC和HUFA的四组实验饲料,经198d饲养实验,以雌蟹的性腺系数、产卵力、孵化率、各组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量等为指标,研究这两类营养素交互作用对其生殖性能的影响。结果表明,VE、VC和HUFA对雌蟹生殖性能有显著的影响(P<0.05):在产卵力方面,1组为3790个卵细胞·g-1体重,极显著高于2组(为2317个卵细胞·g-1体重)和3组(为2129个卵细胞·g-1体重)(P<0.01),显著高于4组(为3050个卵细胞·g-1体重)和5组(对照组)(为3010个卵细胞·g-1体重)(P<0.05);而孵化率方面,1组(86.17%)极显著高于2组(36.06%)、3组(29.18%)和4组(25.73%)(P<0.01),也显著高于5组(71.12%)(P<0.05)。1组和2组雌蟹性腺中SOD活性分别为40.09Nu·mL-1和39.87Nu·mL-1,相应地,MDA含量分别为6.87nmol·mL-1和3.33nmol·mL-1;而3组和4组雌蟹,尽管其性腺中SOD活性较高,分别为79.21Nu·mL-1和85.2Nu·mL-1,但由于饲料中抗氧化性VE、VC的缺乏,导致脂质过氧化发生,其MDA含量显著增加(P<0.05),分别为12.65nmol·mL-1和25.18nmol·mL-1。4组雌蟹的产卵力较大,但因VE、VC的缺乏发生脂质过氧化,导致所产的卵质低下,从而影响了卵子的孵化率。结果表明,VE、VC和HUFA都是河蟹保持良好的生殖性能的必需营     

Effects of animal–plant protein ratio in extruded and expanded diets on nitrogen and energy budgets of juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis Wiegmann)

In this study, we investigated the effects of animal–plant protein ratio in extruded and expanded diets on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen and energy budgets of juvenile soft‐shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). Four extruded and expanded feeds (diets 1–4) were formulated with different animal–plant protein ratios (diet 1, 1.50:1; diet 2, 2.95:1; diet 3, 4.92:1; diet 4, 7.29:1). The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter and crude lipid for diet 1 were significantly lower than those for diets 2–4. There was no significant difference in crude protein digestibility among diets 1–4. The ADC of carbohydrate was significantly increased with the increase in animal–plant protein. Although nitrogen intake rate, faecal nitrogen loss rate and excretory nitrogen loss rate of turtles fed diet 1 were significantly higher than those fed diets 2–4, nitrogen retention rate, net protein utilization and biological value of protein in these turtles were significantly lower than those fed diets 2–4. In addition, energy intake rate, excretory energy loss rate and heat production rate of turtles fed diet 1 were also significantly higher than those fed diets 2–4. Faecal energy loss was significantly reduced with the increase in the animal–plant protein ratio. The ADC of energy and assimilation efficiency of energy significantly increased with a higher animal–plant protein ratio. The growth efficiency of energy in the group fed diet 1 was significantly lower than those in the groups fed diets 2–4. Together, our results suggest that the optimum animal–plant protein ratio in extruded and expanded diets is around 3:1.     

Assessing the efficacy of three methionine sources in low protein and low fish meal diet for Chinese soft-shelled turtle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pelodiscus sinensis</Emphasis>

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of three dietary methionine (Met) sources [dl-Met, coated-Met, and a methionine hydroxy analogue calcium salt (MHA-Ca)] for Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). Triplicate groups of juvenile turtles (initial weight 3.48 ± 0.03 g) were fed twice per day at 3% of body weight with positive control diet (T1, 46% protein and 46% fish meal, FM), negative control diet (T2, 43% protein and 23% FM), or three other test diets supplemented with either 0.2% coated-Met (T3), 0.125% MHA-Ca (T4), or 0.1% dl-Met (T5) to the T2 basal formulation, respectively. The feeding trial was conducted in 15 350-L plastic containers with three replicates per dietary treatment. The results showed that the highest and lowest percentage weight gain (1023.5 ± 18.2 versus 882.1 ± 14.5%) and feed efficiency (87.2 ± 0.94 versus 81.4 ± 0.4%) were observed in turtles fed the T1 and T2 diet (P < 0.05), respectively. Significant improvement in weight gain was observed in turtles fed diets with Met supplementation, irrespective of source, compared with turtles fed the T2 diet. It was observed that dietary MHA-Ca had similar efficacy compared with dl-Met in terms of growth performance and feed utilization efficiency of the turtles (P > 0.05). Protein utilization efficiency was significantly higher in turtles fed T4 or T5 diet compared to the T2 diet. Whole body protein content (17.0 to 17.4% on a wet weight basis) in turtles fed with Met-added diets was comparable to those of turtles fed the T1 diet which were significantly higher compared to T2-fed turtles. Antioxidant defense system enzymes, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase showed the highest activity, 658.8 ± 17.9 U/mL and 642.8 ± 17.5 μmol/L, respectively, in the serum of turtle fed the MHA-Ca supplemented diet and was significantly higher compared to turtles fed the T2 or T3 diet. The present results showed that P. sinensis are able to effectively use added MHA-Ca and dl-Met in low protein and low FM diets to enhance growth, feed utilization efficiency, nitrogen retention, and antioxidant defense system enzyme activities.     

Effect of Dietary Vitamin C on Weight Gain,Tissue Ascorbate Concentration,Stress Response,and Disease Resistance of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus1

Juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (average initial weight, 6.5 g/fish) were fed twice daily to apparent satiation with practical-type diets containing 0, 50, 150, or 250 mg supplemental vitamin C/kg from L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate for 10 wk under laboratory conditions. At the end of the feeding period, one half of the fish were stressed for 2 h by confinement and both stressed and nonstressed fish were exposed to a virulent strain of Edwardsiella ictaluri. Weight gain and feed conversion efficiency were lower for fish fed the basal diet than those fed diets containing supplemental vitamin C. No differences were observed in weight gain and feed conversion among fish fed diets containing supplemental vitamin C. There were no differences in feed consumption and survival (prior to experimental infection) among treatments. No vitamin C deficiency signs except reduced weight gain were observed in fish fed the basal diet. Serum cortisol concentrations were higher in stressed fish than in non-stressed fish. Dietary vitamin C level had no effect on serum cortisol concentration. As dietary vitamin C increased, ascorbate concentration in serum and liver increased. Confinement stress had no effect on serum and liver ascorbate concentrations. Cumulative mortality of channel catfish 21 d subsequent to experimental infection with E. ictaluri was higher for stressed fish than for nonstressed fish. Regardless of stress or nonstress, overall mortality for fish fed the basal diet was lower than the fish fed diets containing supplemental vitamin C. There were no differences in post-infection antibody levels among treatments or between stressed and nonstressed fish. Results from this study indicate that channel catfish require no more than 50 mg/kg dietary vitamin C for normal growth, stress response, and disease resistance.     

Vitamin E sparing effect by dietary vitamin C in juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus

In order to investigate sparing effects of vitamin C on vitamin E for juvenile hybrid tilapia, fish were fed diets with or without vitamin E each supplemented with either adequate or a high (3× adequate) level of two ascorbate sources, -ascorbic acid (AA) and its derivative, -ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Mg (C2MP-Mg). Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish initially weighing a mean value of 0.54±0.01 g/fish in a closed-recirculated rearing system for 8 weeks. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed the vitamin E-deficient diet supplemented with adequate levels of either AA or C2MP-Mg were significantly lower (P<0.05) than fish fed the other diets. Plasma and liver -tocopherol concentrations were lower in fish fed vitamin E-deficient diets regardless of the level or source of supplemented ascorbate. Gill -tocopherolxxxxxxxx concentration was highest in fish fed vitamin E-adequate diets, intermediate in fish fed vitamin E-deficient diets supplemented with a high level of AA or C2MP-Mg and lowest in fish fed a vitamin E-deficient diet supplemented with an adequate level of AA or C2MP-Mg. Fish fed a vitamin E-deficient diet supplemented with an adequate level of AA or C2MP-Mg had higher hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances than fish fed the other diets. These data suggest that the high supplementation level (3× adequate) of ascorbate could spare vitamin E in diets for hybrid tilapia and that both AA and C2MP-Mg exhibits the same sparing effect.