Fishing for feed in China: Facts,impacts and implications

China is the world's largest capture fisheries and aquaculture producer. Over recent decades, China's domestic marine catch composition has changed markedly, from large volumes of a few high‐valued food species to multiple, small, low‐valued, species, a significant proportion of which is primarily used as animal, especially fish, feed. Despite the growing volume and economic importance of the feed catches, their species composition, catch volumes and socio‐environmental impacts are all poorly understood. Based on a nationwide survey of >800 fishing vessels, and the identification and measurement of >12,000 fish and invertebrate individuals, the present study provides an overview of the feed component of China's domestic marine catch, by volumes, species and sizes, and found it to be substantial and biologically unsustainable. Half of the trawler catch (3 million metric tons, mmt), or 35% of the total catch (4.6 mmt) in China's exclusive economic zone, are now comprised of low‐valued “feed‐grade fish”. The present study identified 218 fish species, 50 crustaceans and five cephalopods, and of these, 102 fish species were food species with 89% individuals in their juvenile size ranges. Feed‐grade fish were mainly used as aquaculture feed directly, or indirectly, through the feed industry after reduction to fishmeal and fish oil. The unparalleled scale and poor fisheries resource condition of China's domestic marine fisheries, in parallel with severe overfishing of juveniles, creates a demand for fundamental changes to fishery management practices, including a significant reduction of fishing effort to ensure productivity and ecosystem resilience.     

CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF LOCALLY GROWN FOOD: THE CASE OF INDIANA AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS

Many Indiana small- and medium-sized farm and ranch operators are looking at aquaculture to diversify their operations, but the underlying thought for most of these potential aquaculturists is the feasibility of raising fish, and whether consumers will be interested in Indiana aquaculture products. The study used an ordered probit model to examine Indiana consumers' interests in Indiana farm-raised aquaculture products. The model did not predict any non-interest but predicted 18% probability of consumers that are somewhat interested, 58% for consumers that are interested and 24% for consumers that are strongly interested. Factors that positively affected interest in Indiana aquaculture products were previous purchase of farm-raised aquaculture products, frequent at-home seafood consumption—once per week, and being at least 36 years of age. While consumers in the household income $20,000–$59,999 group showed interest, households with higher incomes were less interested. Prices that consumers are willing to pay for Indiana seafood products are within the range of market seafood prices in Indiana. However, consumers will not be interested in Indiana aquaculture products as premiums for the products increase.     

Is there a blue transition underway?

In this study, we describe what we term a Blue Transition, defined as the passage from fish biomass reduction to recovery in exploited aquatic resources, enabled by aquaculture. A Blue Transition is a key component of emergent “blue” discourses which support that the expansion of aquaculture would relieve pressure on declining capture fisheries, thus contributing to global food security, particularly of the poorest populations. Based on global secondary data and the case of Chile, we explore the evidence of such claim and the implications of a Blue Transition for fisheries and aquaculture development. In 2012, worldwide aquaculture production surpassed wild captures; nevertheless, such turnaround would have not taken place without China's contribution. In Chile, this turnaround occurred in 2014, concurrently with the lowest industrial landings registered since the 1960s (1,227,359 tons). Chile's aquaculture is not relieving wild fisheries or satisfying food demands of the lower income population, in the country or elsewhere. Salmon, the main aquaculture product, is destined mainly to Japan, Russia and United States where, due to its high prices, it is consumed mostly by wealthy consumers. For the case at hand, evidence suggests that a blue transition may be underway but is going in the wrong direction: from what may have been sustainable fisheries management before the 1970s to the overexploited wild fisheries of today.     

Aquaculture's potential impacts on conservation of wild stocks and biodiversity

Abstract

Anderson theorizes that development of the aquaculture of a fish species (also captured in an open‐access fishery) favours the conservation of its wild stocks, if competitive market conditions prevail. However, his theory is subject to significant limitations. While this is less so within his model, it is particularly so in an extended one outlined here. These other models allow for the possibility that aquaculture development can impact negatively on wild stocks thereby shifting the supply curve of the capture fishery, or raise the demand for the fish species subject both to aquaculture and capture. Such development can threaten wild fish stocks and their biodiversity. While aquaculture development could in principle have no impact on the biodiversity of wild stocks or even raise aquatic biodiversity overall, its impact in the long‐term probably will be one of reducing aquatic diversity both in the wild and overall. The development of aquaculture does not automatically ensure long‐term sustainability of fish and other aquatic supplies.     

水产标准编写的基本要求

标准的必备要素包括封面、前言、名称、范围、正文.水产标准由渔业环境、资源、渔船、水产养殖、水产品加工、渔具与渔具材料、渔业机械、仪器、渔用饲料、检疫防疫、渔药等标准组成,主要应用于水产品的养殖、捕捞、加工、运输、贸易等环节.介绍了水产标准编写中的必备要素及可选要素,提出水产标准编写的基本要求.     

THE EFFECTS OF EXPORT PRICES ON THE DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR FISH IN THE PHILIPPINES

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the effects of changes in export prices on Philippine fish demand, supply, prices and trade. The analysis uses a multi-commodity-model of the fisheries sector that is based on the AsiaFish model. The results indicate that higher export prices lead to higher output and exports for the fisheries sector. However, such changes also cause a decline in the domestic consumption of fish.     

基于WTO视角的渔业补贴问题研究

渔业补贴是促进世界各国自身渔业发展的一项重要措施,但是近年来随着全球海洋渔业资源日趋衰退以及水产品国际贸易关系扭曲,渔业补贴的作用越来越遭到许多国家和国际组织的质疑。世贸组织《多哈部长宣言》已将渔业补贴纪律列为规则谈判之一,近些年也举行了多次谈判,在WTO主要成员国的努力下,相关规则草案的出台表明了在WTO框架下解决渔业补贴问题的可行性。本文主要对渔业补贴的定义及分类,典型国家与地区的渔业补贴状况作了分析,然后基于WTO渔业补贴谈判的进展及前景,对WTO框架下我国的渔业补贴政策现状及改进方向进行了总结。     

我国离岸养殖工程发展策略

发展离岸养殖工程对于保障水产品供给、开发蓝色国土资源、实现海洋水域资源的合理利用与有效开发具有重大意义。本文阐述了我国网箱养殖工程发展现状和面临的主要问题,介绍了国外在深水抗风浪网箱和养殖工船方面的研发进展,指出未来离岸养殖工程发展趋势是养殖设施系统大型化、养殖环境生态化、养殖地域外向化、养殖过程低碳化,提出了我国离岸养殖工程发展战略目标是:至2020年,全面形成面向深海、合理分布于主权海域的海上水产品养殖生产与流通体系,实现海洋渔业由"捕"向"养"的根本性转变,建立领先于世界的工业化蓝色农业生产体系。     

贵贵州地区碳汇渔业潜力研究

我国是当今世界水产品产量最高的国家，渔业呈现地区发展不平衡、不充分的格局，内陆地区渔业发展水平总体上远低于沿海地区。在当前“碳达峰”和“碳中和”双碳战略背景下，渔业迎来了前所未有的机遇和挑战尤其是对于内陆淡水渔业，碳汇渔业将成为未来的一个重要发展方向。该文主要根据《中国水产统计资料》和《中国渔业统计年鉴》，以贵州省为例，结合贵州地区近年来的渔业发展现状，估算了贵州省近五年(2016—2020年)的渔业碳汇强度，分析了贵州地区发展碳汇渔业的潜力。渔业碳汇强度估算结果显示，2016—2020年贵州省渔业碳移出量在1.4 t到1.7 t之间，平均碳移出量为1.5 t。贵州省渔业发展相对落后，水产品捕捞产量和养殖产量均远低于全国平均水平，但贵州省近年来大力推广稻渔综合种养和湖库养殖等生态渔业模式，到2020年稻田养殖和湖库养殖面积分别占全省水产养植总面积的74.2%和19.2%，二者产量达到全省总产量的一半以上，远高于全国平均水平。稻渔综合种养和湖库养殖等生态渔业成为贵州省水产养殖业的重要养殖模式，未来这类具备碳汇功能的生态渔业规模将会进一步扩大，是贵州地区扭转渔业养殖模式和渔业经济增长方式的机遇，对碳汇渔业的全面推广和渔业的可持续发展具有重要指导意义。     

THE FARMING PRACTICES AND ECONOMICS OF AQUACULTURE IN THAILAND

ABSTRACT

The paper reviews freshwater and coastal aquaculture practices in Thailand, and compares the productivity, costs, and benefits across various types of cultivation and various intensities of production. The paper is based on data that were collected in surveys conducted during 1998–2001 by the Department of Fisheries (DOF), Thailand and the WorldFish Center. More than 22% of Thailand's fish supply comes from aquaculture, with coastal aquaculture accounting for more than 88% of this in terms of value. Intensive culture of shrimp is the dominant form of coastal aquaculture, occupying 69% of the area under production. However, in some regions, the average net profit/kg of intensive shrimp culture is negative, and semi-intensive farming, with relatively lower fixed investment and operating costs, delivers the highest rate of return on investment. On the coast, grouper and sea bass are the most important cage-cultivated species, achieving an economic rate of return as high as 92%. In the same environment, culture of mollusks, such as green mussels, oysters, and blood cockles, is widespread. It can also be economically sustainable, with relatively low capital and operating costs. Although the relative share of freshwater aquaculture production is declining, the level of output has been increasing rapidly. While the average production from monoculture of carnivorous species is higher than that from polyculture, the average capital investment and operating costs associated with the former are also higher. The expansion of freshwater polyculture and of mollusk culture in coastal areas would greatly assist poor fish farmers.     

ANTICIPATING THE GROWTH OF AN OCEAN AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY

In assessing the future expansion of aquaculture in coastal-ocean environments, most studies focus only on the constraint posed by the local environmental assimilative capacity. In open-ocean environments, however, the assimilative capacity is difficult to gauge. We develop an alternative economic approach for projecting the growth of the open-ocean aquaculture industry. We evaluate equilibria in the market for seafood, where the product may be supplied either by a wild-harvest fishery or open-ocean aquaculture or both. In our framework, the net demand for farmed fish determines the size of the aquaculture industry and, in turn, the levels of pollution discharges. We illustrate our approach with a case study of a groundfish fishery and the proposed open-ocean aquaculture of Atlantic cod in New England. We find that, for a range of competitive production costs for aquaculture, the optimal industry structure would comprise both a wild-harvest fishery and aquaculture.     

我国水产品质量安全问题发生原因解析

发达国家利用SPS协议，对我国水产品进行严格的卫生检疫，致使我国水产品出口受阻。我们应从中吸取教训，采取措施，加强水产品的质量安全管理。     

长江十年禁渔后保护与发展

长江是我国鱼类多样性最高的河流，同时也是我国最重要的淡水渔业资源产区。然而，近几十年来受水域污染、水工程建设、湖泊围垦、航运发展、过度捕捞和外来种入侵等多重因素的影响，长江流域生态系统面临着逐渐衰退的困境，主要表现为鱼类种类数减少、鱼类濒危物种程度加剧、鱼类资源小型化趋势明显、鱼类资源呈衰退趋势和外来物种种类增多等。长江十年禁渔，对恢复长江水生态环境和保护水域生物多样性提供了重要的机遇。作者建议统筹协调长江生态保护与渔业发展的关系，创新流域管理体制与机制，根据长江水生态系统结构与功能变化，适时调整服务目标，其目的旨在实现对长江流域水生态环境的保护和渔业资源的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Sustainable commercial aquaculture: A survey of administrative procedures and legal frameworks

Abstract

Commercial aquaculture which, for this paper, is defined as the rearing of aquatic organisms that is profit oriented and primarily by the private sector, contributes to food security, directly by producing food fish, and indirectly by generating employment, and thus, income for the purchase of food. In addition, commercial aquaculture can be sustainable because it depends on private, rather than public funds that are usually lacking or scarce. The paper describes some enabling policies that are conducive to the promotion of commercial aquaculture. In particular it focuses on administrative and legal frameworks. The paper concludes that development of aquaculture can be enhanced by legislation specific to the sector rather than relying on general fisheries legislation; such a legislative framework (particularly for land‐based aquaculture) would resemble that of agriculture. Regulations require expensive and time‐consuming monitoring and enforcement; they should focus on environmental protection and a sustainable industry.     

Evaluation of antimicrobial products used in tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) and whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) aquaculture

Despite the importance of aquaculture increases for feeding the growing world population, professional farm management and proper use of aquaculture products or drugs are needed. It is important to know the quality of commercial antimicrobial products on the market while there is wide use of antimicrobials to treat fish diseases. The most commonly used antimicrobial products were identified from a previous survey, included amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, sulphadiazine, sulphamonomethoxine and sulphadimidine. Eight local chemical supply shops were randomly sampled in representative aquaculture areas in Maoming and Zhanjiang districts of south China in 2013. In this study, only eight products contained active substances within ±10% of the concentration declared on the product label among the 30 different most used commercial products; while six products did not contain any of the declared antimicrobials. Three products without labels were sold as ‘pure antimicrobial’ and had high concentrations of active antimicrobials. Furthermore, most products only provided ambiguous information on the packages on both antimicrobial usage and dosage; and only one product stated how to prepare medicated feed which is important for efficient usage. The results of this study showed that the aquaculture antimicrobial products sold on the market were of low quality and thus compromised effective fish disease treatment. Moreover, insufficient information on products’ labels would provide limited instruction on correct antimicrobial usage. Inspection and supervision by both private companies and the government's sector require strengthening.     

渔业管理理论与中国实践的回顾与展望

渔业管理一直是世界各渔业国家所面临的难题。本文首先分析了中国渔业的特点,指出中国的渔业管理比世界上任何国家都更为复杂、更为困难,描述了中国渔业管理的历史沿革和中国渔业政策的发展脉络,指出在中国的渔业发展中渔业政策对渔业生产始终起着指导和推动的作用,认为中国初步形成了以《中华人民共和国渔业法》为基本框架,层次结构完备,措施有力,不断完善和强化的渔业管理制度。然后,介绍了渔业管理的主要理论,梳理了中国学者对渔业管理研究的主要文献,指出中国通过水产养殖支撑不断增长的水产品消费需求,成功解决了水产品需求与资源环境约束之间的矛盾,对减少捕捞野生渔业资源发挥了重大作用。文章归纳了中国渔业管理的主要制度和措施,并对其效果进行综合评述,认为几十年来,特别是改革开放以来,中国不断引进先进的渔业管理理念,促进养殖业、捕捞业、加工流通业、增殖渔业、休闲渔业等五大产业蓬勃发展,渔业生态环境修复力度不断加大,依法治渔能力显著提升;但是由于中国渔业的特点和渔业的复杂性和不确定性,中国渔业仍存在着一些明显的问题。最后,本文根据相关的渔业发展规划,展望了中国的渔业管理将朝着渔业资源总量控制、强化资源保护及生态修复的方向发展。     

消费结构变化对海洋渔业资源环境的影响分析——以浙江为例

文章以浙江省为例，通过定性和定量的综合分析发现，随着生活水平的提高，人们消费结构不断转变，水产品尤其鱼虾等越来越成为人们消费的主流食品之一。水产品消费需求日益增长，为海洋渔业生产带来强大的动力，海洋捕捞量跟着大幅度上升，给海洋渔业资源带来巨大的影响。     

DEMAND FOR AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS IN TAIWAN: AN APPLICATION OF THE GENERALIZED MODEL

ABSTRACT

Policy decisions on what aquaculture products to develop require information on consumer demand for cultured species. However, information on the structure of demand for aquaculture products is limited and what few studies there are in Taiwan, where aquaculture is a major industry, suffer from methodological problems. To clear up some of these problems, we used modified nonnested testing techniques and performance forecasting to determine which generalized models could best estimate the demand for Taiwanese aquaculture products. The results of modified nonnested testing of the aquaculture demand system showed that prices predetermined and quantities predetermined could be used to estimate demand. The generalized ordinary demand model was able to better forecast performance than the generalized inverse demand model. We used the likelihood ratio test to discriminate among the four competing models for the generalized ordinary model; the AIDS model could be more suitably applied to the data. A more general model that is able to incorporate different dynamic structures (partial adjustment, first autoregressive, and static). This general framework is applied to the AIDS model. The first autoregressive AIDS model we used to calculate the own and cross-price elasticities for milkfish, tilapia, shrimp, shellfish, and carps found that price elasticities varied across fish type, that some products had high long-run own price elasticities, and that the demand for aquaculture products was largely determined by inertia.     

海峡两岸渔业在加入WTO后的合作前景初探

本文介绍了台湾海峡两岸渔业的生产、贸易以及加工各方面情况,其中包括两岸渔船的分布海域、作业对象以及两岸远洋渔业和养殖业各自发展的特点等。文章认为两岸的水产品贸易将成为今后两岸各自的进出口贸易中的一个闪亮点,这很大程度上得益于两岸贴近的风土习俗和地理因素等。文章阐述了WTO的基本准则对即将入世的两岸渔业直接贸易的影响。并对两岸渔业在分别加入WTO后,将面临什么样的机遇和挑战,以及今后渔业合作的发展前景提出初步的探讨。     

Aquaculture development and scenarios of change in fish trade and market access for the poor in Cambodia

Aquaculture holds considerable potential to contribute to poverty alleviation, if it provides poor people with opportunities other than as primary producers. Integration of aquaculture into poverty reduction programmes provides means to diversify production systems and reduce food insecurity but also needs improved markets in locations where aquaculture can offer sustainable livelihoods to poor farming households. This study reviews the current constraints that poor people face in accessing markets in Cambodia and analyses its implications for pro‐poor domestic aquaculture development. We use a Geographic Information System‐based spatial Bayesian probability model to simulate market accessibility and estimate the numbers of poor people who could potentially benefit from improved market access under four different scenarios. Analysis of secondary data confirms that the potential for poor aquaculture producers to interact with urban markets in Cambodia is currently low. The potential of aquaculture to interact with rural markets is, however, high. It is concluded that the development of aquaculture has considerable potential to reduce the transaction costs in domestic fish trade by improved access of poor producers and consumers to rural markets in Cambodia. An aquaculture development strategy that improves rural market access could include benefits for up to 1 million poor aquatic resource users.