温度对点篮子鱼幼鱼生长、摄食和消化酶活性的影响

研究了不同养殖温度(19℃、23℃、27℃、31℃)对点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)幼鱼生长、摄食和肠道消化酶活性的影响。结果表明,实验期间各温度组幼鱼存活率(SR)均达到95%以上,19℃组存活率显著低于其余各组(P0.05);在19~31℃范围内,幼鱼的特定生长率(SGR)和相对增重率(WGR)随温度的升高而显著增加(P0.05),在31℃时达到最高值;不同温度组的体质量增长速度由高到低依次为31℃27℃24℃19℃,31℃和27℃温度组体质量呈二项式增长,23℃和19℃组呈线性增长;随着温度升高,其饵料系数(FCR)逐渐降低(P0.05),回归分析显示在29.89℃时达到最小值;摄食率(FR)随着温度的升高而显著升高(P0.05),曲线分析得其在31.74℃时达到最大值。温度对幼鱼肠道胰蛋白酶活性影响显著,随温度降低呈逐渐升高的趋势,19℃组胰蛋白酶活性显著高于27℃和31℃组(P0.05);温度对幼鱼肠道脂肪酶活性无显著性影响(P0.05);温度对幼鱼肠道淀粉酶和麦芽糖酶活性影响显著(P0.05),在23℃时达到最大值。综合以上结果认为,点篮子鱼幼鱼快速生长的适宜温度范围为29.89~31.74℃,在此温度范围内点篮子鱼幼鱼可获得较大的生长率。     

盐度、温度和pH对2种篮子鱼精子活性的影响

选取健康成熟的雄性长鳍篮子鱼(Siganus canaliculatus)和点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)亲鱼进行人工采精,设定不同的盐度、温度和p H梯度,观察其对精子活力及激烈运动时间的影响。结果表明:随盐度、温度和p H的升高,2种篮子鱼精子的活力都先增强后减弱;随盐度和p H的升高精子激烈运动时间均先延长后缩短,但随温度的升高,2种篮子鱼精子激烈运动时间都呈现下降的趋势。2种篮子鱼精子的最适盐度范围均为30~35,精子活力和激烈运动都较高。长鳍篮子鱼精子最适温度范围为20~25℃,点篮子鱼精子最适温度范围为25~30℃,在25℃时,2种篮子鱼精子的活力都最高,分别为(90±2.67)%和(95±1.5)%。在p H为7~8范围内,2种篮子鱼精子活力较高,激烈运动时间也相对较长;p H为8时,长鳍篮子鱼和点篮子鱼精子活力都最高,分别为(95±4.67)%和(95±3.67)%,精子激烈运动时间也最长,分别为(44±3.89)s和(34±3.67)s。比较而言,长鳍篮子鱼精子对盐度、温度和p H的耐受性均高于点篮子鱼精子。     

低温胁迫对点篮子鱼幼鱼肝脏抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响

将点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)幼鱼由25℃转移至14℃、15℃、16℃、17℃和18℃条件下处理96h,测定在不同温度下、不同时间点点篮子鱼幼鱼肝脏抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量变化,探讨了温度骤降对点篮子鱼幼鱼肝脏抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示:随着温度的降低和处理时间的延长,除14℃组外,其余各组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性均呈现先升后降的趋势;14℃组,SOD和GPX活性在3 h时达到最高值,随着处理时间的延长,酶活性持续下降,在96 h时达到最低;14℃组CAT活性在处理后持续降低,在12 h时达到最低,之后逐渐升高并在96 h时显著高于对照组。所有处理组中MDA含量随着处理时间的延长呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,最终各组MDA含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验表明,温度骤降能激活点篮子鱼幼鱼肝脏中抗氧化酶活性,消除低温应激产生的活性氧自由基(ROS),但肝脏内MDA含量显著增加,表明点篮子鱼仍处于氧化应激状态。在14℃时,抗氧化酶活性变化趋势与25℃及其余温度处理组间均存在明显差异,表明此实验条件下鱼体不能适应14℃的温度。     

卵形鲳鲹消化酶活性的研究Ⅳ养殖水温和酶反应温度对幼鱼酶活性的影响

比较研究了不同的养殖水温和酶反应温度对卵形鲳够幼鱼(体重为0.82±0.15 g)消化酶活性的影响.在第一组试验,将卵形鲳够幼鱼分别在19℃、22℃、25℃、28℃和31℃各温度下养殖7 d,然后在相同的酶反应温度下测定其消化酶活性;第二组试验,将卵形鲳够幼鱼在25～26℃驯养7 d,然后分别在15℃、20℃、25℃、...     

黄茅海五种常见海洋生物的热耐受性

为研究黄茅海常见经济物种的热耐受性,采用动态实验法和静态实验法,研究了褐篮子鱼、褐菖鲉、褐石斑鱼、口虾蛄和日本蟳在不同基础水温(即驯化温度,14.0、18.0、24.0和30.8°C)和温升速率(0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、6.0、9.0、12.0和15.0°C/h)条件下的热耐受能力[最大临界温度(CTM)和24 h高起始致死温度(24 h UILT50)]。动态实验结果表明,基础水温和温升速率显著影响实验动物的热耐受能力,即实验动物的耐热性与基础水温呈正相关。温升速率对其热耐受性的影响受基础水温的制约:在4个基础水温条件下,随着温升速率的升高,实验动物的CTM总体呈上升趋势。静态实验结果表明,实验动物的24 h UILT50受物种差异和基础水温的影响显著。随着基础水温从14.0°C升高至30.8°C,褐篮子鱼、褐菖鲉、褐石斑鱼、口虾蛄和日本蟳的24 h UILT50分别从28.1、28.9、30.3、28.4和36.3°C显著上升至34.6、36.1、36.6、35.1和38.2°C。动态实验法和静态实验法分析发现,5种实验动物的热耐受能力依次为日本蟳褐石斑鱼褐菖鲉口虾蛄褐篮子鱼。     

点篮子鱼幼鱼摄食浒苔的习性及生长特征

以点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)幼鱼为实验对象,通过水下摄像与直接观察相结合的方法,研究了点篮子鱼幼鱼摄食浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifra)的规律及生活习性。研究结果表明,点篮子鱼为白天摄食类型,喜结群,常栖息于水体中下层,警惕性高,容易受到惊吓,应激反应较强,有啃食网衣上附着物的特点。在饵料供应充足的情况下,平均体长(64.5±5.6)mm、体质量(7.6±1.3)g的点篮子鱼幼鱼对浒苔的平均日摄食量(湿重)为8.7 g,相当于自身体质量的1.1倍。日摄食高峰存在于白天的三个时段,第一个高峰时段是4∶00~6∶00,第二个高峰时段是7∶00~12∶00,第三个高峰时段是13∶00~17∶00,对应摄食高峰点依次是5∶00、9∶00、14∶00。点篮子鱼在19∶00~20∶30间有极少量的摄食,而在20∶30~3∶00之间没有观察到摄食行为。以浒苔饲喂平均体长(39.9±2.3)mm、体质量(2.1±0.2)g的点篮子鱼幼鱼,经过90 d养殖,幼鱼平均体长为(66.0±5.8)mm、体质量(9.8±2.2)g,日均增长0.29 mm,日均增重0.09 g。点篮子鱼幼鱼全长(TL)与体长(BL)呈线性关系TL=1.143 9BL+2.108 2(R2=0.944 9),体质量(W)与全长之间为幂函数关系W=0.000 024TL2.938 7(R2=0.954 3)。点篮子鱼幼鱼体质量与全长的幂函数关系中指数为2.938 7,接近3,点篮子鱼幼鱼为等速生长类型。点篮子鱼对浒苔的摄食量较大,利用点篮子鱼生态防治浒苔等大型藻类将会起到很好的效果。     

草鱼hsp70和hsp90对温度急性变化的响应

为研究不同温度条件下草鱼热休克蛋白(hsp70和hsp90)的表达模式,了解草鱼对温度的耐受和适应机理,实验将在20℃下驯化的草鱼在7个实验温度(22,24,26,28,30,32和34℃)中热激3h,然后20℃恢复2h,取肝脏,肌肉和鳃测定hsp70和hsp90表达.结果表明,hsp70和hsp90表达量随着温度升高而上升,当温度达到34℃时,肌肉与鳃热休克蛋白基因表达量显著下降,草鱼耗氧率、热休克蛋白表达和死亡率之间的关系符合氧限制热耐受理论(OCLTT).基于OCLTT理论,草鱼生理临界温度为28℃,当温度超过28℃,热休克蛋白表达所需能量主要由无氧代谢提供,进而导致体内氧自由基和变性蛋白的增加,影响草鱼的生长和存活.     

光唇裂腹鱼幼鱼对温度、盐度、pH的耐受性试验

为研究光唇裂腹鱼幼鱼对温度、p H及盐度等水质环境条件的耐受性,进行了温度、酸碱度、盐度对光唇裂腹鱼的影响试验。试验结果表明,光唇裂腹鱼幼鱼对温度的耐受范围为0~31℃,高温、低温的半致死温度分别为31℃和3℃,适宜生长温度为7~26℃。光唇裂腹鱼是一种狭酸碱性鱼类,在p H 4.2~10.5的水体中可存活96 h以上,在p H 5.0~9.7的条件下,96 h内其存活率无影响,在24、48、72、96 h,其酸度半致死p H分别为4.20、4.40、4.50、4.60,碱度半致死p H分别为10.50、10.45、10.35、10.25。光唇裂腹鱼幼鱼又是一种狭盐性的鱼类,其半致死盐度随时间的增加而降低,该鱼对盐度的耐受性随时间的增加而减弱,24、48、72、96 h的半致死盐度分别为10.7、9.7、9.3、8.9 g/L,两个级别的安全浓度(SC)分别为0.890、2.385 g/L。     

温度对四川华鳊胚胎发育的影响

为探索温度对四川华鳊胚胎发育的影响,笔者观察16、19、22、25、28、31℃6个温度条件下四川华鳊的胚胎发育过程,描述总结(25±0.5)℃下胚胎发育各个阶段的形态特征。研究结果显示,四川华鳊胚胎发育过程可划分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官分化和出膜等8个连续发育阶段;在(25±0.5)℃下孵化总历时44.83 h;在温度为16℃时,胚胎发育至原肠胚晚期全部死亡;19℃时孵化率为30.00%,其中畸形致死占87.19%,显著高于其余4个温度组(P<0.05);温度由19℃升至31℃时,胚胎发育所需时间变短,各温度间差异显著(P<0.05),其中器官分化阶段均用时最长,占整个胚胎孵化历时的72.53%~77.07%;胚胎畸形率随着温度升高而上升,31℃的胚胎畸形率约为28℃的2倍;在22~28℃时,胚胎的受精率和孵化率、成活率最高,畸形率最低。研究结果表明,水温在(19±1)℃,卵径(y)与胚胎孵化时间(x)的关系为y=49.56-44.36x+47.92x^2(r^2=0.996);水温22~28℃为适宜孵化温度,最佳水温约为25℃;胚胎发育的生物学零度为12.69℃,有效积温为522.35~595.11℃·h。     

狼鳗幼鱼对温度和盐度耐受性的试验研究

通过温度和盐度渐变试验,研究了狼鳗(Anarrhichthys ocellatus )幼鱼的温度和盐度耐受范围.结果表明:狼鳗幼鱼的最佳生长温度为9～16℃,在降温和升温试验中,当温度逐渐低于9℃或者高于16℃后,狼鳗幼鱼逐渐出现不适症状,最低和最高耐受温度分别为0.5℃和24℃.狼鳗幼鱼的最佳盐度范围为20～38,最低和最高耐受盐度分别为6和44.     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Preliminary Characterization of European Sardine Transglutaminase

Abstract

The significant role of transglutaminase (TGase) in the setting of surimi led us to perform its preliminary characterization in sardine muscle. The time course of the reaction and the effect of enzyme level were studied. The temperature optimum was around 35°C and the thermal stability was studied in the 15-55°C range. Higher TGase activity was measured in sardine dark muscle than in the white muscle. A slow decrease of TGase activity during ice storage of sardine was recorded, but after eight days in ice it was about 50% of its initial activity. Cold storage of sardine for a short period did not affect TGase activity.     

高温对鱼类的影响及其预防研究

鱼类是水生变温动物,其生长繁衍与生活环境条件密切相关,其中环境温度是鱼类生长发育最重要的环境因子之一.水温影响着鱼类的摄食、生长、免疫和生殖等活动,具有多方面生态作用.     

Comparative Studies of the Proteolytic Activity of Crude Extracts from the Digestive Tract of Three Shark Species

Abstract

The level of pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) was measured in the digestive organs of Portuguese dogfish, leafscale gulper shark, and lowfin gulper shark. The highest pepsin activity was measured in the cardiac stomach. Trypsin was not detected in leafscale gulper shark, and chymotrypsin was mainly measured in the intestine. LAP was detected in all organs and species. The temperature optima of pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin were between 42 and 48°C and those of LAP in the 50-56°C range. Pepsin from Portuguese dogfish was considerably activated during pre-incubation. Trypsin, chymotrypsin and LAP from lowfin gulper shark were reasonably activated when pre-incubated but that was not evident in these proteases from Portuguese dogfish and leafscale gulper shark.     

Critical Thermal Maximum of Juvenile Spotted Seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) Reared for Summer Stocking in Texas

The critical thermal maximum of juvenile spotted seatrout (SL range 18–33 mm) was determined using a temperature increase of +0.26°C per hour. The critical thermal maximum (water temperature that was lethal to 50% of the test fish [LT₅₀]) for trial 1 was LT₅₀ = 38.8°C, LT₅₀ = 39.4°C for trial 2, and LT₅₀ = 38.9°C for trial 3. Critical thermal maximums differed significantly (P < 0.05) between trials 2 and 3, whereas trial 1 did not differ among trials. This difference correlated with body size, where fish in trial 2 were significantly larger (P < 0.05) (mean = 27.6 ± 2.0 mm in SL) (mean ± SE) than the fish of trials 1 (mean = 23.1 ± 0.5 mm in SL) and 3 (mean = 21.5 ± 0.7 mm in SL), suggesting positive size dependence in the critical thermal maximum.     

热冲击对鱼类影响的研究

对我国几大水系鱼类及水产动物共６５种的抽样调查、急性热冲击试验，热回避试验，最大起始致死温度和持续热影响试验，以及组织检查等，探讨了我国渔业水域的废排水对鱼类影响的温度标准，认为我国夏季废热排水最高温度珠江水系和湛江沿岸水域不得超过３６℃；长江和钱塘江水系、黄河水系不得超过３５℃；黑龙江和松花江水系不得超过２６℃；大连近岸水域不发过２４℃。西北地区冷水性鱼类水域水超过２１℃，且各水系最大水温变化范     

Thermal Optima for the Culture of Juvenile Summer Flounder,Paralichthys dentatus

Abstract

Summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, aquaculture has shown promise over the recent past and a considerable body of knowledge is amassing for this species of flatfish. Even with the amassing data, basic information on environmental parameter ranges to maintain in indoor culture systems is still lacking. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to elucidate a temperature range that may be best suited for juvenile summer flounder production in indoor recirculating aquaculture. A 10-week study was designed to address 19, 24 and 29°C as potential temperatures for the culture of summer flounder. Fish averaging 9.5 g initial weight were stocked into triplicate 20-L aquaria per treatment after conditioning to their respective temperatures for 1 week. Fish were fed to apparent satiation twice daily a 50% crude protein fingerling diet and weighed every 2 weeks to assess growth rates.

Juvenile summer flounder grew better at 24 and 29°C (167 and 197% increase initial weight, respectively) than at 19°C (97% increase in initial weight) with increased individual fish variation within a treatment as temperature increased above 19°C. Feed efficiency was greatest at 24 and 29°C (0.65 and 0.57, respectively), but survival decreased at temperatures above 19°C (93, 60 and 57% for 19, 24 and 29°C, respectively). There was no effect of temperature on the hepatosomatic index or interior muscle ratio, but the finray muscle ratio was slightly elevated when flounder were cultured at 29°C. The lipid content of the finray muscle and liver also increased at 29°C. Therefore, 24°C appears to be the best culture temperature for summer flounder with respect to growth rates and efficiency, but survival and homogeneity of flounder may be lowered at temperatures above 19°C.     

Thermal ecology of subadult and adult muskellunge in a thermally enriched reservoir

The movement of adult muskellunge, Esox masquinongy Mitchill, has been investigated in a variety of systems, but temperature selection by muskellunge has not been examined where well‐oxygenated waters were available over a range of temperatures for much of the year. Thirty subadult and adult muskellunge tagged internally with temperature‐sensing radio tags were tracked from March 2010 to March 2011 in a Tennessee reservoir. Mean tag temperatures were 18.9 °C in spring (March to May), 22.1 °C in summer (June to August), 16.5 °C in autumn and 9.8 °C in winter (December to February). When the greatest range in water temperatures was available (7.1–33.3 °C; May to early August 2010), their realised thermal niche (mean ± 1 SD) was 22.3 °C ± 1.8; the realised thermal niche was affected by fish size (smaller fish selected slightly warmer temperatures) but not sex. An electric generating steam plant discharging warm water resumed operation in January 2011, and most (86%) tagged fish occupied the plume where temperatures were ≈10 °C warmer than ambient water temperatures. No mortalities were observed 15 days later when plant operations ceased. Their affinity for the heated plume prompted concerns that muskellunge will be too easily exploited when the plant operates during winter.     

Effects of rearing temperature on growth,metabolism and thermal tolerance of juvenile sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus Selenka: critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and hsps gene expression

Effects of different rearing temperatures (16, 21 and 26°C) on growth, metabolic performance and thermal tolerance of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (initial body weight 7.72 ± 0.96 g, mean ±SD) were investigated in this study. During the 40‐day experiment, growth, metabolic performance, food intake and energy budget at different reared temperatures were determined. Sea cucumbers rearing at 16°C obtained better growth (final body weight 11.96 ± 0.35 g) than those reared at 21 (10.33 ± 0.41 g) and 26°C (8.31 ± 0.19 g) (P < 0.05), and more energy was allocated for growth at 16°C (162.73 ±11.85 J g^?1 d^?1) than those at 21(79.61 ± 6.76 J g^?1 d^?1) and 26°C (27.07 ± 4.30 J g^?1 d^?1) (P < 0.05). Critical thermal maxima (CTmax) values of juvenile sea cucumbers reared at 16, 21 and 26°C were 33.1, 34.1 and 36.6°C, respectively, and the upregulation of hsps in sea cucumbers reared at 26°C was higher than those acclimated at lower temperatures (16 and 21°C), indicating that temperature acclimation could change the thermal tolerance of the sea cucumber, and CTmax and hsps were sensitive indicators of the sea cucumber's thermal tolerance.     

Thermal preference and tolerance of green abalone Haliotis fulgens (Philippi, 1845) and pink abalone Haliotis corrugata (Gray, 1828)

The thermoregulatory behaviour of green abalone Haliotis fulgens and pink abalone H. corrugata was investigated. Haliotis fulgens juveniles ranging in wet weight from 3.0 to 3.3 g and from 28.7 to 30.5 mm shell length and of H. corrugata 2.0 g and 25.7 mm in shell length were exposed to 19°C for 30 days in a flow‐through water system. Temperature preference was determined in a horizontal thermal gradient and was found to be 25.4°C for green abalone and 25.0°C for pink abalone. Displacement velocity was 4.3 cm h⁻¹ for H. fulgens and 12.8 cm h⁻¹ for H. corrugata. The optimum temperature for growth calculated for both abalone species was 24.6 and 24.5°C respectively. The critical thermal maxima (CTMax) of H. fulgens and H. corrugata were determined as a measure of thermal tolerance. Abalones were subjected to increasing water temperatures at a rate of 1°C on 30 min until they detached from the substrate. The CTMax at 50% were 33.6 and 32.0°C for green and pink abalone respectively. The results are discussed in relation to site selection and commercial rearing.