Population structure and partial anadromy in Oncorhynchus mykiss from Kamchatka: relevance for conservation strategies around the Pacific Rim

Abstract –  Conservation of life-history diversity found in Oncorhynchus mykiss requires knowledge of the underlying population structure and genetic basis of this variability. We analysed variation at 10 microsatellite loci from seven rivers across Kamchatka to identify population structure and to test for divergence between life-history forms. We found lower heterozygosity in Kamchatkan populations compared with North American populations, but population structure was substantial (region-wide F _ST = 0.11) and followed an isolation-by-distance pattern similar to that reported for older North American populations. We found no evidence for genetic divergence between resident and anadromous individuals in the Sopochnaya River or between typically anadromous individuals and 'half-pounders' in the Utkholok River. A review of other studies of reproductive isolation, in combination with our results, suggests: (1) that pristine populations of steelhead should be expected to exhibit partial anadromy; and (2) that managing anadromous and resident individuals separately without demonstrating reproductive isolation is biologically unsound.     

翘嘴鳜养殖与野生群体及其家系的遗传多样性分析

通过5个翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)的微卫星标记,对收集的湖北、广东翘嘴鳜养殖与长江野生3个群体及其家系的遗传结构进行了分析和比较。结果表明:筛选的5个微卫星位点具有高度可提供信息性,平均多态信息含量(PIC)0.5,三个群体遗传多样性关系为:湖北养殖群体(BF)长江野生群体(WBF)广东养殖群体(DF),不同家系的期望杂合度在0.4～0.7之间,家系间的遗传分化显著。分子方差分析结果显示,家系群体内的变异(83.33%)是总变异的主要来源。可见,湖北养殖群体具有较高的遗传多样性,具备进一步繁育筛选优良群体的潜质,微卫星分子标记技术可用于翘嘴鳜家系育种过程中的亲子鉴定。     

泉水鱼长江流域3个地理群体的遗传结构分析

水电开发造成的栖息地片段化可能导致鱼类群体间出现生殖隔离,对流域内重要经济和特有鱼类的群体遗传结构产生不利影响。为探究长江流域梯级水电开发可能对泉水鱼(Pseudogyrincheilus procheilus)群体产生的遗传影响,利用线粒体控制区对泉水鱼长江流域的乌江、金沙江、大渡河3个地理群体的遗传结构进行了分析。结果表明,乌江群体的遗传多样性最高,平均核苷酸差异(k)和核苷酸多样性指数(Pi)分别为4.893和0.00668;金沙江群体遗传多样性最小,k和Pi值分别为0.561和0.00077,大渡河群体遗传多样性与乌江群体相近。泉水鱼3个地理群体之间有显著的遗传分化。乌江群体和大渡河群体间的基因流大于金沙江群体和其他2个群体间的基因流,金沙江群体和其他2个群体间有着较远的遗传距离。Fu's Fs检验结果显示,3个地理群体的Fs值均为负值,核苷酸不配对分布均呈现明显的单峰型,揭示了各个泉水鱼群体均经历了明显的群体扩张。研究结果反映出泉水鱼遗传多样性较为丰富,金沙江群体和其他群体间显著的遗传差异可能是由于历史扩张而非自然选择造成的,泉水鱼存在区域化适应的地理群体,可预见梯级水电开发对其遗传结构的影响将十分有限。     

塔里木河流域5个地理种群的叶尔羌高原鳅遗传多样性分析

为研究塔里木河流域叶尔羌高原鳅(Triplophysa yarkandensis)群体的遗传多样性,基于高通量测序平台,对叶尔羌高原鳅基因组进行测序,并筛选出符合条件的微卫星位点,设计100对用于PCR扩增的引物,最终筛选出39对具有多态性的引物,挑选多态性较高的15对在5个河段叶尔羌高原鳅种群中进行扩增,分析不同种群的遗传多样性和种群分化情况。结果显示,5个叶尔羌高原鳅群体的平均等位基因数(Na)和有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为48.467和15.181,平均观测杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)分别为0.578和0.929,多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.893,种群间遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.102。其中,车尔臣河群体等位基因数最多(18.143),阿克苏河群体等位基因数最少(10.429);阿克苏河群体的观测杂合度最高(0.706),台特玛湖群体的观测杂合度最低(0.517);阿尔干群体的多态信息含量最高(0.877),阿克苏河群体的多态信息含量最低(0.760);阿克苏河与台南河群体的遗传距离最小(0.606),阿尔干与台南河群体遗传距离最大(1.901);阿尔干群体与台南河群体遗传相似度最低(0.149),阿克苏河与台南河群体的遗传相似度最高(0.545)。群体遗传结构显示,车尔臣河与台特玛湖、阿克苏河与台南河、阿尔干群体分别聚为独立分支。研究表明,塔里木河各个河段叶尔羌高原鳅之间虽然有一定的差异,但仍然有基因交流现象。     

Evaluating genetic structure among resident and migratory forms of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in Northeast Oregon

Abstract –  Many salmonids express multiple behavioural forms within the same population, representing an evolutionary adaptation to a heterogeneous environment. For bull trout, resident and migratory forms co-occur in streams, but it is unknown whether the two forms assortatively mate. We assessed genetic differentiation between resident and migratory bull trout (using eight microsatellite loci) in the South Fork Walla Walla River. We PIT-tagged and fin-clipped bull trout and assigned individuals to behavioural subpopulations based on movement patterns. The pair-wise F _ST value between resident and migratory subpopulations (0.0037) was statistically insignificant, and individual-based analyses of structure using both multivariate and Bayesian approaches showed a lack of genetic structure within the population. These results have important implications for assessing population status and management; while the population may be managed as a single reproductive unit, the phenotypic variation within this population may have fitness consequences and thus merits conservation.     

Population genetic structure and variability of Pacific herring <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clupea pallasii</Emphasis> in the stocking area along the Pacific coast of northern Japan

ABSTRACT:   The genetic diversity of wild and hatchery-released Pacific herring Clupea pallasii collected from three brackish lakes and two bays in Honshu and Hokkaido, Japan was examined with five microsatellite loci. All loci showed high genetic variability with expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.815 to 0.945. Significant differences in genotypic and allelic distributions were detected among all locations except for between the two bays in Honshu Island. Pairwise population analysis based on the F _ST values showed close genetic relationships among the locations in Hokkaido Island, and the hierarchical analyses of molecular variance showed significant genetic difference between the two islands. Those results suggest the existence of subpopulations due to natal homing. In addition, stocked fish showed as much genetic diversity as the wild fish. The pairwise population analyses also showed close relationships between the hatchery fish and the wild fish in respective stocking areas, showing that no effects of stocking programs on genetic diversity of wild populations were detected.     

Microsatellite variation reveals fine-scale genetic structure of masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, within the Atsuta River

Abstract –  To describe in detail the population genetic structure of masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou , seven anadromous populations in the Atsuta River were investigated by analysis of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci. Exact test and genetic differentiation ( F _ST) revealed that significant differentiation was observed at the within-river scale. Principal components analysis revealed that the spatial pattern of genetic composition was related to geographical location of each population. Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between genetic differentiation and geographical distance, indicating that dispersal is less likely to occur between distant populations. The results of this study imply that masu salmon have potential to show clear genetic structure at the microgeographical scale (21 km) due to precise homing behaviour.     

基于微卫星评估草鱼放流亲本对野生群体遗传多样性的影响

利用筛选的13对草鱼多态性微卫星标记,开展了2011至2015年长江中游草鱼亲本增殖放流对野生群体遗传多样性的影响评估。通过对各位点的遗传多样性分析,13个微卫星位点的多态信息含量为0.8622(0.657~0.950),基因多样度为0.8555(0.675~0.936)。15个群体的有效等位基因数为7.4503~10.1536,等位基因丰度为11.483~15.204,说明15个草鱼群体的遗传多样性水平总体较高。遗传分化指数分析表明,群体间不存在显著遗传分化(FST5%)。通过贝叶斯聚类分析和主成分分析可将草鱼群体分为4个组群,根据分组结果以及来源划分分别对草鱼群体进行AMOVA分析,发现遗传变异大部分来自于群体内个体间,组间及组内群体间的分化水平较低(FCT5%,FSC5%),与FST分析结果一致。研究表明,当前草鱼亲本增殖放流模式对野生群体遗传结构影响不明显。     

津鲢与长江鲢遗传多样性分析

随机选取津鲢和长江鲢各36尾,用16个微卫星标记进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示:16个微卫星位点在2个群体中共检测到等位基因105个,基因型241种,每个位点等位基因数3～15个,平均6.6个,基因型4～37种,平均15.1种。2个鲢群体平均观察杂合度(Ho)分别为0.5393和0.5392,平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.5887和0.5762,结果表明该2个鲢群体遗传多样性水平较高。2个鲢群体平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.5602和0.54,固定系数(FIS)表明这2个鲢群体表现为杂合子缺乏(FIS0)。2个鲢群体之间的遗传距离为0.0566,平均遗传分化系数(Fst)值为0.021,说明仅有2.1%的遗传变异来源于群体间。     

Population genetic structure of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar L., in the River Tamar,southwest England

Abstract Population genetic studies can be useful for informing conservation and management. In Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., population structuring frequently occurs between river systems, but contrasting patterns occur within rivers, highlighting the need for catchment‐specific studies to inform management. Here, population structure of Atlantic salmon was examined in the River Tamar, United Kingdom, using 12 microsatellite loci. Gene diversity and allelic richness ranged from 0.80 to 0.84 and from 8.96 to 10.24, respectively. Some evidence of genetic structure was found, including significant genetic differentiation between samples in different subcatchments (pairwise θ and tests of genic differentiation), results from assignment tests and a pattern of isolation by distance. Conversely, structure revealed only one population cluster, and an analysis of molecular variance showed no significant variation between subcatchments. Evidence of population bottlenecks depended on the mutation model assumed and is discussed with reference to catchment‐specific studies of stock abundance. Implications for implementing management actions are considered.