凡纳滨对虾养殖水中藻毒素和环境因子间的相关性

调查了凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘水体中微囊藻毒素的含量及其与环境因子间的关系,为凡纳滨对虾健康养殖提供理论依据.本实验室采用固相萃取(SPE)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定其微囊藻毒素MC-LR的含量;研究了MC-LR浓度与氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和水温等环境因子间的关系.结果发现其水样检测出微囊藻毒素MC-LR的最高浓度为23.15μg/L,氨氮、TN、TP与MC-LR均呈显著性正相关,氨氮、TN、TP、MC-LR与水温均呈显著性负相关.该实验结果验证了在发病的凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘中检出微囊藻毒素MC-LR的现象,初步推论凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘中微囊藻毒素MC-LR的含量与相关环境因子有关.     

富藻养殖水体中金鱼藻和篦齿眼子菜的抑藻效果研究

夏季高温时，养殖水体水华现象频繁发生，给养殖业带来巨大的损失。常见水生植物释放的活性物质在低浓度下可以起到抑藻作用，对藻类调控具有重要意义。本研究采用实验室静态模拟方法，取养殖池塘暴发蓝藻水华的水体，与沉水植物金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)及篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)进行共培养，研究这2种沉水植物对养殖水华水体营养水平、藻类生长、藻类结构及浮游藻类生物多样性的影响。结果显示，金鱼藻和篦齿眼子菜可显著降低水华水体氮、磷等营养水平(P<0.05)；金鱼藻和篦齿眼子菜可有效抑制水华蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)生长，尤其对颤藻和微囊藻(Microcystis sp.)效果显著(P<0.05)，且篦齿眼子菜对水华蓝藻抑制效果更为显著。实验结束时，篦齿眼子菜培养组藻密度下降93.6%，生物量下降98.9%，叶绿素a含量下降60.5%；金鱼藻培养组藻密度下降72.5%，生物量下降86.8%，叶绿素a含量下降54.3%；金鱼藻和篦齿眼子菜的存在可促进养殖水体浮游藻类生物多样性增加，且金鱼藻提高浮游藻类生物多样性效果更显著。金鱼藻培养组浮游藻类生物多样性升高98.4%，篦齿眼子菜培养组浮游藻类生物多样性升高50.3%。本研究结果可为未来生态养殖提供理论依据和参考。     

南太湖地区一典型青虾养殖池塘中微囊藻毒素浓度与环境因子间的相关性

采用固相萃取(SPE)和高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC/MS-MS)对湖州某淡水青虾养殖池塘水体中溶解态微囊藻毒素(MC-LR,MC-RR)浓度进行了监测,研究了微囊藻毒素浓度变化及其与总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3-N)、水温、叶绿素a(Chl-a)等水体环境因子之间的关系。结果显示:养殖水体藻毒素浓度在监测期间波动明显,游离的MC-LR的最高浓度达到了102.3 mg/L,MC-RR的最高值为32.6 mg/L,MCLR的浓度要高于相应时段的MC-RR。MC-LR和MC-RR的浓度变化呈显著性正相关。在整个监测周期内TN、TP与MC-LR均呈显著性正相关,NH3-N、TN与水温均呈显著性负相关,TP与MC-RR呈显著性正相关,Chl-a与TP、MCs呈显著性正相关。     

浙江诸暨三角帆蚌养殖池塘浮游植物群落结构和理化环境

2011年8月29日—9月1日采样分析了浙江省诸暨市枫桥镇10口三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)养殖池塘中的浮游植物种类组成、生物量和理化环境因子。结果显示,三角帆蚌养殖池塘内共观察到浮游植物51属(种),优势种为平裂藻、微囊藻、腔球藻和栅藻;浮游植物生物量为0.71~8.01×108cell/L,71%~97%为蓝藻。池塘内的透明度(SD)平均值为33 cm、溶氧(DO)为4~12 mg/L、总氮(TN)为1.933~4.062 mg/L、总磷(TP)为0.154~1.010 mg/L、高锰酸钾指数(CODMn)为6.49~10.06 mg/L,说明三角帆蚌养殖池塘具有DO较高,SD、TN、TP、CODMn和TN/TP较低的特点。RDA分析显示水温是影响池塘中浮游植物常见种类生物量的主要环境因子,说明相近池塘的浮游植物群落接近。鉴于所调查的池塘内TN、TP、CODMn和TN/TP较低,建议适当增加杂食性鱼类放养密度和配合饲料投喂量并降低鸭粪施肥量。     

太湖微囊藻毒素在罗非鱼体内累积及生物降解的初步研究

为了解蓝藻水华期间微囊藻毒素在罗非鱼体内的分布及累积传递过程,2008年6～8月采集了高密度蓝藻池塘及太湖网箱内的鱼样及水样,用ELISA法对鱼样和水样进行微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量的检测。结果表明,池塘水体微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量在0.123～0.514μg/L,MC-LR含量随着藻密度的下降而降低,对照组水体MC-LR浓度显著高于实验组MC-LR含量。池塘鱼体肌肉组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR累积含量在1.194～3.615ng/g,肝脏组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR累积含量显著高于肌肉组织。将池塘与网箱罗非鱼转至无微囊藻水体中暂养,跟踪检测MC-LR含量变化,池塘和网箱鱼体肌肉组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量均低于人体每日可耐受摄入量,而肝脏组织藻毒素MC-LR含量则分别需要经过10～20d自然生物降解后降低至安全摄入量之下。讨论了微囊藻毒素在鱼体组织分布与食物链中的累积传递。     

太湖微囊藻毒素在罗非鱼体内累积及生物降解的初步研究

为了解蓝藻水华期间微囊藻毒素在罗非鱼体内的分布及累积传递过程,2008年6～8月采集了高密度蓝藻池塘及太湖网箱内的鱼样及水样,用ELISA法对鱼样和水样进行微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量的检测.结果表明,池塘水体微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量在0.123～0.514 μg/L,MC-LR含量随着藻密度的下降而降低,对照组水体MC-LR浓度显著高于实验组MC-LR含量.池塘鱼体肌肉组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR累积含量在1.194～3.615ng/g,肝脏组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR累积含量显著高于肌肉组织.将池塘与网箱罗非鱼转至无微囊藻水体中暂养,跟踪检测MC-LR含量变化,池塘和网箱鱼体肌肉组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量均低于人体每日可耐受摄入量,而肝脏组织藻毒素MC-LR含量则分别需要经过10～20d自然生物降解后降低至安全摄入量之下.讨论了微囊藻毒素在鱼体组织分布与食物链中的累积传递.     

太湖微囊藻毒素在罗非鱼体内的累积及生物降解的初步研究

为了解蓝藻水华期间微囊藻毒素在罗非鱼体内的分布及累积传递过程，2008年6月至8月采集了高密度蓝藻池塘及太湖网箱内的鱼样及水样，用ELISA法对鱼样和水样进行微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量的检测。结果表明：池塘水体微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量变化范围在0.123～0.514ug/L间，MC-LR含量随着藻密度的下降而降低，对照组水体MC-LR浓度显著高于实验组MC-LR含量。池塘鱼体肌肉组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR累积含量在1.194～3.615ng/g间，肝脏组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR累积含量显著高于肌肉组织。将池塘与网箱罗非鱼转至无微囊藻水体中暂养，跟踪检测MC-LR含量变化，池塘和网箱鱼体肌肉组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量均低于人体每日可耐受摄入量，而肝脏组织藻毒素MC-LR含量则分别需要经过10～20天自然生物降解后降低至安全摄入量之下。并讨论了微囊藻毒素在鱼体内的组织分布与食物链中的累积传递。     

郑州郊区精养池塘微囊藻毒素检测分析

选择郑州郊区黄河南岸成片精养池塘5口,在养殖高峰期的8月份和养殖淡季的3月份各取水样1次。8月份藻毒素的检出率为100%,检出质量浓度范围为0.12~0.32μg/L,平均0.21μg/L;3月份5口精养池塘有3口检出藻毒素,检出率为60%,检出质量浓度范围为0.08~0.16μg/L,平均为0.08μg/L。总体上郑州郊区精养池塘的藻毒素含量较低,但应注意养殖高峰季节暴发蓝藻水华和天气突变。     

淡水养殖中微囊藻水华的控制研究

近年来,我国不少地区水质日趋富营养化,藻类水华频繁暴发,危害水产养殖,其中微囊藻是我国池塘养殖中最常见,危害最严重的藻类之一。现就我国微囊藻的控制研究作一介绍。 一、微囊藻水华暴发的机制     

南太湖入湖口叶绿素ａ时空变化及其与环境因子的关系

根据2010年1-12月专项监测数据,分析南太湖入湖口水域叶绿素a含量的时空变化特征以及与水温和营养盐等主要环境因子的相关性.研究表明,叶绿素a含量随时间变化明显,夏季最高,秋冬季次之,春季最低;在空间分布上,太湖西南入湖口水域的叶绿素a含量明显高于太湖南部入湖口水域.叶绿素a含量全年平均值为(15.71 ±11.24) μg/L,变化范围在1.50～74.3μg/L.叶绿素a含量与水温、pH、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH4+-N)呈极显著正相关,与溶解氧(DO)、总氮(TN)、TN/TP呈极显著负相关.叶绿素a含量变化受多个因子共同影响,水温是叶绿素a含量变化的关键因子.氮磷比平均值为17.8,在藻类生长氮磷比的最佳范围内,易发生蓝藻水华.叶绿素a含量的对数与TP的对数呈极显著正相关,与TN和TN/TP的对数呈极显著负相关.磷是南太湖入湖口水域浮游植物生长的限制因子.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.