近海养蚝技术

人工养蚝，按利用水层分，有底层养殖和立体养殖两种；按海域分，有天然蚝区养殖和近海养殖两种。底层养殖过去以石块为主，目前浅滩以水泥柱为主；深水仍以石块为主，但有逐渐被瓦柱混合附着器替代的趋势。立体养殖也叫吊养。吊养有桩架式、浮筏式和延绳式3种。     

牡蛎的栅架式垂下养殖法

人工养殖牡蛎的方法,大体可归纳为三大类型,一是地播养殖法,如地播石头、地播蛎壳、地播瓦片等;二是插立养殖法,如插水泥柱、插石柱、插水泥片、插竹和桥石等;三是垂下养殖法,如栅架式吊养、筏式吊养、延绳式吊养等。同一海区采用上述三种类型的方法,把近江牡蛎（ostrearivnlarisGould）养成收获规格院长15厘米左右）,其养殖时间和每1／15公顷产量（鲜肉）分别是：地播石头养殖法为5年和0．15－0．25吨;水泥柱插养法为5年和0．3（030-0.40吨;栅架式垂下养殖法为3年和2.00－2.50吨。栅架式垂下养殖法不但养殖周期短,而且单产高…     

套网养殖红螺新技术

为探索红螺养殖新路子，开发近海筏式养殖新物种，变低质贝类为优质产品。龙口市水产技术推广站于１９９８年至１９９９年利用贻贝套网进行红螺养殖试验，经过科研人员的精心管理，红螺试养获得成功。亩产红螺１４００ｋｇ，产值２．２万元，利润０．８万元。现将养殖技术及管理措施介绍如下： 一、海区条件与筏架的设置 筏架设在近海及浪较小的浅海区，水深为７～８ｍ，流速为０．３～０４ｍ／ｓ，透明度１～１．２ｍ，盐度为２７‰～３０‰，海底平坦，泥沙底质，水质无污染。 贻贝套网筏架吊养红螺，每亩设台筏架，筏架间距１０ｍ，横流…     

钦州大蚝筏架养殖中蚝串机械化收放作业设计

正香港巨牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)又称钦州大蚝,2017年广西牡蛎养殖面积为25.5万亩,仅钦州市养殖面积就达到14.8万亩,产量21.66万吨,产值11.29亿元。钦州大蚝养殖已成为广西具有亚热带特色的主导贝类养殖产业。一、国内现状目前钦州大蚝海上养殖技术成熟,主要采用笼式吊养、延绳吊养与海上筏架式养殖等。其中筏架式养殖具有易于控制和转移、养殖成活率较     

国外贻贝养殖工程设施发展近况

近岸养殖渔业的发展受到环境污染的影响和养殖容量的限制,国外近年来积极推进离岸深海养殖技术.综述了国外贻贝离岸养殖模式及养成设施的文献资料,用图片形式介绍了几种养殖设施的设计理念和结构,其中包括平台吊养、浮筏吊养等上浮式养殖模式以及半潜筏式吊养、半潜管式吊养等新型养殖模式,并提出了离岸养殖需注意的一些实际问题.     

西欧贻贝养殖概况

国外贻贝养殖已有几百年历史，1938年法国最早以篱笆式进行养殖，但产量甚低，亩产、1仅300公斤左右，其后黑海沿岸一些国家也开发贝贻养殖。西班牙(筏式吊养法)、法国（插杆养殖法)和荷兰(海底养殖法)是著名的贻贝类生产国，三种不同的养殖方式在世界上已占居领先地位并且作为模式被其它国家所效防。在有些地区，     

水泥框网片养殖麒麟菜高效技术

麒麟菜是一种热带海藻,已在我省养殖多年,主要养殖模式有绑苗播植、延绳浮筏吊养等。水泥框网片养殖方法则是最近兴起的一种新型麒麟菜养殖模式,目前已在我省推广。现将昌江海尾沿海地区水泥框网片养殖琼枝麒麟菜试验情况总结如下。     

中国贝类收获与加工装备研究现状与展望

<正>一、贝类收获技术与装备研究现状1.延绳养殖牡蛎机械化收获技术与装备传统的延绳养殖牡蛎收获,主要依靠小型收获船人工作业的模式,通过人工把主缆绳提起,再把吊养牡蛎串拉拽到船舱,船舱内铺设网兜,收获满舱后返回码头,通过起吊设备将装满牡蛎的网兜吊到运输车上,再折返继续作业,存在收获效率低、工人劳动强度大等问题。针对这些问题,中国水产科学研究院渔业机械仪器研究所开展了延绳养殖牡蛎海上机械化收获与处理专用装     

胶州湾贻贝的生长

本文报道了胶州湾贻贝生长的研究结果。研究的对象有来自烟台、大连、青岛的自然春苗和青岛的自然秋苗、人工春苗、人工秋苗和在胶州湾东部青岛市第二海水养殖场养殖的贻贝。对壳长、壳重、肉质部、体重的生长，作了仔细观察，测定了生长率和生长值。研究的结果表明，养殖大苗比养殖小苗能大幅度提高产量，作为提高产量的措施，应当力求早分苗、养大苗。     

台山县采用浮吊式养殖贻贝

台山县下川镇在传统的插桩式养殖翡翠始贝的基础上，今年以来共投资200多万元，在独湾、略尾等海区，开拓浮吊式养殖翡翠贻贝1000多亩。用浮吊篾缆绳、旧轮胎、旧胶丝绳等各种采苗器近30万吊。目前，各种采苗器全部附上了翡翠贻贝苗，每吊采苗多达1500粒，少的也有几百粒。     

A Preliminary Study of the Spatial Variation in Growth of Raft-Cultured Blue Mussels Mytilus trossulus in Northern Puget Sound, Washington

Abstract.– The effects of culture rope density (high and low), position (inside, middle. and outside), and depth (1, 3, and 5 m) on growth rates, expressed as mean shell length increase (mm) per day, were quantified in raft-cultured blue mussels Mytilus trossulus in northern Puget Sound during the fall of 1993. Growth rates differed by as much as 20% after the 90-d experimental period, and varied significantly according to culture rope position, but not according to culture rope density or depth. Furthermore, a three-way analysis of variance revealed a significant first-order interaction effect, culture rope density × depth. The significant culture rope position effect was due to the higher growth rate (mean ± SEM) of mussels on outside culture ropes (0.199 ± 0.009 mm/d) compared to inside culture ropes (0.168 ± 0.007 mm/d). The interaction effect was due to the significantly higher growth rates of mussels at I and 3 m (0.197 ± 0.009 and 0.204 ± 0.011 mm/d, respectively) compared to 5 m (0.162 ± 0.014 mm/d) under low culture rope density conditions, and the significantly higher growth rate of mussels at 3 m under low culture rope density conditions (0.204 ± 0.011 mm/d) compared to high culture rope density conditions (0.168 ± 0.012 mm/d). Practical raft management is affected by such variation in growth. Commercial mussel growers may find it necessary to alter their culture methods to insure a more uniform product from seed to harvest.     

Effect of mussel bio-pumping on the drag on and flow around a mussel crop rope

Drag measurements are conducted to determine if inhalant and exhalant of fluid during mussel feeding has a detectable influence on the drag of a mussel-encrusted rope such as is commonly used in suspended aquaculture. The experiment is conducted using an artificial mussel crop rope constructed using the shells of Perna canaliculus, with 100 mussels (mean shell length 83.4 mm, S.D. 8.7 mm) attached over a length of 0.90 m. Fluid pumping from mussel feeding is simulated using inhalant and exhalant jets pumping at a rate of 7 L h^?1 per mussel. The mussel rope is towed at speeds between 0.05 and 0.4 m s^?1. No significant difference is found between drag with and without the mussels pumping indicating that assessments of the drag on or from mussel long-lines may safely neglect the effect of mussel feeding. We suggest using twice the mussel shell size to define mussel rope diameter which gives a drag coefficient of C_D ～1.0. A value of C_D ～1.3 is obtained if the projected area of the mussel rope is used. Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) is also used on a similar but shorter crop rope (0.3 m length) in a recirculating flume which reveals that mussel pumping induces only small changes to mean velocity and turbulence distributions downstream of the rope. The wake of the crop rope is highly turbulent and dominated by shear instabilities formed in the free shear layer, similar to bluff body wakes. The sharp edges of the mussel shells provide many points for flow separation to occur. At typical ambient velocities, turbulent kinetic energy produced by the exhalant jets is small in comparison to that from flow around the crop rope.     

Self-organization and mechanical properties of mussel culture suspensions: A critical review

Published information on the spatial organization of mussel culture suspensions (collectors, socks, droppers and poles) is reviewed. Despite the several hundred studies on mussel culture this type of information is very scarce but suggests that mussels self-organize into phyllotatic patterns similar to those widely studied in cylindrical/tubular biological structures and mineral crystals. I demonstrate that space regulated self-thinning (SST) models developed for plane substrates are not applicable to mussel suspensions and propose a new SST model based on the packing geometry of mussel shells around a rope. The robustness of this model is assessed by its application to a wide range of cultured populations. This comparison suggests that the carrying capacity of individual suspensions for commercial-sized mussels is equivalent to a single layer of tightly packed mussels around the rope, independently of the species, type of suspension, presence/absence of pegs, site (growth rate) and stocking density and size. The emergent mechanical properties of these porous, extremely rough and heterogeneous bodies are reviewed. The proposed SST model provides insights into the biomechanical processes of self-thinning and sloughing.     

Biofouling on Greenshell? mussel (Perna canaliculus) farms: a preliminary assessment and potential implications for sustainable aquaculture practices

Greenshell? mussel (Perna canaliculus) culture is the primary aquaculture industry in New Zealand. However, our knowledge of biofouling on Greenshell? mussel farms, and its contribution to farm ecotrophic effects, is poor. We conducted a preliminary study of biofouling accumulation at two Greenshell? mussel farms during Intermediate and Final seed on-growing stages (each of 6?months duration) with sampling of mussel ropes at 0, 3, 5 and 6?months during each on-growing stage. A diverse range of biofouling organisms (71 distinct taxa) accumulated on mussel ropes, with biofouling biomass dominated by suspension-feeding organisms (~88% of biofouling biomass) such as other bivalves, ascidians and, to a lesser degree, bryozoans. Biofouling biomass increased with culture time, varied between farms and was generally greater at 2?m than at 8?m depth. After 6?months, biofouling organisms on average comprised 54% of the total rope biomass. The reseeding of ropes between Intermediate and Final seed crops reduced the amount of non-Greenshell? mussel biofouling. However, after 6?months, non-Greenshell? mussel biofouling on average still comprised 15% of the total rope biomass. To evaluate potential ecotrophic effects of biofouling on Greenshell? mussel farms, we compare the clearance rates of Greenshell? mussel longlines based on Greenshell? mussels alone and when combined with the two dominant biofouling species observed in our study (the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the ascidian Ciona intestinalis). Our study shows that accumulated biofouling biomass on Greenshell? mussel ropes can be significant and recommends further investigation as to actual ecotrophic effects of biofouling to ensure sustainable mussel farm practices.     

The impact of the adult blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) population on settling of conspecific larvae

The choice of a mussel bed as a settling locality by conspecific mussel larvae is a trade-off between reduced fitness due to an increased risk of larval predation and post-settling food competition with the filtering adults and the benefit from a reduced post-settling mortality. This reduced post-settling mortality may be due to a reduced benthic predation in habitats with high complexity. In a field experiment, the larval settling of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, was recorded on an artificial substrate 0.25, 1 and 2 m above the bottom during six periods in spring 1999. The experiment was conducted at four stations with dense mussel beds located at two of these stations. Two of the four stations, one with mussel beds and one without, were located in a wind-exposed area and the two other stations in a sheltered area. It was demonstrated that the larval settling was reduced up to 1 m above the mussel beds. A size analysis of the settled mussels indicated that the reduction in settling intensity close to mussel beds was due to a pre-settling process: the larvae were predated by the filtering adult mussels. Settling was significantly affected by wind stress. During periods with a high mean wind velocity and a turbulent water column, the larvae showed a reduced settlement 1 m above a mussel bed relative to 2 m above, whereas the same patterns not could be observed outside a mussel bed. The importance of the filtration activity of the adult mussels and the behaviour of the larvae is discussed. The recruitment of blue mussels into a mussel bed was investigated. Here, significant positive correlations were observed between the density of recruits and density of adult mussels and weights of empty shells. This indicates that the filtering mussels not only increase the mortality of larvae, but also serve as an important substrate reducing post-settling predation from benthic predators.     

MUSSEL CULTIVATION AS A CO-USE IN OFFSHORE WIND FARMS: POTENTIAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY

More than 50% of the annual worldwide harvest of mussels is produced in Europe. The mussel cultivation in Germany is based on an extensive on-bottom culture and depends entirely on natural resources for food, spat and space. Due to stakeholder conflicts and a lack of spat availability, mussel farmers tend to move offshore where space is not limited and adequate settlement guaranteed. Newcomers – the offshore wind farmers – are covering large areas in the German Bight which in contrast give the opportunity to use these areas in a multifunctional way by accepting mussel cultivation within the wind farms. This study compiles the basic data for offshore mussel cultivation in close vicinity to a designated offshore wind farm in the open sea of the German Bight and employs different case-scenario calculations to illustrate the impact of changing parameter values on overall profitability or non-profitability of this activity. Primary focus is placed on the production of consumer mussels but seed mussel cultivation is also taken into consideration. We show that production of consumer mussels with longline technology is sufficiently profitable even under the assumption of substantial cost increases. This is especially true, if existing capacities could be used. The cultivation of seed mussels depends on the possibility of using existing equipment. A substantial increase of seed mussel prices to at least 0.6 €, given the main cost categories remaining constant, turns this alternative into substantial profitability. This study concludes with providing some recommendations on how favorable terms or actions could further improve profitability of offshore mussel cultivation. Altogether, our results are intended to shed some light on business management topics that future offshore mariculture operators such as traditional mussel farmers should follow in order to be efficient.     

A critical reflection on the success of rearing and culturing juvenile freshwater mussels with a focus on the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.)

相似文献   

Ten years of experience in the rearing of young freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera)

• 1. In rearing experiments performed between 1997 and 2007, captive‐bred juvenile mussels were harvested shortly after they had dropped off their host fish, and exposed to different types of cages and holding systems.
• 2. Survival of juveniles ranged from 0 to 92% in the first 4 months, but the mean annual mortality was high in all trials and with all systems. In three trials with sheet cages and sediment boxes exposed to mussel rivers from an initial number of 1440 to 1660 only one to eight mussels reached 4 years of age.
• 3. With the exception of mussels kept in spring water no relationship between growth and survival was observed.
• 4. Low survival rates were obtained in sheet cages exposed to very oligotrophic and highly eutrophic brook stretches. Several natural sites that were lacking recruitment in the wild nevertheless showed good results in the cages.
• 5. All holding systems showed irregular variations in survival rates. Pairs of sheet cages showed no correlation between the survival of mussels in the adjacent cages. In contrast, growth rates were correlated.
• 6. No relationship could be found between the growth or survival in sheet cages at different sites and brooks and the corresponding data on water chemistry.
• 7. The systems tested for rearing young mussels involving a minimal time and effort in the natural habitat were not successful due to the elevated mortality rates of juveniles.
• 8. The rearing success of young pearl mussels in cages in the water flow of mussel rivers gives no information about the suitability of these sites for natural reproduction. Thus, to find potential natural habitats for Margaritifera, it is imperative to survey water quality, sediments and habitat structure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

MIDI自动鉴定系统在贻贝菌相分析中的应用

以7—10月的新鲜紫贻贝为试验材料优化培养基,从中分离纯化出各种细菌,并采用MIDI微生物自动鉴定系统结合PCR的方法分析贻贝整体及各部位的优势菌相。试验结果表明,选用加5%贻贝汁和2.5%营养琼脂作为培养基较好;新鲜贻贝的优势菌主要由弧菌、芽孢杆菌和腐败希瓦氏菌组成,而弧菌和腐败希瓦氏菌集中在表面,芽孢杆菌在肠腺占82%;对分离的蜡样芽孢杆菌菌株进行16SrDNA序列分析,发现其与GeneBank中的4,5,6,7株蜡样芽孢杆菌的16SrDNA序列相似性均达到99%,因此,应用MIDI微生物自动鉴定系统鉴定贻贝中优势细菌是可行的。     

Analysis of culture production and growth rate patterns of mussel (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mytilus galloprovincialis</Emphasis> Lmk.) cultured in the open ocean of the SE Bay of Biscay for the commercial product development

Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. mussels were cultured at two culture depths in a submerged longline system, located in the SE Bay of Biscay, from June 2013 to August 2014. The Von Bertalanffy Seasonal Growth Function (VBSGF) of the original seeded batch, without newly settled seed, at each culture depth was assessed. Mussels maintained their reached size during the slow growing months and size increased thereafter. In addition, to test both culture depth scenarios for resource management, the production of commercial pieces (“small” and “large” mussels) in quantity (mussel classification) was assessed. VBSGF output proved that commercial mussels may well be harvested throughout the year in the studied site. The culture period required to produce mussels of a commercial size was 1 to 1.5 years, depending on seeding date.