用EM菌、高效菌、底净剂调节水质试验

将人工生产的微生态制剂EM菌、水产高效菌和底净剂引入水产养殖环境中,检测池塘水质因子变化。结果表明:微生态制剂EM菌、水产高效菌和底净剂等水质调节剂可以通过菌体代谢有效降低底质与水体中的有害物质、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、COD,改良底质,净化水质,通过微生物竞争作用,抑制底质及水体有害致病微生物、有害藻类的生长与繁殖,促进有益藻生长、繁殖与稳定水质。     

试论改善虾池生态环境

本文简要地阐明改善虾池生态环境要把好四关:一要建设深塘大水体虾池,为对虾生长创造良好的环境;二要做好海水监测工作,确保虾池纳进新鲜海水;三要减少对虾不可利用的有机质进入虾池,减轻虾油污染;四要转化清除虾池中的有害物质,净化虾池底质水质。     

保水宁在水产养殖中的应用

保水宁是有益微生物的活菌制剂,经过活化后施于水中,可改善养殖水体水质和池塘底质。保水宁主要作用有以下几方面: 一、迅速降解有机物,改善水质条件 保水宁成品状态为干粉剂,细胞处于休眠期,一进入养殖水体即能活化,并迅速以倍数繁殖成为养殖水体中的优势种群,需氧代谢与厌氧代谢并存,特别是在十分缺氧的老化     

全国水产养殖病情预测预报

7月份,全国气温、水温继续升高,水产养殖进入生产旺季,水生动物摄食代谢旺盛,残饵、粪便等极易导致养殖水体中有机质浓度及氨氮、亚硝酸盐等有毒有害物质超标,水体溶解氧含量低,影响水体环境。同时7月也是雷雨多发季节,南部沿海进入台风期,养殖水质、底质较不稳定,水产养殖进入病害高发期,做好防控工作尤显重要。     

7月全国水产养殖病害预测预报

<正>7月份,天气闷热,水温持续升高,水产养殖进入生产旺季,水产养殖动物摄食量增加,残饵及排泄物不断增多,极易影响水体环境。同时7月也是雷雨多发季节,可能出现暴雨、强对流等极端天气,沿海地区进入台风高发阶段,气温变化幅度大,养殖水质、底质较不稳定。本月是水质易变、病害爆发和流行的主要月份之一,病害防控工作尤显重要。     

南美白对虾养殖后期重在虾塘底质管理

南美白对虾养殖60 d后,也即到了养殖后期,在做好水质调控的同时,重点是改良虾池底质环境。底质的好坏直接影响水质,通常人们是通过水质的变化再知道底质的变化,改善底质是改善水质的基础。病原通过池底的有机污染物生长繁殖,再通过水体扩散传播。因此,养水先改底。     

7月全国水产养殖病情预测预报

7月份,全国气温、水温继续升高,水产养殖进入生产旺季,水生动物摄食代谢旺盛,残饵、粪便等极易导致养殖水体中有机质浓度及氨氮、亚硝酸盐等有毒有害物质超标,水体溶解氧含量低,影响水体环境.同时7月也是雷雨多发季节,南部沿海进入台风期,养殖水质、底质较不稳定,水产养殖进入病害高发期,做好防控工作尤显重要.     

其他

010391海域净化装置二海域净化装置术个才卜夕【刊,日〕/编集部//养殖一2000,37(7)一142 在长崎马林技术开发联合企业,开发了一种海域净化装置。该产品适于内湾、封闭或半封闭式海水交换程度少的海区或内湾河口使用,其目的能促进周边海域生活排污水、工农业排污水注人海域或湾内水区水量循环速度和交换量,减少养殖水产品的损失,促进水质的净化,提高渔场的良性循环条件及渔业资源的恢复。主要特点(1)具有海底水流泵作用,把室气送人底层水中,促进海区水域海水的流动和循环,增加了大量溶解氧,改善了底质和水质。(2)具有海水流动化与自然海流同…     

有益微生物在水产养殖病害防治中的应用（续一）

“利生素”是从自然界纯化培养得到的活性微生物种群，具备对环境、人体、植物、动物无害而且有益的作用，兼有好氧与厌氧的代谢机制。能够分解转换养殖水体中的有机废物及氨氮、硫化氢、亚硝酸盐等有害物质，改善水质和底质环境，促进养殖生物健康生长。     

海洋环境污染对水产品质量的影响

水产品质量受海洋环境直接影响,良好的海洋环境是水产品质量安全的前提保证。海洋生态环境主要指海水环境和底质环境,根据《海水水质     

白洋淀水质改善方案优化及实施效果研究

模拟与分析白洋淀试点区域水质改善工程前后的水质变化情况,探索水质改善效果,为白洋淀水质改善提供思路与经验。基于实测地形、气象数据、水质监测数据、现状污染源、大气沉降、风扰底泥释放等数据资料,运用MIKE软件构建了白洋淀二维水动力和水质数学模型,选取现状水量未清淤(方案一)、增加补水流量1.5倍+未清淤(方案二)、增加补水流量2.0倍+清淤0.1 m(方案三)、增加补水流量2.0倍+清淤0.2 m(方案四)4种优化方案,模拟了典型时刻下白洋淀区域内的流场分布形态和主要污染物迁移扩散规律。结果表明:白洋淀淀区内水体流动速度普遍较小,在增大补水流量和清淤的情况下,流场的改变集中于入淀河流的下游,几乎不改变主淀中的流场分布。随着清淤深度的增大,底泥的污染物释放作用进一步削弱,但削弱的幅度较小。由此确定对白洋淀底泥厚度较大、水质污染较为严重的区域开展清淤工作,建议清淤厚度0.2 m左右。在清淤的基础上,对淀区进行合理补水,入口河流选用常年水质较好的河段,建议补水体积不超过现状补水方案的2倍。     

三沙湾生态环境及水产品卫生质量的研究

海域良好的水质、底质环境是水产养殖生物生存的必要条件，海域环境质量直接影响到养殖生物的健康生长和水产品的食用安全。开展港湾海域的水质、底质环境质量监测调查，对促进环境保护，发展健康水产养殖业具有重要意义。本文依据2003年福建三沙湾海区的监测资料与历史资料对照，分析并评价该海区的环境质量和水产品的食用安全，为研究三沙湾海域的养殖生物的卫生状况和食用安全提供依据。     

Aquaculture wastewater treatment and reuse by wind-driven reverse osmosis membrane technology: a pilot study on Coconut Island, Hawaii

Nitrogen in aquaculture wastewater may cause many environmental problems to the receiving water. To protect its pristine coastal water, the State of Hawaii established stringent water quality limits for aquaculture wastewater. Effluents from aquaculture facilities in Hawaii generally exceed these limits—sometimes by one to two orders of magnitude. Development of cost-effective treatment technology would be one of the most important factors for a profitable aquaculture industry in Hawaii. Furthermore, recirculating of aquaculture wastewater is highly desirable for environmental protection and resource conservation. To achieve these goals, a wind-driven reverse osmosis (RO) technology was developed and applied for the removal of nitrogenous wastes from the culture water of tilapia on Coconut Island, the home of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa. A conventional multi-blade windmill is used to convert wind energy directly to hydraulic pressure for RO membrane operation. Aquaculture wastewater passing through the RO membrane is separated into permeate (freshwater) and brine (concentrated wastewater). The permeate is recirculated to the fish tanks, while the brine is collected for possible treatment or reuse. As a result, no wastewater discharge is made to the ambient coastal water. Testing results indicated that the prototype wind-driven RO system can process and recycle freshwater at a flux of 228–366 L/h, depending on wind speed. The nitrogen removal rate ranges from 90% to 97%, and the recovery rate of the RO membrane is about 40–56%. A preliminary cost analysis shows that the production of 1.0 m³ permeate from aquaculture wastewater would cost US$ 4.00. Further study will focus on the reuse of concentrates and on further enhancement of cost-effectiveness.     

Changes in soil and water quality at sediment–water interface of Penaeus vannamei culture pond at varying salinities

The health of the pond environment in shrimp farming is important for sustainable and profitable aquaculture, in which sediment–water interface is the most important influencing area. With this objective, the key parameters of water and sediment at the interface was studied in shrimp ponds with varying salinities and compared with the surface water and soil to understand the variations and the underlying causes. Total ammonia nitrogen and total alkalinity were higher in water at the interface as compared to surface water, whereas pH, nitrite, oxide forms of nitrogen (NO₃), phosphorus (PO₄) and oxidizing bacteria were observed to be lower. There was no significant difference with respect to macrominerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium between water at the interface and surface. These changes are profoundly influenced by the uppermost 1.0‐cm thick sediment layer, where the maximum transition of nutrients takes place with the water column. The outcome of the study highlights the effectiveness of water sampling for metabolites at the interface, which reflects at an early stage any potential deterioration of pond environment, which will help the farmer to initiate timely mitigation measures.     

神经网络在养殖水质精准预测方面的研究进展

目前神经网络研究文献成果较多，虽然在水质精准预测方面起到了一定的参考，但由于文献缺少科学分类，使用率不高，导致学者难以找到研究切入点。针对这一问题，本文将神经网络方法在养殖区水质精准预测方面的文献按照海水和淡水两大领域进行分类，主要对每个领域所应用的预测模型从正反馈架构、循环架构和混合架构三个方向对海水时空序列文献进行分类研究和综述，发现混合架构模型的预测性能优于正反馈模型和循环架构模型，有利于提升不同深度水质预测模型的精度。另外，本文对基于神经网络方法的三维水质预测模型进行了初步探讨，发现学者的研究成果更多地集中在水表层和水中层的不同位置水质参数的变化方面，而神经网络方法对水表层水质预测精度比水中层和水深层水质预测精度高。     

Small mountain reservoirs in the Alps: New habitats for alpine freshwater biodiversity?

1. Today, aquatic biodiversity suffers from many pressures linked to human activities, including climate change, which particularly affects alpine areas. Many alpine freshwater species have shifted their geographical distribution to colder areas, but a reduced availability of suitable habitats is also forecasted. New artificial water bodies could provide habitat enhancement opportunities, including small mountain reservoirs built to overcome a lack of snow during winter.
2. To investigate the role of reservoirs as a habitat for freshwater invertebrates, a case study was conducted on eight reservoirs in the Swiss Alps. The study aimed to compare the water quality and freshwater biodiversity of the reservoirs with those of 39 natural and newly excavated ponds. Data were collected on physico‐chemistry, freshwater habitat structure, and aquatic insects (dragonflies and aquatic beetles).
3. The study showed that the mountain reservoirs investigated did not differ from natural ponds in terms of surface area, conductivity, and trophic level. Similarly to natural ponds, reservoirs showed signs of impairment owing to surface run‐off carrying pollutants linked to ski tourism. They presented a low diversity of mesohabitats, and in particular lacked vegetation. Compared with natural ponds, the species richness in reservoirs was lower for dragonflies but not for beetles. At the regional scale, the community from the reservoirs was a subset of the natural ponds community, supporting 38% of the regional species richness for these two insect groups.
4. The results suggest that mountain reservoirs are likely to be important for biodiversity in alpine areas, both as habitats and as stepping stones for species shifting their geographical range. These water bodies can be enhanced further by some nature‐friendly measures to maximize benefits for biodiversity, including margin revegetation or the creation of adjacent ponds. Ecological engineering needs to be innovative and promote freshwater biodiversity in artificial reservoirs.

     

南太湖入湖口蓝藻生物量与氮营养因子的年变化特征以及相关性研究

为了解南太湖水域近年来水质状况,以及蓝藻生物量与氨氮和总氮之间的变化规律,实验采用统计学方法,对南太湖水域3个入湖口(小梅港、新塘港、大钱港)水质中蓝藻生物量、氨氮和总氮的年变化特征进行了调查;使用SPSS10.0中的Bivariate(pcarson)软件对蓝藻生物量与氨氮和总氮的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)南太湖入湖口蓝藻生物量一般有两个高位期,一个是在每年5—6月,另一个在每年的9—10月;(2)南太湖入湖口的总氮浓度处于富营养水平,并有向重富营养化发展的迹象;(3)蓝藻生物量与氨氮浓度的相关性系数r介于0.102～0.290,呈现不相关;(4)2008—2009年蓝藻生物量与总氮浓度的相关系数r介于0.010～0.210,呈现不相关;2010年蓝藻生物量与总氮浓度的相关系数r介于0.430～0.474,呈现低度负相关。结果说明南太湖入湖口的氮营养盐已经不容忽视,湖泊中氨氮和总氮浓度升高,将为蓝藻的繁殖生长提供条件,蓝藻一旦暴发,氨氮和总氮浓度反而迅速降低,在南太湖水域蓝藻生物量与氨氮和总氮浓度之间存在一定的此消彼长规律。     

福建定海湾一次东海原甲藻与夜光藻双相赤潮浅析

通过对2010年6月7—13日发生在福建定海湾的一次东海原甲藻与夜光藻双相赤潮进行跟踪监测,分析并探讨了该次双相赤潮生消过程。本次赤潮暴发时海区表层水温范围为22.8~23.2℃,盐度范围为28.24~28.36;本次赤潮暴发后,监测结果显示该海区表层水体中夜光藻的大量存在对东海原甲藻的快速增长无摄食压力,而且在夜光藻大量存在的表层水体中活性磷酸盐及氨氮含量与正常海区相比均明显偏高,另外海区表层水体中东海原甲藻在赤潮暴发后仍能快速生长。     

Carrying capacity and potential environmental impact of fish farming in the cascade reservoirs of the Paranapanema River,Brazil

The objective of this study was to simulate changes in water quality standards caused by the installation of aquaculture parks for caged fish farming in the eight large artificial reservoirs in the Paranapanema River according to the different scenarios of technical and legal limitations: (i) occupancy of 1% of the total surface of the reservoirs and (ii) occupancy according to the environmental carrying capacity. For water quality modelling, these two scenarios were simulated to determine the trophic state index (TSI) of each reservoir. Based on the total area of all reservoirs in the first scenario, the fish farm facilities would occupy 18.3 km² and have an annual fish production of an estimated 513 thousand MT. However, because of limitations in the carrying capacity, the annual production in the second scenario would be 98 thousand MT and the fish farm facilities would occupy 3.5 km². Simulating the TSI for the first scenario, approximately 75% of the total area of all reservoirs was estimated to change from oligo or mesotrophic conditions to eutrophic, supereutrophic and hypereutrophic conditions, and four reservoirs may become completely eutrophic (Canoas 2, Canoas 1, Taquaruçu and Rosana). For the second scenario, however, eutrophic areas accounted for less than 30% of the total, although the Taquaruçu and Rosana reservoirs were still at risk of total eutrophication. These results indicate as well‐intentioned legislation can have unintended environmental consequences in dynamic social–ecological aquaculture systems as in the case of large reservoirs in the Paranapanema River.     

微囊藻水华叠加对太湖沉积物中细菌垂直分布的影响

为研究微囊藻水华爆发对沉积物中细菌的影响,加强对富营养化湖泊细菌生态分布和环境调控原理的认识,选取太湖竺山湾沉积物柱状样,经添加高浓度微囊藻培养后,采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis;PCR-DGGE）方法,分析细菌在沉积物中的垂直分布特征。结果显示,微囊藻水华叠加对于沉积物剖面表层细菌群落结构影响很小,对沉积物中细菌垂直分布的影响不大,仅在7～9cm深度之间有一定影响。