星突江鲽（Platichthys stellatus）群体同工酶分析

采用水平凝胶电泳技术对星突江鲽（Platichthys stellatus）养殖群体进行了同工酶分析。筛选了9种酶,检测到15个位点,在0.99水平上,仅PGM^＊位点表现为多态,LDH^＊、SDH^＊、G3PDH^＊、GPI-1^＊、GPI-2^＊、GPI-3^＊、IDHP^＊、SOD-1^＊、SOD-2^＊、SOD-3^＊、MDH-1^＊、MDH-2^＊、MPI-1^＊和MPI-2^＊均为单态,多态位点比例为6.67%,实际观测杂合度为0.0098,预期杂合度为0.0303,平均有效等位基因数目为1.0557。结果表明,星突江鲽养殖群体的遗传多样性水平较低。     

不同地理群体星突江鲽养殖子一代群体遗传多样性分析

采用RAPD标记技术对取自韩国沿海和俄罗斯沿海的星突江鲽养殖子一代进行了遗传多样性分析。从40个10bp随机引物中筛选出11个效果稳定的引物,对每个群体40个个体进行扩增,各获得57个位点。韩国群体多态位点数为33个,其多态位点比例P为57.89%;俄罗斯群体多态位点数为32个,其多态位点比例P为56.14%。韩国群体和俄罗斯群体的Shannon遗传多样度分别为0.3384和0.2963,Nei的多样性指数h分别为0.2305和0.1947。星突江鲽两群体遗传多态度总量Hsp为0.4252。其中,群体内遗传多态度Hpop为0.3174,源于群体内的遗传多样性的比例为0.7465,而源于群体间的遗传多样性的比例为0.2535。     

三疣梭子蟹野生群体同工酶的遗传多态性分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺不连续凝胶垂直电泳技术对三疣梭子蟹野生群体的同工酶进行检测.分析了48个样本的11种同工酶在三疣梭子蟹肌肉中的表达情况.11种同工酶(MDH、LDH、ME、SOD、 EST、SDH、IDH、ADH、POD、CAT、AAT)共检测出20个基因座位,其中Me-2、Sod-3、Cat-3、Ldh-2共4个座位呈多态(P0.99),多态座位百分数P为20%.平均每个座位的有效等位基因数目Ae为1.230,预期杂合度He为0.094,实际杂合度Ho为0.175.同时还分析了三疣梭子蟹4个多态座位的Hardy-Weinberg遗传偏离指数d.与日本绒螯蟹、中华绒螯蟹等相比,三疣梭子蟹野生群体的遗传多样性水平较高,种质资源还处于较好的状态.     

菲律宾蛤仔4个野生群体的同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺不连续凝胶垂直电泳技术对黄、渤海沿岸4个野生菲律宾蛤仔群体的同工酶进行了检测,8种同工酶共记录了18个基因座位,其中Est-1、Est-2、Sod-1、Sod-2、Ldh-1和Ldh-2共6个位点是多态的,多态座位百分数为33.33%。测得4群体平均等位基因数目为1.4412,平均有效等位基因数目1.1260,平均实际杂合度0.0570,平均期望杂合度0.0825,Hardy-Weinberg遗传偏离指数-0.2358,表明菲律宾蛤仔4个野生群体的遗传多样性属偏低水平。     

山东近海石鲽的同工酶分析

采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术研究山东半岛南岸海阳近海石鲽同工酶的组织特异性及群体遗传结构。结果表明，石鲽的眼、鳃、肌肉、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏和鳍条共8种组织的17种同工酶表达有明显的组织特异性。对肝脏和肌肉两种组织的AAT、ADH、EST、GPI、G3PDH、IDHP、LAP、LDH、MDH、MPI、PGDH、PGM、SDH和SOD等14种同工酶进行了遗传学分析，共记录了21个基因座位，其中，GPI-2^*、JDHP-2^*、MDH-1^*、MPI-1^*、PGM-3^*、SDH^*共6个基因座位呈多态，其多态座位比例为0．2857(P0.99)，平均观测杂合度和预期杂合度分别为0．0321和0．0283，平均有效等位基因数为1．3650，遗传偏离指数均大于零。石鲽和圆斑星鲽同工酶比较分析表明，二者在AAT^*、ADH^*、GPI-1^*、IDHP^*、LDH^*、MDH-1^*、MDH-2^*、MDH-3^*、MPI-1^*、PGM-1^*、PGM-2^*、SOD^*和SDH^*存在基因置换或近于基因置换，两种间的遗传距离为1．3117。     

三疣梭子蟹野生群体同工酶遗传多态性分析

三疣梭子蟹野生群体同工酶的遗传多态性分析=Isozyme polymorphism in Portunus trituberculatus from wild population ［刊，中］/高保全（中国海洋大学生命科学与技术学部，青岛266003）,刘萍,李健,戴芳钰//水产学报，—2007，31(1).-1～6 采用聚丙烯酰胺不连续凝胶垂直电泳技术对三疣梭子蟹野生群体的同工酶进行检测。分析了48个样本的11种同工酶在三疣梭子蟹肌肉中的表达情况。11种同工酶(MDH、LDH、ME、SOD、 EST、SDH、IDH、ADH、POD、CAT、AAT)共检测出20个基因座位，其中Me-2、Sod-3、Cat-3、Ldh-2共4个座位呈多态(P0.99)，多态座位百分数P为20%。平均每个座位的有效等位基因数目Ae为1.230，预期杂合度He为0.094，实际杂合度Ho为0.175。同时还分析了三疣梭子蟹4个多态座位的Hardy-Weinberg遗传偏离指数d。与日本绒螯蟹、中华绒螯蟹等相比，三疣梭子蟹野生群体的遗传多样性水平较高，种质资源还处于较好的状态。图1表3参22 关键词：三疣梭子蟹；野生群体；同工酶；多态性 E-mail：liuping@ysfri.ac.cn     

漠斑牙鲆引进种群同工酶的遗传多态性分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺不连续凝胶垂直板电泳技术对引进种漠斑牙鲆（Paralichthys lethostigma）子一代的同工酶进行检测。分析了48个样本的15种同工酶在漠斑牙鲆肌肉和肝脏两种组织或器官中的表达情况，以期为其种质资源的保护和开发以及遗传育种方面的研究提供基础资料。15种同工酶共记录了33个基因座位，其中Me-1、Adh—1、Sdh—1、Sdh-2、Gdh—1、G6pd-1、Pgm—I1ldh—1、Cat—1、Pod—1和Pgi—1共11个座位呈多态，多态座位百分数是33．3％。平均每个座位的等位基因有效数值Ae为1．2196，预期杂合度He为0．1219，实际杂合度Ho为0．1547。同时还分析了漠斑牙鲆各个多态座位的Hardy-Weinberg遗传偏离指数d。这些数据说明，漠斑牙鲆群体拥有较高的遗传变异水平，还处于种质资源维持较好的状态，有利于对其资源进行开发以及对其遗传育种工作的展开。     

斑节对虾养殖群体遗传多样性的同工酶和RAPD分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）和RAPD方法对厦门养殖斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon Fabricius）群体的遗传多样性进行分析。9种同工酶共检测到21个座位，其中多态座位13个，多态座位比例为61．90％，预期杂合度0．151，观察杂合度0．120，Hardy—Weinberg遗传偏离指数（d）为-0．208，存在杂合子缺失。经x^2拟合度检验，多数座位偏离Hardy—Weinberg平衡，表明群体未达到随机交配。14个10bp引物共获得了83个标记，单个引物获得的标记数为2～11个，平均每个引物扩增出5．93个座位，其中多态标记数68个，多态位点比例为81．93％，杂合度为0．246，基因多样性为0．260，Shannon’S信息指数为0．397。两种方法均表明该斑节对虾养殖群体的遗传多样性水平较高，但可能已有近交衰退发生。     

日本蟳4个地理群体遗传变异的同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺不连续凝胶垂直电泳技术对中国沿海的大连黑石礁、山东莱州湾、江苏海州湾和浙江象山4个日本蟳地理群体的10种同工酶进行检测,并分析了群体间的生化遗传差异。实验共记录了28个座位,其中m-Mdh-1、Sod-3、Cat-3、Est-1、α-Amy-1、α-Amy-4、Ldh-2、Alp-1和Alp-3共9个座位表现为多态,4个群体的多态座位百分数（P0.99）均为32.14%,平均每个座位等位基因有效值Ae为1.283 0～1.297 9,平均预期杂合度He为0.146 2～0.155 6,平均观察杂合度Ho为0.273 8～0.278 3,遗传距离D为0.000 4～0.001 8。4个群体的聚类分析表明,莱州湾和大连群体亲缘关系最近,而象山群体与其他3个群体遗传距离较远。实验结果表明,日本蟳遗传多样性处于较高水平,种质资源维持良好,有利于其种质资源的开发及遗传改良等工作的开展。     

网箱养殖大黄鱼遗传多样性的同工酶和RAPD分析

采用垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法(PAGE)和RAPD技术对象山港网箱养殖大黄鱼群体遗传多样性进行检测。结果表明，所分析的12种同工酶共记录了27个基因座位，其中3个基因座位Est-2、Est-3和m-Adh-2为多态，其多态座位比例为11．111％，平均杂合度为0．0279。16个RAPD随机引物共检测出119个位点，其中多态位点20个(16.81％)，个体间的遗传相似系数为0．844～0．972，遗传变异度为0．0927，Shannon多样性指数为6．326，多样性值为0．0532。不论是同工酶电泳分析结果还是RAPD分析结果，均表明象山港网箱养殖大黄鱼遗传多样性水平较低。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.