免疫多糖(酵母细胞壁)对受免异育银鲫免疫应答的调节作用

将不同剂量的免疫多糖 (酵母细胞壁 )拌在饲料中投喂经过接种灭活柱状嗜纤维菌 (Cytophagacolumnaris)菌苗的异育银鲫 (Carassiusauratusgibelio) ,通过测定受免异育银鲫的凝集抗体效价和血液中白细胞的吞噬活性 ,探讨了口服免疫多糖 (酵母细胞壁 )对受免异育银鲫免疫应答的调节效应。试验结果表明 ,在饲料中添加 15 0 0mg/kg体重的免疫多糖 (酵母细胞壁 ) ,对受免异育银鲫的免疫应答具有较强的调节效应 ,与对照组鱼相比 ,不仅血清中凝集抗体效价有所提高 ,而且血液中白细胞的吞噬百分比 (PP)和吞噬指数(PI)活性明显上升。     

外源木聚糖酶对异育银鲫生长、超氧化物歧化酶及溶菌酶活性的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg和200 mg/kg的木聚糖酶,饲养初始体重6.71 g左右的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)56 d后,研究了木聚糖酶对异育银鲫生长、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶活性的影响。结果表明:添加100 mg/kg木聚糖酶组异育银鲫的增重率和特定生长率最大,显著大于对照组(P<0.05),同时该组异育银鲫的饲料系数最低,显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。添加50 mg/kg和100 mg/kg木聚糖酶可显著提高异育银鲫血清、脾脏、肝胰脏、头肾SOD活性以及血清、头肾、脾脏溶菌酶活性。     

壳聚糖和益生菌对异育银鲫非特异免疫功能及血清甲状腺激素、皮质醇水平的影响

为探讨壳聚糖和益生菌是否通过甲状腺激素、皮质醇对异育银鲫的非特异免疫功能的进行调控,试验以基础饲料为对照,在基础饲料中分别添加0.50%壳聚糖A、0.50%壳聚糖B、0.20%益生菌以及0.50%壳聚糖A与0.05%益生菌的混合物制备试验饲料,饲养异育银鲫64d后,测定各组鱼外周血白细胞数量及其分类、白细胞吞噬活性、脾脏溶菌酶活性、脾脏淋巴细胞转化能力;同时采用放射免疫分析法测定异育银鲫血清中三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)及皮质醇含量。结果表明,饲料中添加壳聚糖、益生菌或其混合物对异育银鲫白细胞总数无显著影响,但是可显著提高异育银鲫外周血淋巴细胞数量、白细胞吞噬活性和脾脏溶菌酶活性(P<0.05),显著降低外周血多形核细胞数量(P<0.05)。除了壳聚糖A能够显著提高异育银鲫脾脏B淋巴细胞转化能力之外,其余试验组的脾脏T、B淋巴细胞转化能力均与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。同时发现饲料中添加壳聚糖、益生菌或其混合物可以显著提高异育银鲫血清中T3的含量(P<0.05)、显著降低异育银鲫血清中皮质醇的含量(P<0.05),除了壳聚糖B对异育银鲫血清中T4的含量无显著影响(P>0.05)之外,其余均可...     

壳聚糖对异育银鲫生长及非特异性免疫功能的影响

在异育银鲫配合饲料中按0.25%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%的比例添加壳聚糖,连续投喂60d后,通过测定供试鱼的增重、血细胞的吞噬活性及血清中溶菌酶活性,比较了壳聚糖对异育银鲫促长和非特异性免疫功能的影响.结果表明,添加0.5%、1.0%、2.0%壳聚糖均能显著提高异育银鲫的特定生长率、吞噬细胞的吞噬活性和溶菌酶活性,但它们之间无显著性差异(P>0.05);以0.5%的添加量最为经济实用.     

用生长和非特异性免疫力评定异育银鲫维生素C需要量

用维生素 C(Vc)含量为0～1200mg·kg~(-1)的精制饲料,连续投喂异育银鲫8周后,测定异育银鲫生长速度和非特异性免疫指标。结果表明,在饲料Vc含量达150mg·kg~(-1)时日增重率最大,进一步提高饲料Vc含量,日增重率没有显著变化;饲料Vc含量为75mg·kg~(-1)时头肾指数显著提高,而脾指数不受饲料Vc含量的影响;头肾细胞吞噬活性和A花环率均在Vc含量为300mg·kg~(-1)时达最高水平;而血清溶菌酶活性和总补体活性分别在饲料Vc为300mg·kg~(-1)和600mg·kg~(-1)时达最高值。上述结果表明饲料Vc可显著提高异育银鲫免疫力。鉴于Vc的免疫促进作用,建议在疾病多发季节饲料Vc添加量提高到300mg·kg~(-1)。     

黄芪多糖对异育银鲫非特异性免疫力的影响

研究了饲料中添加不同水平的黄芪多糖(Astragalus Polysaccharides,APS)对异育银鲫非特异性免疫力的影响.试验分1个空白对照组和5个添加APS(分别添加质量分数为0.025%、0.05%、0.10%、0.15%和0.20%的APS)的试验组,均投喂日粮.饲喂30 d后,添加0.05%APS的试验组血清溶菌酶活性达到最大,与空白对照组之间存在显著差异(P<0.05);饲喂15 d后,添加0.10%、0.15%和0.20%APS试验组的异育银鲫血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著提高,与空白对照组之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),但三者之间差异不显著;第60天时添加APS的各试验组头肾指数均较空白对照组有一定程度的提高,但无显著差异(P0.05);第60天时添加0.15%APS试验组的脾脏指数显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05).以血清中溶菌酶活性和SOD活性为主要参照指标,结果表明饲料中添加APS对异育银鲫的非特异性免疫力具有明显的促进作用,以添加0.05%～0.10%APS效果最佳.     

大黄、穿心莲、板蓝根和金银花对异育银鲫免疫机能的影响

用分别含1%(质量分数)的大黄、穿心莲、板蓝根和金银花水提取物的饵料连续28d饲喂异育银鲫(Carassiusauratusgibelio),在不同时间取样,测定其血液白细胞的吞噬活性、血清和体表粘液的溶菌酶活性。结果表明,大黄、穿心莲、板蓝根和金银花可使异育银鲫血液白细胞的吞噬活性有明显提高。投喂药饵后4d,吞噬百分比(PP)与对照组相比均有极显著差异(P<0.01);投喂药饵后4d或7d,吞噬指数(IP)与对照组相比有显著(P<0.05)或极显著差异;在停投药饵后的10d,PP、IP与对照组相比仍有极显著差异。同时,投喂这4种中草药后,异育银鲫血清和体表粘液溶菌酶的活性也有明显提高,但体表粘液溶菌酶活性远远高于血清中溶菌酶活性。投喂药饵7d后,溶菌酶的活性与对照组之间有极显著差异;但在停止投药后10d,溶菌酶的活性与对照组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

微生物多糖对罗非鱼生长及非特异免疫功能的影响

在罗非鱼鱼种饲料中添加肽聚糖0．2g／kg、复合肽聚糖2g／kg、酵母细胞壁2g／kgg、β-葡聚糖2g／kg；饲养60d后，观察测定了微生物多聚糖对罗非鱼生长及血清溶菌酶和补体替代途径溶血活性(ACH50)的影响。结果表明，酵母细胞壁、β-葡聚糖和肽聚糖对罗非鱼促生长作用不显著，复合肽聚糖有抑制生长作用。酵母细胞壁和β-葡聚糖均能提高血清溶菌酶活性，但对补体替代途径溶血活性无明显激活作用。     

三种免疫添加剂对草鱼非特异性免疫功能的影响

在饲料中添加不同剂量的Vc、酵母多糖和壳聚糖,连续投喂42d,并在试验的第14、28、35和42天取样检测,研究其对草鱼血清溶菌酶活性、血清超氧化物歧化酶活性（SOD）活性、血清碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性、补体C3、含量丙二醛（MDA）含量和血液白细胞吞噬活性共6种指标的影响。结果显示：实验组与对照组相比,饲料中添加Vc可以提高血清溶菌酶活性、SOD活性、AKP活性、补体C3含量和血液白细胞吞噬活性高,并降低MDA含量。添加酵母多糖可以提高血清溶菌酶活性、AKP活性、补体C3含量和血液白细胞吞噬活性,并降低MDA含量,但不能提高SOD活性。添加壳聚糖可以提高血清溶菌酶活性、SOD活性、AKP活性、补体C3含量和血液白细胞吞噬活性,但不能降低MDA含量。饲料中添加Vc、酵母多糖和壳聚糖均对草鱼的非特异性免疫功能具有一定的促进作用。     

茯苓多糖对中华鳖非特异性免疫功能的免疫调节作用

研究了口服茯苓多糖对中华鳖(Trionyxsinensis)非特异性免疫功能的影响。试验共分3个组,在基础饲料中添加20·0mg/kg茯苓多糖作为试验组,添加500·0mg/kg酵母细胞壁作为免疫刺激剂对照组,以投喂基础饲料作为空白对照组。连续投喂28d后,测定中华鳖血液中白细胞的吞噬活性、血清溶菌活力和补体活性。结果表明:在中华鳖饲料中添加茯苓多糖和酵母细胞壁能显著提高中华鳖白细胞的吞噬活性(t检验,P<0·05),而2个试验组之间中华鳖血液中白细胞的吞噬活性没有显著差异(t检验,P>0·05);2个试验组中华鳖血清中补体C3和C4的活性与对照组之间呈显著差异(t检验,P<0·05),而试验组之间无显著性差异(t检验,P>0·05)。本研究结果说明在中华鳖饵料中添加茯苓多糖和酵母细胞壁对中华鳖的非特异性免疫功能有增强作用。     

玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对暗纹东方鲀溶菌酶活性及c型溶菌酶mRNA表达的影响

以初重为(41.26±1.09)g的暗纹东方鲀为实验鱼,配制5种玉米蛋白粉使用量为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%的实验饲料,玉米蛋白粉对饲料中鱼粉的替代水平分别为0%、7.4%、14.8%、22.2%和29.6%。用实验饲料饲养暗纹东方鲀60d,研究玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对暗纹东方鲀肝胰脏、头肾和脾脏组织的溶菌酶活性及其c-型溶菌酶mRNA相对表达量的影响。结果表明,(1)暗纹东方鲀肝胰脏、头肾和脾脏的溶菌酶比活力分别为9.14、42.12和40.49U/mgprot,头肾和脾脏组织中c-型溶菌酶mRNA相对表达量分别是肝胰脏的3.76和3.24倍。(2)玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉显著影响暗纹东方鲀溶菌酶比活力。5%和10%组的肝胰脏和头肾组织溶菌酶比活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而15%和20%组肝胰脏和头肾组织溶菌酶比活力则显著低于对照组(P<0.05);5%和10%组的脾脏组织溶菌酶活力与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05),而15%和20%组显著低于对照组和5%组(P<0.05)。(3)玉米蛋白粉对暗纹东方鲀c型溶菌酶基因mRNA相对表达量有显著影响(P<0.05)。肝胰脏组织中5%和10%组表达量显著高...     

Administration of a herbal immunoregulation mixture enhances some immune parameters in carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis>)

The herbal immunoregulation mixture (HIRM) were extracts of several traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs): Astragalus membranaceus (from the root and stem), Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (from the root), Isatis tinctoria L. (from the root), Glycyrrhiza glabra (from the stem). Immune parameters, which included macrophage phagocytic activity, macrophage reactive oxygen species (ROS), activity of serum lysozyme, nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), levels of total serum protein, globulin, albumin, triglyceride and cholesterol, were determined in carp that had been fed diets containing HIRM at 0.5% or 1% for 30 days. The results showed that, compared with those in the control group, the diets with 0.5% and 1% HIRM resulted in significant increase in macrophage phagocytic activity, macrophage ROS and the levels of total protein, globulin, albumin and NOS activity in serum (P < 0.05), and no significant difference was found in SOD, lysozyme activities and triglyceride level (P > 0.05). On the other hand, 0.5% HIRM led to evident enhancement of NOS activity and cholesterol level compared to 1% HIRM. These results indicated that HIRM might elevate the function of immunity in carp (Cyprinus carpio).     

Influence of several non‐nutrient additives on nonspecific immunity and growth of juvenile turbot,Scophthalmus maximus L.

The effects of three non‐nutrient additives on nonspecific immunity and growth of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) were studied in this feeding experiment. The five treatments are basal diet alone, basal diets containing three different additives [0.4 g kg^?1 of xylo‐oligosaccharides (XOS), 1.3 g kg ^?1 of yeast cell wall and 0.8 g kg ^?1 of bile acids] individually or in combination. Two hundred and twenty‐five turbots (average initial weight 151.3 ± 11.3 g) were randomly allotted in five treatments with three replicates within each treatment in a 72‐day period. Comparing with basal diet group, activities of C3, C4, phagocyte, lysozyme, specific growth rate and feed conversion rate in yeast cell wall, XOS and the combined groups was enhanced significantly (P < 0.05); however, these parameters in bile acid groups were increased slightly (P > 0.05) except for phagocyte (P < 0.05); superoxide dismutase activity in additive groups was not significantly increased (P > 0.05) except for the combined group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of yeast cell wall and XOS enhanced the nonspecific immunity of juvenile turbot. Synergistic or additive effect of the three additives was not observed.     

饲料中添加抗菌肽和枯草芽孢杆菌对花鲈生长和非特异性免疫功能的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加300 mg/kg的抗菌肽和200 mg/kg的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),连续投喂花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)60 d,测定其特定生长率、存活率,并分别于试验的20 d、40 d和60 d测定肝胰脏、头肾、鳃的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)以及血清溶菌酶(LSZ)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活力水平。结果显示:试验组花鲈的特定生长率和存活率与对照组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。抗菌肽组所测组织CAT、SOD以及血清LSZ、NOS活性水平在20 d时均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),40 d时以上指标(头肾SOD除外)与对照组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。枯草芽孢杆菌组所测组织CAT、SOD以及血清LSZ活性水平在20 d时均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),60 d时以上指标(头肾SOD除外)与对照组间差异不显著(P>0.05),而整个过程血清NOS活性水平与对照组不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。结果表明:两种添加剂可增强机体消除活性氧自由基的能力,提高机体血清溶菌酶活性水平。此外,抗菌肽对花鲈血清一氧化氮合酶系统具有诱导调节作用。     

In vivo and in vitro effect of oxytetracycline treatment on the immune response of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.)

Oxytetracycline (OTC) is one of the most frequently used antibiotics in aquaculture, although negative side-effects have been reported in some cases. The present study has determined the effect of the in vivo administration of OTC on several immune functions in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), such as kidney macrophage respiratory burst, phagocytosis and plasma bactericidal activity. Total plasma protein was also measured. The antibiotic was administered orally over 12days, and this treatment was combined with OTC baths on days 1, 3 and 5. The drug did not suppress the immune functions analysed. Instead, the treatment produced a significant increase in the plasma bactericidal activity and total protein concentration. The effect of different doses of OTC on macrophage functions (i.e. respiratory burst activity and phagocytosis) and cell viability was also assayed in vitro . Although cell viability did not decrease after in vitro exposure, head kidney macrophage respiratory burst and phagocytosis were inhibited by the in vitro treatment, and were dose-dependent.     

Effect of dietary vitamin C on the growth performance,antioxidant ability and innate immunity of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson)

A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin C on growth performance, antioxidant status and innate immune responses in juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (44% crude protein and 7% lipid) were formulated to contain six graded dietary vitamin C (ascorbate‐2‐poly‐ phosphate, ROVIMIX^® STAY‐C^® 35) levels ranging from 1.9 to 316.0 mg kg^?1 diet. The results of present study indicated that fish fed the lowest vitamin C diet had lower weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) than those fed the diets supplemented vitamin C. WG and SGR did significantly increase with dietary vitamin C levels increasing from 1.9 to 156.5 mg kg^?1. However, no significant increase was observed with further dietary vitamin C levels increasing from 156.5 to 316 mg kg^?1. Survival, protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency were not significantly affected by the dietary vitamin C levels. The activities of serum superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase significantly increased when dietary vitamin C levels increased from 1.9 to 156.5 mg kg^?1, fish fed the lowest vitamin C diet had higher serum malondialdehyde content than those fed the diets supplemented with vitamin C. Fish fed the diet containing 156.5 mg kg^?1 vitamin C had the highest lysozyme, total complement activity, phagocytosis index and respiratory burst of head kidney among all treatments. The challenge test with Aeromonas hydrophila indicated that lower cumulative survival was observed in fish fed the lowest vitamin C diet. Analysis by broken‐line regression of SGR and lysozyme activity indicated that the dietary vitamin C requirement of juvenile yellow catfish was estimated to be 114.5 and 102.5 mg kg^?1 diet, respectively.     

红枣提取物对虹鳟血清指标和头肾免疫相关基因表达的影响

为了探讨添加红枣提取物对促进虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)机体健康的可能性,选取体长为7.2~8.4 cm的健康虹鳟,随机分成4个试验组,分别投喂红枣提取物添加量为0%(对照组)、0.25%、0.50%和1.00%的等氮等脂饲料,饲养56 d,养殖结束后测定12项血清生化指标和头肾的6个免疫相关基因mRNA表达量。结果显示:与对照组相比较,血清中肌酐(CREA)和尿素氮(BUN)含量三个红枣提取物组均出现极显著下降;谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性在0.50%和1.00%组极显著下降,谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性也在0.50%和1.00%组出现了一定程度下降,但差异不显著;酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性无显著变化;总蛋白(TP)和白介素6(IL-6)含量在0.25%组出现显著增加;溶菌酶(LZM)活性三个红枣提取物组均显著升高;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在0.50%组极显著增加;补体4(C4)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)含量在0.25%和0.50%组均极显著增加。在头肾中,与对照组相比,SOD、白介素1β(IL-1β)和补体3(C3)基因表达量在0.50%和1.00%组均为显著或极显著上调;Factor H基因表达量在0.50%组显著上调;过氧化氢酶(CAT)和LZM基因表达量在0.50%和1.00%组仅出现差异不显著上调。上述结果表明,在虹鳟饲料中添加一定量的红枣提取物,可以起到促进肾功能,保护肝脏和提高其非特异性免疫功能的作用。     

三种复方中草药对鲫血清、肝胰脏及脾脏中溶菌酶活性的影响

在水温18℃下研究了三种复方中药（AB、CD、AH）作为饲料免疫添加剂对体质量（44.6±0.2）g 1＋龄健康鲫（Carassius auratus）血清、肝胰脏和脾脏中溶菌酶活性的影响。试验鱼分为3组,每天按体质量的2.0%分别投喂添加了3种中药复方的饲料,对照组投喂基础饲料,每组均设相同数量的鱼做平行,连续饲喂28 d,停食1d后采集血液及组织样品,测定溶菌酶活性。结果显示：3种复方中药都能提高鲫体内溶菌酶活性。其中AB组提高血清中溶菌酶活性效果显著,AB、CD组对肝胰脏中溶菌酶活性的提升效果显著,3种复方中药对鲫脾脏中溶菌酶活性的提升均效果显著,说明3种复方中药均可增强鲫免疫力,有进一步研究和应用的价值,但对不同组织溶菌酶活性的影响不同,提示中药作用效果和机理的差异。     

低温驯化下4种不同品系罗非鱼血清皮质醇与免疫相关指标的变化

选取4种不同品系罗非鱼, 分别为吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)、奥尼罗非鱼(O. niloticus×O. aureus)、红罗非鱼(O. nilotica♂× O. mossambica♀)和奥利亚罗非鱼(O. aureaus)。在26℃水温下饲养3周后, 选取规格基本一致的罗非鱼(体质量50.73 g±4.23 g)进行低温驯化实验。水温以3℃/d的速度从26℃降至8℃, 分别于水温为26℃、20℃、14℃和8℃时进行采样, 比较不同驯化阶段4种不同品系罗非鱼血清皮质醇和免疫相关指标的变化规律。结果表明, 与26℃时的免疫指标相比, 水温降至8℃时, 吉富与红罗非鱼血清皮质醇水平显著升高; 然而血清C3、C4、IgM以及头肾C型溶菌酶mRNA水平显著下降(P<0.05), 血清中高皮质醇水平对鱼体的免疫产生了抑制作用。水温为8℃时, 奥尼罗非鱼血清皮质醇、IgM和补体C3以及头肾抗菌肽mRNA水平显著升高; 奥利亚血清皮质醇、C4和IgM以及头肾C型溶菌酶mRNA水平与26℃时相比无显著差异, 然而血清溶菌酶与C3水平降低。驯化实验结束后, 比较了4种不同品系罗非鱼在8℃水温下48 h内的累积死亡率。吉富与红罗非鱼组累积死亡率较高, 分别达到43.3%和40.0%; 奥尼罗非鱼其次, 为23.3%; 奥利亚罗非鱼最低, 为20.0%。较高的血清IgM和头肾溶菌酶和抗菌肽mRNA水平可能有助于提高奥尼和奥利亚罗非鱼的抗低温应激能力, 增加低温时的成活率。本研究通过分析4种品系罗非鱼不同驯化阶段血清皮质醇和免疫相关指标, 探讨不同品系罗非鱼在低温驯化过程中的免疫保护机制, 旨在为下一步抗低温新品系罗非鱼的选育提供理论依据。

     

中草药对鲤血清和免疫器官溶菌酶活性的影响

用添加刺五加、蒲公英、枸杞子、金银花和大蒜等单方中草药的配合饲料饲喂鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.),在开始饲喂后的第15d和第30d测定其血清和免疫器官(头肾、中肾、脾)的溶菌酶活性。结果显示,15d时,仅脾溶菌酶活性刺五加组和对照组有显著差异。30d时,血清溶菌酶活性蒲公英组、金银花组和大蒜组与对照组差异显著,头肾溶菌酶活性金银花组和对照组差异显著,中肾溶菌酶活性金银花组和大蒜组与对照组差异显著,脾溶菌酶活性所有试验组和对照组相比均有显著差异。