重金属Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Hg~(2+)对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性效应

在半静态水的条件下,研究了铜离子(Cu~(2+))、镉离子(Cd~(2+))和汞离子(Hg~(2+))对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎发育的单一和联合毒性效应。采用48 h、72 h、96 h致死率和72 h、96 h孵化抑制率作为生理毒性终点,以其半数致死浓度(LC50)值作为毒性评价标准。结果表明:Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)对斑马鱼胚胎的48 h-LC50分别为0.58 mg·L~(- 1)、0.72 mg·L~(- 1)和0.000 46 mg·L~(- 1),72 h-LC50分别为0.39 mg·L~(- 1)、1.15 mg·L~(- 1)和0.000 30 mg·L~(- 1),96 hLC50分别为0.08 mg·L~(- 1)、0.19 mg·L~(- 1)和0.000 18 mg·L~(- 1);Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)的72 h孵化抑制率的LC50分别为0.05 mg·L~(- 1)、0.01 mg·L~(- 1)和0.000 04 mg·L~(- 1),96 h孵化抑制率的LC50分别为0.06 mg·L~(- 1)、0.05 mg·L~(- 1)和0.000 11 mg·L~(- 1);Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)对斑马鱼胚胎毒性大小顺序为Hg~(2+)Cu~(2+)Cd~(2+)。Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)对斑马鱼胚胎的致死率和孵化抑制率均具有明显的剂量-效应关系,72 h孵化抑制率可以作为斑马鱼胚胎最敏感的毒性终点指标。分别用单一毒性Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)的96 h-LC50值,按毒性单位1∶1两两混合,对斑马鱼胚胎在第48、第72、第96小时的联合毒性均为协同作用;按毒性单位1∶1∶1混合共存时,对斑马鱼胚胎在第48、第72、第96小时的联合毒性均为拮抗作用。     

氨氮胁迫与恢复对罗氏沼虾幼虾非特异性免疫的影响

在温度为(25±1)℃、p H为8. 0±0. 5条件下采用生物毒性实验方法研究了氨氮对罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)幼虾半致死浓度,并设置0、0. 43、0. 64、0. 85、1. 06 mg·L~(-1)5个浓度研究氨氮胁迫48 h及恢复48 h对罗氏沼虾非特异性免疫的影响。结果显示:非离子氨对罗氏沼虾幼虾24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度分别为4. 25、2. 35、1. 86、1. 54 mg·L~(-1),安全浓度为0. 154 mg·L~(-1)。氨氮胁迫48 h,罗氏沼虾SOD活性显著升高(P 0. 05),而CAT和GSH-Px活性变化不显著(P 0. 05); 0. 43、0. 64、1. 06 mg·L~(-1)氨氮胁迫组罗氏沼虾MDA含量显著高于对照组(P 0. 05)。氨氮胁迫后恢复48 h,各组SOD活性均较胁迫时显著下降(P 0. 05),但除0. 85 mg·L~(-1)组外的其它试验组仍显著高于对照组(P 0. 05); 0. 85、1. 06 mg·L~(-1)组CAT活性较胁迫状态显著下降(P 0. 05);试验组与对照组MDA含量无显著差异(P 0. 05)。结果表明,低浓度氨氮短期胁迫对罗氏沼虾造成的氧化损伤在解除胁迫后可修复,但肌肉仍处于应激状态。     

半叶马尾藻对重金属镉胁迫的生理响应

实验选取广东省沿海常见物种半叶马尾藻(Sargassum hemiphyllum)为研究对象,采用室内半静态的实验方法,研究了半叶马尾藻对不同浓度重金属镉离子(Cd~(2+))胁迫的生理响应和耐受性,为广东省沿海海区重金属污染修复提供依据。结果显示,当ρ(Cd~(2+))为0.1 mg·L~(-1)时,半叶马尾藻藻体中叶绿素a (Chl a)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、可溶性糖(SS)、抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)]活性与对照组之间均无显著差异(P0.05);当ρ(Cd~(2+))为0.5～12.5 mg·L~(-1)时,藻体中Chl a、Car、SP、SS、SOD和CAT活性均显著增加(P0.05)。当ρ(Cd~(2+))为0.1～0.5 mg·L~(-1)时,藻体的丙二醛(MDA)摩尔质量浓度无显著差异(P0.05);当ρ(Cd~(2+))为2.5～12.5 mg·L~(-1)时,胁迫组藻体的MDA摩尔质量浓度显著升高(P0.05)。因此,半叶马尾藻在ρ(Cd~(2+))≤0.5 mg·L~(-1)下具有较强的抗逆性,而过高浓度Cd~(2+)胁迫(0.5 mg·L~(-1))会对藻体的光合作用和抗氧化功能产生负面影响。     

金属离子对嗜油不动杆菌YT03降解亚硝酸盐的影响

由0.05g·L~(-1 )Na NO_2、0.54g·L~(-1)丁二酸钠、0.33g·L~(-1)K_2HPO_4·3H_2O和0.13g·L~(-1)Na Cl,以及一定量的金属离子溶液配成亚硝酸盐好氧反硝化培养液。将-20℃甘油保存的嗜油不动杆菌Acinetobacter oleivorans YT03菌液(菌液与40%甘油体积比为1∶1),以1%接种量分别接种至含不同质量浓度的Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Mo~(6+)、Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Co~(2+)的好氧反硝化培养液中,在30℃、摇床转速150r·min~(-1)条件下培养6h,取样测定培养液中亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率,研究不同金属离子对嗜油不动杆菌YT03好氧反硝化降解养殖水体中亚硝酸盐的影响。结果表明,在优选的金属离子添加浓度下,0.50mg·L~(-1)Fe~(2+)使YT03菌对亚硝酸盐的去除率显著提高至不添加Fe~(2+)时的4.93倍,而18.48 mg·L~(-1)或0.65mg·L~(-1)的Mg~(2+)或Mn~(2+)则使YT03菌的亚硝酸盐去除率分别提高至不添加相应金属离子时的1.25或1.16倍。Ca~(2+)和Mo~(6+)对YT03菌降解亚硝酸盐的影响不明显。而在培养液中分别添加0.51 mg·L~(-1)、0.06 mg·L~(-1)或0.05mg·L~(-1)以上的Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)或Co~(2+)时,YT03菌对亚硝酸盐的去除率显著下降,呈显著抑制作用。     

17β-雌二醇对双齿围沙蚕幼虫SOD、CAT和GST活性的影响

将双齿围沙蚕（Perinereis aibuhitensis）幼虫暴露于不同质量浓度的17β-雌二醇（0.1μg·L^-1、1μg·L^-1、10μg·L^-1、100μg·L^-1和1 000μg·L^-1）中,于第2、第4、第6和第8天取样,分别测定抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GST）]活性。结果表明,第2天时10μg·L^-1浓度组显著诱导双齿围沙蚕CAT、SOD和GST活性,1 000μg·L^-1浓度组显著抑制其SOD和GST活性。第4天时各浓度组SOD和GST活性均被不同程度诱导。第6天时低浓度组（0.1μg·L^-1和1μg·L^-1）显著抑制双齿围沙蚕CAT活性,高浓度组（100μg·L^-1和1 000μg·L^-1）则抑制其SOD活性。第8天时,除1 000μg·L^-1浓度组外,其余各组CAT活性均被不同程度诱导（P〉0.05）,而SOD活性则受到抑制,10μg·L^-1浓度组显著抑制其GST活性。试验结果显示,外源性17β-雌二醇对双齿围沙蚕幼虫产生氧化胁迫,沙蚕幼虫SOD、CAT、GST对17β-雌二醇的响应与其暴露浓度及时间有关。     

Hg2+和Pb2+胁迫对脆江蓠生长及光合生理的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究了不同质量浓度Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)胁迫对脆江蓠(Gracilaria chouae)生长及光合生理的影响。实验设置Hg~(2+)质量浓度为0.01 mg/L、0.025 mg/L、0.05 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、0.25 mg/L和0.5 mg/L,Pb~(2+)质量浓度为0.05 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、0.5 mg/L、1 mg/L、2 mg/L和4 mg/L,以未添加重金属的实验组为对照,持续培养7 d,分别测定不同处理藻体的生长速率、光合放氧速率、光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光和光合碳代谢途径中关键酶活等生理生化指标。结果表明,在Hg~(2+)胁迫下,藻体特定生长率(SGR)显著下降(P0.05),质量浓度达到0.5 mg/L时藻体出现负增长;光合放氧速率降低35.48%~77.59%;叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素含量显著下降(P0.05),Hg~(2+)质量浓度高于0.1 mg/L时藻体藻蓝蛋白和藻红蛋白含量显著降低(P0.05);最大光合效率(F_v/F_m)和实际光合效率(Y(Ⅱ))随着Hg~(2+)浓度增加先降低后升高,0.05 mg/L时出现第二个峰值,丙酮酸磷酸双激酶(PPDK)也出现相似趋势。藻体对Pb~(2+)的敏感程度低于Hg~(2+),Pb~(2+)质量浓度为0.5 mg/L时,光合产氧速率显著下降(P0.05),质量浓度到达1 mg/L时,藻体SGR和叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素出现显著下降(P0.05),而叶绿素荧光参数和藻蓝蛋白含量则无显著性差异;Pb~(2+)质量浓度达到4 mg/L时1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(RuBiSCO)出现显著下降(P0.05),PPDK酶活性则显著上升(P0.05)。实验结果证实:重金属Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)胁迫对脆江蓠的生长和光合作用都有不利影响,藻体对Hg~(2+)胁迫的敏感度要高于Pb~(2+),Hg~(2+)质量浓度为0.01 mg/L时,藻体出现胁迫,并随着浓度的增加而加剧,Pb~(2+)质量浓度超过1 mg/L时,藻体胁迫明显。     

番石榴叶水提取物对拟穴青蟹免疫相关酶活力的影响

采用静水法研究不同浓度番石榴水提取物(guava leaf water-extract,GLWE)对带毒拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)的成活率及在GLWE质量浓度分别为0(C0,对照组)、10 mg·L~(–1)(C10组)、20 mg·L~(–1)(C20组)、40mg·L~(–1)(C40组)、80 mg·L~(–1)(C80组),用药时间分别为0 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h的条件下对其血清中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酚氧化酶(PO)和一氧化氮合成酶(TNOS、i NOS)活力的影响,并初步探究GLWE的适宜用药浓度范围。结果表明,实验15 d,各处理组青蟹的成活率随着GLWE浓度的增高呈先升后降的现象且与C0组差异显著(P0.05),其中C40组的成活率最高(55.56%),C0组的成活率最低(22.22%)。用药12 h,C80组的AKP、CAT、PO、i NOS活力均显著高于C0组(P0.05);用药24 h,C20和C40组的SOD、LZM及C40组的ACP、CAT和PO活力均显著高于C0组(P0.05);用药48 h,C10、C20组的CAT活力及C40、C80组的TNOS和i NOS活力均显著高于C0组(P0.05);用药72 h,各处理组的AKP活力均显著高于C0组(P0.05),但C40、C80组的ACP和CAT活力显著低于C0组(P0.05)。该条件下,10~40 mg·L~(–1)的GLWE可在48 h内显著促进拟穴青蟹血清AKP、ACP、SOD、CAT、PO、NOS、LZM活力的升高,其中以20~40 mg·L~(–1)GLWE的效果最优。     

铜对中华鲟幼鱼的急性毒性及对肝脏抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用静水生物测试法研究铜(Cu2+)对中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis Gray)幼鱼的急性毒性并进行安全评价;根据预实验结果,设定0.005 mg/L、0.01 mg/L和0.015 mg/L 3个Cu2+浓度梯度进行急性暴露实验,以肝脏组织超氧化物歧化酶(SiOD)、过氧化氧酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽抗氧化酶(GSH-PX)活性为指标研究Cu2+污染对中华鲟幼鱼的毒理作用.结果表明,Cu2+浓度升高对中华鲟幼鱼产生了较大的毒性,24 h、48 h、72h和96h LC50分别为0.059 32mg/L、0.0340mg/L、0.028 3 mg/L和0.021 7 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.002 17 mg/L;不同浓度Cu2+暴露时,中华鲟幼鱼肝组织中SOD、CAT、GSH-PX的活性在暴露24 h时被显著抑制(P＜0.05),在处理48 h后酶活性逐渐恢复,随后又逐渐下降,其下降幅度与Cu2+质量浓度呈正相关(P＜0.05).研究认为,SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性变化可以反映中华鲟幼鱼受伤害的程度,并可用做中华鲟安全性风险评价的参考依据.     

海水环境中Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)对张氏马尾藻幼孢子体的生物毒性研究

研究了含不同浓度汞离子(Hg~(2+))、镉离子(Cd~(2+))、铅离子(Pb~(2+))的自然海水对张氏马尾藻(Sargassum zhangii Tseng et Lu)幼孢子体的生物毒性。单因子实验结果表明,当海水中Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的浓度范围分别为0.04~1μmol·L-1、0.04~25μmol·L-1和0.04~25μmol·L-1时,Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)对幼孢子体的生物毒性均随离子浓度的升高而显著增强,且随胁迫时间延长而累积;3种重金属离子对幼孢子体的生物毒性大小顺序为Hg~(2+)Cd~(2+)Pb~(2+)。正交实验结果表明,当Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)分别以浓度0.08μmol·L-1、2.8μmol·L-1、3μmol·L-1共存时,对幼孢子体的毒性最强;当Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)同时处于低浓度水平时,Pb~(2+)对幼孢子体的生长产生主导抑制效应,Cd~(2+)其次;相反,当各重金属离子同时处于高浓度水平时,Hg~(2+)对幼孢子体的生长产生主导抑制效应,Cd~(2+)其次;当Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)联合作用时,Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)呈现协同效应,Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)对Pb~(2+)产生拮抗效应。建议在张氏马尾藻育苗过程中将海水中的Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)浓度严格控制在0.04μmol·L-1以下,尤其要避免3种重金属离子的联合毒害。     

间甲酚对杂交鲟（施氏鲟♀×西伯利亚鲟♂）幼鱼肝脏的氧化胁迫作用

在水温(17.5±0.5)℃下,将平均体长(12.35±0.94)cm、体质量(10.26±2.37)g的杂交鲟(施氏鲟Acipenser schrenckii♀×西伯利亚鲟A. baeri♂)幼鱼养殖在50 L水箱中,水中间甲酚浓度为0.00 mg/L(对照组)、0.50 mg/L、1.00 mg/L、2.00 mg/L、4.00 mg/L和8.00 mg/L,每个浓度3个平行,每个平行30尾鱼。暴露10 d、20 d、30 d和40 d后测定杂交鲟幼鱼肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,采用生化和半静态亚急性毒性法研究间甲酚对杂交鲟幼鱼肝脏的氧化胁迫作用。结果显示,同一时间下,肝脏中SOD和CAT活性随间甲酚浓度的升高呈"上升-下降"趋势;同一浓度下,0.50 mg/L和1.00 mg/L组肝脏中SOD活性随时间延长均呈"上升-下降"变化,2.00 mg/L、4.00 mg/L和8.00 mg/L组SOD活性随时间延长呈下降趋势;而0.50 mg/L组中肝CAT活性随时间延长呈上升变化,1.00 mg/L、2.00 mg/L呈"上升-下降"变化,4.00 mg/L和8.00 mg/L组鱼极显著下降(P0.01)。实验鱼肝脏中MDA含量随间甲酚浓度的升高和暴露时间的延长而上升,极显著高于对照组(P0.01);同一时间下低浓度间甲酚对杂交鲟幼鱼肝脏中SOD和CAT活性有诱导作用,而高浓度有抑制作用,呈剂量-效应关系。在同一间甲酚浓度下,SOD活性随着时间的延长而降低,呈时间-效应关系,浓度与暴露时间存在显著的协同作用。     

Interference of Chironomus in an open culture system for Tubifex tubifex

In an outdoor culture of Tubifex tubifex, occurrence of the larvae of Chironomus pulcher and C. calligaster was recorded. An increase in the density of Chironomus larvae reduced the standing biomass of tubifex and made the harvest impossible.     

滇池摇蚊科幼虫和水丝蚓属的生物学特性分析

报道厂昆明滇池摇蚊科幼虫Chironomidae．、水丝蚓属Limnodrilus的分类特征、生态学特点，分析了滇池摇蚊科幼虫、水丝蚓属优势种的变化及与滇池水质的关系；首次对其食性进行了分析并对其摄食量进行了估算，研究结果表明：1kg摇蚊幼虫每天可消耗鲜藻0．094kg；1kg水蚯蚓每天可消耗鲜藻0．089kg；讨论了摇蚊幼虫、水丝蚓在昆明滇池综合治理中起到的控藻作用，为滇池的综合治理提供了基础资料。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.