印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼生物学特性的初步研究

根据2003-2004年1-6月印度洋中西部海域金枪鱼延绳钓所捕获的黄鳍金枪鱼数据,对其基本的生物学特征进行了研究。结果表明,2003年和2004年渔获物中黄鳍金枪鱼加工后体重分别为7~81 kg和20~78kg,优势组分别为20~50 kg和30~60 kg。叉长范围分别为70~180 cm和110~170 cm。2003年渔获物雌雄性比的平均值为0.71,月间性比组成差异较小;2004年渔获雌雄性比的平均值为1.00,月间性比组成差异较大。2003年各月的摄食等级以1-2级为主,月间差异较小;2004年摄食等级以一级为主,并且月间各等级组成差异大。当渔获个体的叉长小于100 cm时,其性比组成波动较大;当渔获个体的叉长范围在100~150 cm之间时,性比组成的变化相对较小,基本上维持在0.5左右,也就是说雌雄个体数量大体保持平衡;当渔获个体的叉长大于160 cm时,所有样本个体均为雄性。体长与体重关系为W=2×10-5L2.9269。     

东太平洋南北部海域大眼金枪鱼生物学特性对比研究

明确大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)的生物学特征是进行种群资源评估并依此制定和实施养护管理措施的重要前提。为掌握广泛的时间和空间范围内东太平洋大眼金枪鱼种群特征, 本研究利用 2013—2019 年执行东太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓资源探捕调查期间采集的大眼金枪鱼渔获数据, 对东太平洋南、北部海域大眼金枪鱼的叉长、净重、摄食等级、性腺成熟期等生物学特性进行了分析, 结果显示: (1)北部海域大眼金枪鱼的叉长范围为 72~229 cm, 优势叉长为 80~160 cm, 平均叉长(121.53±29.11) cm, 雌雄比为 0.91∶1, 优势性腺成熟期为 III、Ⅳ期; (2)南部海域大眼金枪鱼的叉长范围为 63~209 cm, 平均叉长为(134.87±25.73) cm, 优势叉长组 110~150 cm, 雌雄性比为 0.62∶1, 优势性腺成熟期为 III、Ⅴ期; (3)南北海域大眼金枪鱼的优势摄食等级分别为 1 级和 2 级, 空胃率分别为 46.98%和 3.22%, 总体上摄食强度随叉长的增大而增加; (4) ANCOVA 结果显示, 南部和北部海域叉长与净重的关系存在较明显的差异(P<0.05); (5) ANOVA 结果显示, 大眼金枪鱼雌雄个体性腺成熟差异不显著(P>0.05); (6)钓获后处于存活状态的个体占比较高, 死亡状态仅占 8.52%。研究表明, 东太平洋南北部海域大眼金枪鱼的叉长、性比和摄食强度等生物学特性具有一定的空间异质性。     

东南太平洋沙氏刺鲅生物学特性与环境偏好初步研究

根据2013年9月~2014年1月在东南太平洋延绳钓作业渔场所采集的沙氏刺鲅(Acanthocybium solandri)数据,对沙氏刺鲅的叉长组成、性比、性腺指数、摄食等基础生物学特性和偏好的水层、温度段、盐度段、溶解氧段进行了初步研究。结果表明:(1)沙氏刺鲅叉长范围为94.0~187.0 cm,平均叉长为134.2±2.3cm,雌雄个体叉长无显著性差异(ANOVA,P0.05)。(2)雌雄比例为1.34∶1,叉长大于160.0 cm的渔获个体均为雌性,经二项分布检验,雌雄性比与1∶1无显著变化。(3)自2013年9月~2014年1月,性成熟率随月份增加而增加,Ⅲ~Ⅴ期性成熟率分别为0%、23.5%、70.4%、73.6%、75%;自11月份开始,各月份性腺指数随月份增加而增加,雄性增加速度相对缓慢。(4)摄食种类主要为鱼类(96.03%),头足类(3.97%)。不同叉长组摄食等级存在显著性差异(χ~2=460.388,P0.05)。(5)沙氏刺鲅渔获率最高的深度、温度、盐度、溶解氧范围分别为150~190 m、20.5~21.5℃、36.0~36.2、5.0~5.1 mg·L~(-1).本研究可以为未来有效地开发沙氏刺鲅资源提供参考,也有助于人们更好地了解大洋生态系统结构以及为基于生态系统的渔业管理提供参考。     

东太平洋长鳍金枪鱼个体大小与钓获深度的关系

长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)具有重要的经济价值,其个体大小与钓获深度有一定的关联。本研究利用2013年东太平洋渔业观察员的数据,将渔获物分为76~85 cm、86~95 cm、96~105 cm、106~115 cm和116~125 cm 5个叉长组,运用悬链线公式得到钓获深度,统计各叉长组渔获个体钩位差异和各钩位渔获个体大小差异,分析个体大小与钓获深度的关系,得到结果如下:渔获物钓获深度范围为61.3~236.1 m。各叉长组主要渔获钩位随叉长增大而增大。各钩位主要渔获个体随序号增大而增大。76~85 cm叉长组的渔获物主要分布在61.3~121.8 m水层,平均钓获深度为(110.6±11.7)m;86~95 cm叉长组的在102.3~174.4 m,平均钓获深度为(144.1±4.5)m;96~105 cm叉长组的在189.4~202.8 m,平均钓获深度为(184.9±1.6)m;106~115 cm叉长组的在214.3~223.6 m,平均钓获深度为(193.8±3.8)m;116~125 cm叉长组的在230.5~236.1 m,平均钓获深度为(219.3±7.2)m。研究结果表明:东太平洋长鳍金枪鱼随叉长增大,栖息深度也加深,二者有相关关系。生产时调整钓具深度可有效保护资源可持续发展。     

印度洋中西部黄鳍金枪鱼生物学特性的初步研究

根据2003~2004年1~6月我国农业部印度洋金枪鱼延绳钓观察员项目所收集的有关数据,对印度洋中西部黄鳍金枪鱼的基本生物学特征进行了研究。结果表明,2003年和2004年渔获物中黄鳍金枪鱼加工后体重范围分别为7~81kg和20~78kg,优势组分别为20~50kg和30~60kg。叉长范围分别为70~180 cm和110~170 cm。2003年渔获物雌雄性比的平均值为0.71,月间性比组成差异较小;而2004年渔获雌雄性比的平均值为1.00,月间性比组成差异较大。2003年各月的摄食等级以1~2级为主,月间差异较小;而2004年摄食等级以1级为主,并且月间各等级组成差异大。体长与体重关系为W=2.1890×10-5L2.9269。     

印度洋中南部大眼金枪鱼生物学特性研究

根据2008年9月~2009年4月在印度洋中南部金枪鱼延绳钓渔场调查期间收集的大眼金枪鱼生物学数据,对其基本的生物学特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)叉长范围为57~184 cm,优势叉长组为101~110cm和121~130 cm,约占总数的41.7%,平均叉长为119.5 cm;(2)不分性别大眼金枪鱼叉长(FL)与加工后重(DW)的关系可表达为:DW=2.407 6×10-5FL2.931 6,雌雄个体差异不显著(F=0.207,P0.05);(3)调查期间,大眼金枪鱼雄性比例为56.55%,当叉长大于140 cm时,雄性占优势;调查期间,该海域大眼金枪鱼的繁殖期为10月~翌年4月,繁殖峰期为10月~翌年1月;(4)摄食种类中柔鱼、帆蜥鱼和虾类所占比重较高,分别占36.0%、20.1%和18.0%;各月份摄食等级1~4级分布呈显著性差异(χ2=191.20,P0.01),各叉长组大眼金枪鱼摄食等级变化无显著性差异(χ2=41.08,P0.05)。     

热带中西太平洋海域大眼金枪鱼摄食生态学

为了解热带中西太平洋海域大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)的摄食生态学特性,利用金枪鱼延绳钓作业方式,于2018年5月—2019年2月期间,对该海域(2°03′S～11°17′S、163°14′E～173°35′E)的682尾大眼金枪鱼进行了食性分析,并使用方差分析(ANOVA)和有序多元Logistic回归模型,结合圆形统计方法分析了叉长、性别、性腺指数等生物因素以及渔获水深、月相等时空因素对摄食生态位宽度和摄食强度的影响。结果表明：1)叉长范围在81～195 cm的大眼金枪鱼雌雄个体的性别比例为1∶1.85;2)空胃率为25.4%,而在非空胃的个体胃含物中,枪乌贼属(Loligo sp.)、虾类和沙丁鱼属(Sardina sp.)的出现频率较高,依次为40.3%、39.7%、30.1%;3)个体摄食强度以0～2级为主,空胃率随着叉长的增加而增加,高摄食强度的比例随着渔获水深的增加而增加;4)方差分析(ANOVA)结果显示,性别、叉长、月相等因素对Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H′和Pielou均匀度指数J均没有显著影响,但渔获水深对J具有显著影响(P=0.024);...     

马尔代夫海域金枪鱼延绳钓渔场大眼金枪鱼生物学特性

根据2003年12月16日至2004年6月8日马尔代夫水域金枪鱼延绳钓渔获物生物学测定数据，应用统计与回归的方法分性别分别对296尾大眼金枪鱼（Thunnus obesus）的性腺成熟度、摄食等级、摄食种类、性别比例、叉长分布、叉长与去鳃去内脏的重量（GWT）的关系等进行研究。结果表明，（1）性腺成熟度以Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅴ级为主，Ⅴ级比例最高，占37．50％，其中雄性大眼金枪鱼的性腺成熟度Ⅴ级最多（53．96％），雌性Ⅱ级最多（33．81％）。（2）摄食等级以0、1和2级为主，总计为88．52％。（3）大眼金枪鱼的摄食种类中，头足类（鱿鱼）或杂鱼的出现频率较高，分别占48．36％和24．59％。（4）雄性个体所占比例略高于雌性个体，雄性与雌性个体的性别比例为1．12：1，叉长1．00～1．20m的大眼金枪鱼雌性占52．08％，叉长1．20～1．40m的个体雌性占52．59％，叉长1．40m以上的个体，雌性占35．14％。（5）优势叉长为1．10～1．40m，平均叉长为1．29m。（5）根据幂函数回归所得叉长（FL）与去鳃去内脏的重量（GWT）关系式显示，在叉长小于1．51m时，雌性的去鳃去内脏重量小于雄性的去鳃去内脏重量；而在叉长大于1．51m时，雌性的去鳃去内脏的重量大于雄性的去鳃去内脏的重量。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：674—678，649]     

南太平洋所罗门群岛海域黄鳍金枪鱼的渔业生物学特性

根据2010年8~10月,在南太平洋所罗门群岛海域延绳钓作业渔场所采集的黄鳍金枪鱼数据,对其渔业生物学特性进行了初步分析。结果表明,1）叉长为47.5~166.5 cm,平均叉长为112.7 cm,优势叉长为80.0~90.0 cm和100.0~140.0 cm（75.0%）;体重为2.0~72.0 kg,平均体重为26.5 kg,优势体重为5~10 kg和15~40 kg（68.6%）,雌、雄个体大小差异明显（ANOVA,P<0.01）;2）体重（RW）与叉长（FL）、纯重（DW）的关系分别为RW=1.159×10-5FL3.070和RW=1.118DW+0.684（不分性别）;3）雌、雄性比为1∶1.2。各叉长组性比变化显著（χ2=1 093.386,P<0.001）,叉长大于140 cm时,雄性个体占优势;4）性腺发育以Ⅱ期为主（50%）,初次性成熟叉长为113.4 cm。达到性成熟的个体中,34.0%的个体发育至Ⅴ期以上,说明调查期间为黄鳍金枪鱼繁殖期;5）空胃率高达51.6%,摄食种类主要为鱼类（67.5%）、头足类（18.0%）和甲壳类（14.5%）。不同叉长组的摄食等级存在显著变化（χ2=400.782,P<0.001）。     

印度洋中南部水域金枪鱼延绳钓钓钩钩型对钓获对象的选择性

基于2008年9月至2009年4月在印度洋中南部水域金枪鱼延绳钓渔场收集的数据,研究分析和比较了3种钓钩钩型(传统金枪鱼钩、“J”形钩和圆形钩)的渔获效益及对钓捕对象的选择性。结果表明:(1) 从渔获种类上看,大眼金枪鱼和大青鲨金枪鱼钩钓获比例最高,“J”形钩和圆形钩的钓获比例相当;而长鳍金枪鱼则为金枪鱼钩钓获比例最高,其次为“J”形钩和圆形钩。(2) 大眼金枪鱼存活率以金枪鱼钩最高,“J”形钩最低;长鳍金枪鱼则为“J”形钩稍高于圆形钩,金枪鱼钩最低;大青鲨则以圆形钩最高,“J”形钩最低。(3) “J”形钩钓获的长鳍金枪鱼和鲨鱼平均叉长较金枪鱼钩和圆形钩稍大;而金枪鱼钩钓获的大眼金枪鱼平均叉长较圆形钩和“J”形钩稍大。(4) 3种钩型钓获的长鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼和大青鲨叉长分布均不存在显著性差异。     

Atlantic Fisheries Technological Conference,Moncton, NB,August 21, 1995

No abstract available for this article.     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Factors influencing the abundance of the common bully, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, in small, North Island, New Zealand, lakes

Adult common bullies, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, are small (total length =  30–120 mm), benthic fish commonly found in the littoral zones of New Zealand lakes where they are a major prey species for trout and eels. Differences in their relative abundance (CPUE) were determined between 21 shallow North Island lakes. Mean CPUE ranged from 2 to >  1000 fish net^{− 1} night^{− 1} and was inversely related to water transparency. The abundance of bullies was not reduced in lakes containing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), but was reduced in all lakes containing self-recruiting populations of eels, Anguilla spp. Mean densities of planktonic larval bullies in the limnetic zone were also inversely related to water transparency. Since low water transparency is related to increased trophic status for these lakes, the abundance of bullies is likely to be related to lake productivity, rather than turbidity.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

Annual Meeting of the Pacific Fisheries Technologists,Red Lion Inn,San Diego,CA, February 18-21, 1996

No abstract available for this article.     

Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

1. In the last two decades, Brazil has advanced significantly with the expansion and improvement of its national system of protected areas. Until recently most of the expansion was concentrated in the Amazon region (with useful lessons). It also had an uneven ecological representation of coastal and marine ecosystems, concentrated in coastal waters. Despite significant advances, the levels of funding, staff and stakeholders' engagement remain relatively low for such a vast system.
2. Within the past few years, key elements of a new strategy for protection of coastal and marine areas have started to emerge, combined with some participatory processes and a focus on expansion of the total area protected (from <1.5% protection of the country's marine area). These included: a renewed focus on priority areas for conservation; attention to national and international commitments and targets; clarity about the need for partnerships and funding; better engagement of Brazilian society and stakeholders; new, and more collaborative, models of protected areas management and conservation; and openness in the relationships with wider society.
3. Significant results of this effort have started to appear: new large mosaics of oceanic protected areas were created; Amazon mangroves were recognized by the Ramsar Convention; new mangrove protected areas were created, besides other ones proposed; project proposals are under development with partners for better funding and sharing of responsibility; and there is a better engagement with stakeholders. The building of the Brazilian Blue Initiative is underway.
4. The implementation of the proposed 15‐year marine strategy is at its onset: partnerships need to be strengthened and substantial funding is required. It will only be possible to manage the larger system of protected areas if there are more collaborative and innovative models for protected areas and conservation management. These should include partnerships with civil society, local and traditional communities and the private sector, as well as greater engagement of scientists and research institutions, stronger and more qualified tourism, volunteer work, etc. Further innovative funding mechanisms will also be needed along the way.