福寿螺对不同颜色光的趋避效应初探

采用不同颜色（即不同波长）的光对福寿螺（Ampullaria gigas）进行室内照射试验,分析探讨了不同壳色福寿螺的趋避效应。结果发现,黄壳螺较黑壳螺对光更为敏感,橙色和红色光对黄螺有明显的驱避效应,黄螺对黄色光趋向性最高;红色光对黑螺有明显的驱避效应,黑螺对绿光和蓝光的趋向效应更为明显。研究结果可为利用灯光对稻田福寿螺进行物理防控提供一定的科学依据。     

两种壳色福寿螺免疫功能的比较研究

为了解黑壳和黄壳福寿螺免疫功能的差异,本实验研究了氯硝柳胺对两种壳色福寿螺的急性毒性效应,并对四川地区黑壳福寿螺和黄壳福寿螺血细胞酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、过氧化物酶(POX)、中性红(NRD)、脂类(PAS)和糖原(SBB)细胞化学染色的观察及中性红试验(NRRT)的差异进行了比较。结果显示,黑壳福寿螺对氯硝柳胺24 h和48 h的半致死浓度分别为0.77 mg/L和0.46 mg/L,均高于黄壳福寿螺。透明细胞和颗粒细胞的细胞化学染色阳性主要分布在细胞质,且颗粒细胞中的颗粒物质呈强烈阳性;黑壳福寿螺ACP、AKP、POX阳性比例均大于黄壳福寿螺,且前者AKP和POX阳性细胞比例显著大于后者,NRD和SBB着染程度和阳性比例均无显著差异,黑壳福寿螺PAS着染程度更为强烈。NRRT实验发现,黑壳福寿螺血细胞的中性红滞留时间(9.15 min)是黄壳福寿螺的1.8倍。研究表明,黑壳福寿螺对氯硝柳胺死亡率及血细胞AKP、POX、糖原成分及中性红滞留时间是影响其与黄壳福寿螺免疫功能差异的重要因素。     

瘤荔枝螺人工繁育技术研究

正瘤荔枝螺(Thais bronni)俗称"黄螺",隶属于软体动物门、腹足纲、新腹足目、骨螺科、荔枝螺属;其贝壳中等大小,呈卵圆形或纺锤形,壳表具有较大的瘤状突起,壳面为淡黄色或带黑灰色;分布于我国东、南沿海,以东海最为常见,是舟山群岛沿岸的习见种;栖息于低潮线附近的岩礁底质,以双壳类为食。瘤荔枝螺目前尚未开展人工养殖,市场需求全     

田螺罐头加工技术

田螺品种繁多,常见的有中国田螺、螺蛳、黄螺、福寿螺、香螺等。田螺营养极丰富,每100克可食部分含蛋白质10.7%、脂肪1.2%、碳水化合物3.8%,钙1357mg,磷19.8mg,铁191mg。田螺肉性甘寒,有美容、健胃、清热解毒等功能,是一种营养丰富的天然保健食品。一、工艺流程:原料验收→清洗→煮螺→取肉→预煮→装罐(配汤)→排气密封→杀菌冷却→擦罐入库。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼对黑白底质颜色偏好和藏匿行为研究

采用双因子交互试验,在静水和流水(0.3 m/s)环境中、有光和无光条件下,开展瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)对黑白底质颜色的趋避性研究,同时开展了自然光照条件下、静水环境中瓦氏黄颡鱼在黑白隐蔽物中的藏匿行为研究.结果表明,流水(0.3 m/s)有光补偿条件下,瓦氏黄颡鱼在黑、白颜色底质中活动时间百分比分别为(86.54± 17.09)％、(13.46±17.09)％,两者存在极显著性差异(P＜0.01),其对黑色底质有明显偏好,在其它条件下无黑白颜色底质偏好(P＞0.05).在藏匿试验中,通过对不同大小的黑白两色隐蔽物下瓦氏黄颡鱼的观察,发现其具有明显的藏匿行为,且在3种不同大小规格的隐蔽物中,其对黑色有明显偏好(P＜0.05).     

3种螺对养殖鲍外壳附着牡蛎的防除作用

为研究养殖皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)外壳附着牡蛎的防除方法,对比了疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera Kuster)、润泽角口螺(Ceratostoma rorifluum)和甲虫螺(Cantharus cecillei)对鲍外壳表面牡蛎的防除效果。以桑沟湾筏式养殖鲍为研究对象,自7月中旬开始,每隔15 d左右分别投放3种螺到鲍养殖笼中,共投放6次,以始终未投放螺的养殖笼为对照组。结果显示,实验结束时甲虫螺组中鲍壳上平均存活牡蛎数目为(0.04±0.04)个/只,疣荔枝螺组和润泽角口螺组疣荔枝螺组分别为(2.49±0.91)个/只和(2.21±1.05)个/只,对照组为(3.33±0.46)个/只。投放3种螺组中鲍壳上存活牡蛎数均显著显著低于对照组(P<0.05),甲虫螺也显著低于其他2种螺(P<0.05)。投螺时间也会影响螺防除牡蛎污损的效果,投放时间过晚会导致螺捕食牡蛎后有明显的壳残留,牡蛎的壳高达到0.5 cm左右再投放螺即可保证防除效果。另外甲虫螺组鲍壳上死亡牡蛎残留壳长度为(0.73±0.27) cm,显著低于疣荔枝螺组...     

福寿螺的养殖技术

福寿螺原产于南美洲亚马逊河流域,是一种大型食用螺类。福寿螺外形与田螺相似,个体大,每只100～150g,最大个体可达250g以上。有巨型田螺之称。福寿螺壳薄肉多,可食部分占螺体重的48％,既是美味佳肴,又是高蛋白饲料。有关福寿螺的繁殖饲养和管理技术介绍如下：一、养殖条件。福寿螺喜阴湿,怕光线,适宜生长在水沟、浅水低洼地、鱼塘、稻田、水渠和人工建造的水泥池里。一般水渠50～100cm深为宜。也可在大水域中（如湖泊、水库、河流等）用网箱高密度养殖。家庭小批量饲养可用水区、水槽和患者。饲养福着核水体的便坝菱高出水面地cm以…     

黑蝶贝苗种中间培育技术的初步研究

以黑蝶贝野生群体人工繁育苗种为研究材料,探索了大、小两种规格和不同吊养深度对黑蝶贝苗海区中间培育的影响。将壳长、体质量分别为(4.12±0.019)mm、(0.07±0.008)g,(2.02±0.012)mm、(0.03±0.005)g两种规格黑蝶贝吊养于2m、4m、5m区,每组黑蝶贝500枚,养殖水温23.09~29.77℃,养殖海区水深8~10m。每隔30d随机抽取50枚贝苗测量壳高、壳长、壳宽、体质量。经180d中间培育,壳长(4.12±0.019)mm的黑蝶贝生长速度明显大于壳长(2.02±0.012)mm的黑蝶贝,表明壳长(4.12±0.019)mm的黑蝶贝出池移入海区养殖较理想。同一规格贝苗在2m、4m、5m养殖水层的成活率差异不显著(P0.05),而3个不同养殖水层中不同规格贝苗养殖成活率差异显著(P0.05)。该研究结果为进一步开展黑蝶贝苗种人工繁育提供了重要参考。     

两种培育方法对泥东风螺稚螺生长与存活的影响

本文报道了有底沙与无底沙培育方法对泥东风螺( Babylonia Lutosa)稚螺生长与存活影响的实验结果。以牡蛎为饵料,实验设计3×1042、5×104和7×104 ind/m2三个密度梯度,采用有底沙与无底沙两种方法培育刚变态的泥东风螺稚螺。经35 d培育,有底沙组稚螺壳高、体重的生长速度和存活率都高于无底沙组,壳高生长速度差异显著( P <0．05)。而两种培育方法不同的密度培育结果,密度7×104 ind/m2与3×104 ind/m2和5×104 ind/m2实验组稚螺壳高生长速度差异显著(P<0．05),而3×104 ind/m2与5×104 ind/m2实验组壳高生长速度差异不显著( P>0．05)。随着稚螺的生长其潜沙行为越明显,说明有沙培育更符合其具有的潜埋栖息习性,有利其生长和存活。     

2个纯合体色品系大瓶螺的几何形态测量学研究

为了探究大瓶螺(Pomacea canaliculata)体色、性别与贝壳形态之间的关系,运用几何形态测量学方法,对来自于人工繁育的F5纯合体色品系37只深褐色个体(26♀♀,11♂♂)、34只黄色个体(14♀♀,20♂♂)贝壳的正壳口观、壳口观、壳顶观进行地标标点,获得贝壳的形态信息。运用主成分分析和典型变量分析,检测出不同体色、性别个体间的差异。通过各个标点对于相对扭曲的贡献率,探究其形态变化趋势。主成分分析结果表明,不同体色个体的贝壳形态存在着明显差异,正壳口观较壳口观及壳顶观更能体现贝壳差异;而不同体色的贝壳差异均不及相同体色不同性别个体间贝壳的差异。典型变量分析结果通过普氏距离和马氏距离得以反映,所有组别间的马氏距离均有显著性差异,而普氏距离仅在壳顶观的深褐色和黄色雌螺间以及壳顶观的深褐色和黄色雄螺间无显著差异;对正壳口观各标点对相对扭曲的贡献率分析表明,贝壳形态的变化主要集中在壳口上半部,支持不同体色和性别的大瓶螺在贝壳形态上存在显著差异的结论。发掘大瓶螺中所存在的这些差异对探究不同体色个体的适应性差异提供了重要参考,也表明几何形态测量学可以作为贝壳形态研究的有效方法应用于贝类形态学和种群分析等研究中。     

The giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii alters background colour preference after metamorphosis from larvae to postlarvae: In association with nature of phototaxis

The giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae have apposition eyes and are positively phototactic, whereas the postlarvae (PL) have superposition eyes and are negatively phototactic. M. rosenbergii has colour vision as early as larval stage. We discovered that M. rosenbergii alters background colour preference after metamorphosis from larvae to PL in association with nature of phototaxis. The test circular glass aquaria covered with a pair of two‐colour papers contained with a group of 100 larvae or 20 Pl, and the number of individuals in each colour background was recorded five times for each colour pair. The background colours tested were light blue, green, yellow, red, white and black. The numbers of larvae or PL in each colour background of different pairs were analysed by the Thurstone's law of comparative judgment. In the larvae, significant bias towards yellow was evident. In the PL, of the four pairings of black with other colours, all biased to black. The mean z‐scores were highest for yellow in the larvae, and for black in the PL. To determine the possible background brightness preference of the larvae and PL, six different colour backgrounds were presented in pairs. The larvae significantly preferred light blue over dark blue, white over yellow and white over black. The PL exhibited reversed preference. The relationship between z‐scores and light reflectance levels of five colour papers was significantly positive in the larvae and negative in the PL. The observed background colour preference was probably due to relative brightness rather than chromaticity difference.     

Effects of tank colour and feed colour on growth and feed utilization of thinlip mullet (Liza ramada) larvae

The effects of aquarium background colour and feed colour on survival, growth rates and feed utilization efficiency of thinlip mullet (Liza ramada) larvae (0.035 g) were investigated in two experiments. In the aquarium background colour trial, 50 larvae were stocked in duplicates in 120 L glass aquaria filled with dechlorinated tap water. The outside walls and bottoms of each pair of the aquaria were covered with coloured paper sheets to achieve one of six colours (white, black, red, green, yellow and blue), while noncoloured aquaria served as a control. The fish were fed an experimental diet (35% crude protein) at a daily rate of 5% of their body weight (BW), twice a day for 8 weeks. The best growth rates, feed efficiency and survival were achieved in larvae reared in light‐coloured aquaria (white, noncoloured and yellow). Fish performance was significantly retarded in larvae reared in dark‐coloured aquaria (red, green, black and blue). Body composition was not significantly affected by aquarium colour. In a feed colour trial, duplicate groups of larvae (0.035 g) were stocked at 50 fish per 120 L aquarium and fed a test diet (35% crude protein) with six different colours [dark blue, red, yellow, light brown (control), light green and dark brown] at a daily rate of 5% BW, twice a day for 8 weeks. The best performance and survival were achieved in fish fed on dark‐coloured diets (red, dark blue and dark brown). Light‐coloured diets (yellow, light green and light brown) resulted in inferior performance. Body composition was not significantly affected by feed colour. These results suggest that light‐coloured tanks should be used for rearing thinlip mullet, L. ramada larvae, while dark‐coloured diets are more preferable to light‐coloured diets.     

Limit of colour vision in dim light in larvae of the giant freshwater prawn <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrobrachium rosenbergii</Emphasis>

Colour vision depends on sufficient ambient light and becomes ineffective at a particular low light intensity. It is not known how decapod crustaceans see colour in dim light. In the present study we investigated the colour vision threshold in larvae of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in a tank under natural illumination. Plastic beads of different colours (blue, red, yellow and white) in various combinations were suspended in the tank. The larvae swam straight toward the beads and gathered around them. The number of larvae was highest on the blue and white beads. The luminance in the tank was then gradually decreased by covering it with different numbers of layers of black cloth, and the response of the larvae to the beads was video-recorded under infrared illumination. The preference for blue and white beads remained manifest as the luminance was reduced from 418 to 0.07 cd/m², but not at 0.02 cd/m², indicating a colour vision threshold between 0.07 and 0.02 cd/m². The larvae have apposition compound eyes with large optical parameters, comparable to those of apposition eyes of nocturnal insects, which presumably capture more light and show enhanced sensitivity, enabling the larvae to see colour in dim light.     

福寿螺对草鱼粪便再利用的可行性研究

为探究福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculate)能否有效利用草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)摄食水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)后产生的粪便,该研究对草鱼粪便、水葫芦饵料处理组福寿螺的生长、体组成、消化酶活力、氮磷富集量等进行比较分析。结果显示:1)两组福寿螺体质量均极显著增加(P<0.01),其中水葫芦组特定生长率(SGR)、食物转化率(FCR)均极显著高于草鱼粪便组(P<0.01);成活率(SR)无显著差异(P>0.05);2)两组福寿螺软体部的体组成差异不显著(P>0.05);3)水葫芦组的胃淀粉酶活力显著高于草鱼粪便组(P<0.05),纤维素酶、脂肪酶活力无显著差异(P>0.05);4)两组福寿螺均能有效富集氮(N)、磷(P)元素,且两组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明福寿螺摄食草鱼粪便不仅能满足螺本身的基本生长需求,还能间接减轻水体中的N、P负荷,表明在已有的“水体-水葫芦-草鱼”养殖模式中,可利用福寿螺解决草鱼粪便污染问题。     

Diet dynamics of the adult piscivorous fish community in Spirit Lake, Iowa, USA 1995–1997

Abstract – Diets of adults of six important piscivorous fish species, black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus , largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides , northern pike Esox lucius , smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui , walleye Stizostedion vitreum , and yellow perch Perca flavescens were quantified in Spirit Lake, Iowa, USA from May to October in 1995–1997. Forty-one prey taxa were found in the diets of these species, including 19 species of fish. The most important prey taxa overall were yellow perch, amphipods and dipterans. Diets of northern pike and walleye were dominated by yellow perch. Largemouth bass diets included large percentages of both yellow perch and black bullhead Ameiurus melas . Smallmouth bass diets included large percentages of both yellow perch and crayfish. Black crappie and yellow perch diets were dominated by invertebrates, primarily amphipods and dipterans. There were pronounced differences in diets among species, among size classes within species and over time. Most of the dominant prey taxa we documented in the diets of piscivorous species were in accordance with previous studies, but a few deviated significantly from expectations. Many of the temporal diet changes were asynchronous among piscivorous species and size classes, suggesting different responses to common prey resources over time.     

鳙对光色和光强的选择性试验

为研究船闸过鱼技术,利用自制的葛州坝船闸模型装置研究了鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)对红、白、蓝、绿、黄5种光色和光强的选择性。鳙在红、蓝、绿、黄、白色光5个区域中出现的次数比例分别是(68.01±7.09)%、(3.24±2.04)%、(5.70±4.28)%、(7.76±2.19)%和(15.30±2.83)%,鳙表现出偏好红色光。在红色光区域,鳙出现次数比例随时间先减小后增大,在第60 min时出现最小值(46.17%),整个试验过程变化显著,变化值28.16%;在白色光区域,鳙出现次数比先增大后减小,最大值达28.83%,变化值16.83%;黄、绿色光2个区域鳙出现次数比随时间无明显变化,变化值4.66%;蓝色光区域鳙出现次数比呈上下波动趋势,但总体平稳,变化值为11.35%。鳙对绿色光、黄色光表现出明显的负趋光性,对红色光表现出正趋光性。鳙平均出现次数比与时间的关系:红色光下,在强光区随时间呈下降趋势,在暗区变化趋势与强光区相反;绿色光下,只有暗区总体呈下降趋势但变化不显著,其他区域基本不变;蓝色光下,在所有区域均表现出上下波动、整体平稳的变化趋势;黄色光下,在暗区先增大后减小,亮区和强光区均呈先减小后增大趋势;白色光下,在暗区先减小后增大,而强光区先增大后减小,亮区无显著变化。     

洪泽湖河蚬(Corbicula fluminea) 2种表型群体的遗传变异分析

采用形态学分析(壳长、壳宽和壳高)和分子标记技术(细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ基因,COⅠ)对洪泽湖河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)黄色和黑色2个群体的形态和遗传多样性特征进行研究.形态参数统计分析结果显示,2个群体的形态特征之间有显著性差异.经PCR扩增和序列测定,获得614 bp COⅠ基因序列,2个群体的COⅠ基因序列的碱基组成高度一致,均表现出A+T的含量(64.8％)明显高于G+C的含量(35.2％).28个黑色个体发现7种单倍型,单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.794和0.04274;30个黄色个体发现5种单倍型,单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.607和0.02825.单倍型之间的遗传距离在0.002-0.091之间,其NJ和MP系统发生树表明,COⅠ基因单倍型聚为2个明显分支.分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,Fst=0.21736 (P＜0.01),21.74％的变异来自群体间,78.26％的变异来自群体内,2个群体之间有显著的遗传分化.研究表明,应将洪泽湖河蚬黑色和黄色群体分别作为独立单元进行管理和保护.     

光照对短须裂腹鱼生长及生理影响研究

光照是影响鱼类活动、摄食和生长的主要环境因子之一。本文分别以野生和养殖短须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax wangchiachi)为研究对象,研究了短须裂腹鱼对光谱、光强选择趋向性及光谱对短须裂腹鱼生长、生理的影响。结果显示,黄光、红光和绿光都对短须裂腹鱼起到吸引作用;利用黄光进行光照强度选择性研究发现,在低光照强度范围(22.6~64.7 lx),短须裂腹鱼对光强的趋向性没有显著差异(P>0.05);为期56 d的养殖实验发现,不同的光照颜色显著影响短须裂腹鱼的生长率和存活率(P<0.05),黄光和自然光处理组的养殖效果无显著性差异;无论在生长率和应激水平,均优于蓝光环境,蓝光提升了短须裂腹鱼的应激水平,导致存活率下降。研究结果可为水利工程建设过鱼设施诱鱼光源的选择提供科学依据。