利用豆粕、菜粕和棉粕替代饲料中鱼粉对苏氏圆腹鲑摄食、生长和饲料利用的影响

通过8周网箱实验评价了利用豆粕、菜粕和棉粕替代苏氏圆腹鲑饲料中鱼粉的潜力.配制了7种等氮、等能饲料,其中对照饲料含45%鱼粉,在其余6种饲料中按等量蛋白替代原则分别添加31%或46%豆粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的50%或75%,添加20%或40%菜粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的25%或50%,添加19%或39%棉粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的25%或50%.实验中所用苏氏圆腹鲑初始体重为11.3 g.实验结果表明:添加豆粕将饲料鱼粉含量从45%降低到23%,添加菜粕或棉粕将鱼粉含量降低到34%,对鱼成活率、摄食、鱼体增重、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料系数(FCR)、饲料蛋白储积率、脏体指数和红血细胞比积(Hct)未产生显著不良影响.添加豆粕将鱼粉含量降低到11%导致鱼摄食、鱼体增重和SGR下降,添加菜粕将鱼粉含量降低到23%导致FCR升高和鱼体能量储积率下降,添加棉粕将鱼粉含量降低到23%导致鱼体增重、SGR和Hct下降.上述结果显示可通过添加豆粕将苏氏圆腹鲑鱼种饲料鱼粉含量降低到23%,或通过添加菜粕和棉粕将饲料鱼粉含量降低到34%.     

利用豆粕、菜粕和棉粕替代饲料中鱼粉对苏氏圆腹鱼芒摄食、生长和饲料利用的影响

摘要：通过8周网箱实验评价了利用豆粕、菜粕和棉粕作为苏氏圆腹鱼芒 （Pangasius sutchi）饲料中鱼粉替代蛋白源的潜力。配制了7种等氮、等能饲料，其中基础饲料含45%鱼粉，按等量蛋白替代的原则，在其余6种饲料中分别添加31%和46%豆粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的50%和75%，或添加20%和40%菜粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的25%和50%，或添加19%和39%棉粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的25%和50%。实验中所用的苏氏圆腹鱼芒初始体重为11.3 g。实验结果表明：添加豆粕将饲料中鱼粉含量从45%降低到23%，添加菜粕或棉粕将鱼粉含量降低到34%，对鱼成活率、摄食、鱼体增重、特定生长率（SGR）、饲料系数（FCR）、饲料蛋白储积率、脏体指数和红血细胞比积（Hct）未产生显著不良影响。添加豆粕将鱼粉含量降低到11%导致鱼摄食、鱼体增重和SGR下降，添加菜粕将鱼粉含量降低到23%导致FCR和鱼体能量储积率下降，添加棉粕将鱼粉含量降低到23%导致鱼体增重、SGR和Hct明显下降。上述结果显示，可通过添加豆粕（31%）将苏氏圆腹鱼芒 鱼种饲料中鱼粉含量降低到23%，或通过添加菜粕（20%）和棉粕（19%）将饲料中鱼粉含量降低到34%。     

利用γ-射线辐照提高玉米蛋白粉替代卵形鲳鲹饲料中鱼粉的潜力

通过8周饲养实验检验了γ-射线辐照处理对利用玉米蛋白粉替代卵形鲳鲹饲料中鱼粉的影响。采用2×3实验设计。对照饲料(C)中鱼粉含量为250 g/kg。用玉米蛋白粉或γ-射线辐照玉米蛋白粉分别替代饲料C中鱼粉的20%、40%或60%,配成6种等氮等脂饲料(R20、R40和R60:以玉米蛋白粉为鱼粉替代物;IR20、IR40和IR60:以γ-射线辐照玉米蛋白粉为鱼粉替代物)。实验鱼初始体质量为(31.9±0.2)g。结果显示,饲料鱼粉替代水平显著影响鱼体增重(WG)、摄食率(FI)、饲料系数(FCR)、氮储积效率(NRE)、磷储积效率(PRE)和鱼体磷含量,而γ-射线辐照处理显著影响鱼体的磷含量。无论以何种玉米蛋白粉作为鱼粉替代物,FI和WG均随饲料鱼粉替代水平增加而下降。在相同替代水平下,使用玉米蛋白粉或γ-射线辐照玉米蛋白粉作鱼粉替代物对FI、WG、FCR、NRE、PRE和鱼体组成(水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分)无显著不同的影响。摄食饲料R20的鱼FI、WG、FCR和NRE与摄食饲料C的鱼相比无显著性差异,表明通过添加玉米蛋白粉可将卵形鲳鲹饲料中鱼粉含量降低至200 g/kg。研究表明,通过γ-射线辐照处理不能提高玉米蛋白粉替代饲料鱼粉的水平。     

国产鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长性能、肝脏健康及肠道屏障的影响

为评价鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的可行性，用不同水平国产鸡肉粉(PBM)等蛋白替代基础饲料中的鱼粉，配制成5种等氮等脂的实验饲料(对照组、PBM 12.5、PBM 25.0、PBM 37.5及PBM 50.0)，在室内循环系统饲喂初始体重为(9.25±0.13) g的大口黑鲈8周。结果显示，各处理组大口黑鲈的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和摄食率(FR)均无显著差异。同对照组相比，实验组肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著增加，而丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低。随鸡肉粉替代水平的增加，肝脏抗炎细胞因子基因(IL-10、TGF-β)相对表达量显著上调，而促炎细胞因子基因(IL-8、TNF-α)相对表达量显著下调，但肝脏的组织结构无显著临床症状变化。此外，随替代水平的增加，肠道抗氧化基因(sod、cat)和肠道紧密连接蛋白基因(Occludin、ZO-1和Claudin-1)相对表达量也显著上调，而血清D-乳酸(D-lac)和脂多糖(LPS)含量显著降低。研究表明，鸡肉粉替代基础饲料(基础饲料中含有40%的鱼粉) 50%的鱼粉不会抑制大口黑鲈的生长，同时还会增强鱼体的抗氧化...     

石斑鱼配合饲料中发酵豆粕和豆粕部分替代白鱼粉的研究

在浮式海水网箱(1.5m×1m×1.5m)中养殖石斑鱼幼鱼(9.4±0.1g),在等氮(52% CP)基础上进行以发酵豆粕和普通豆粕替代鱼粉的实验, 为期56天.结果显示在石斑鱼饲料中添加14%发酵豆粕,其增重率、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率和蛋白质效率与对照组没有显著性差异(P>0.05),以后随着发酵豆粕添加量的上升,这些指标都显著下降(P<0.05).在同样替代水平下,添加21%发酵豆粕组,增重率,SGR,饲料效率和蛋白质效率都比添加20%豆粕组高(P<0.05),表明对海水肉食性鱼类来说,发酵豆粕是一种比豆粕更优良的蛋白源.用折线模型分析增重率随白鱼粉替代水平的变化关系,结果表明在石斑鱼配合饲料中,发酵豆粕替代白鱼粉的最适量为10%.从实际生产的经济效益出发,建议在饲料中添加14%发酵豆粕,对石斑鱼的生长和鱼体组成不会造成显著影响.     

角蛋白酶DP-100和γ射线辐照对利用羽毛粉替代大黄鱼饲料鱼粉的影响

本研究评价了利用羽毛粉作为大黄鱼(Larimichthyscrocea)饲料鱼粉替代蛋白源的潜力,并探讨了角蛋白酶(DP-100)和γ射线辐照对替代效果的影响。采用双因素实验设计,基础饲料BD鱼粉含量为35%,饲料I0E0利用水解羽毛粉替代BD中30%的鱼粉。在饲料I0E0中,添加1%DP-100 (饲料I0E1),或用γ射线辐照羽毛粉替代水解羽毛粉(饲料I1E0),或同时添加1%DP-100和用γ射线辐照羽毛粉替代水解羽毛粉(饲料I1E1)。在1 m×1 m×2 m的实验网箱中进行10周饲养实验。实验鱼初始体重为(19.7±0.2) g (x±SD, n=15),放养密度为每口网箱40尾鱼。实验结果表明,添加1%DP-100显著影响实验结束时鱼体重(FBW)、增重(WG)和摄食量(FI)(P<0.05),但γ射线辐照未对FBW、WG和FI产生显著影响(P>0.05)。添加DP-100、用辐照羽毛粉替代水解羽毛粉以及二者交互作用对饲料系数(FCR)、饲料贮积效率(氮:NRE;磷:PRE;能量:ERE)、肥满度、肝体比(HSI)、脏体比(VSI)、全鱼组成、单位鱼产量鱼粉消耗...     

鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆生长和体组成的影响

以鸡肉粉替代饲料中0%、20%、40%、60%、80%的鱼粉,配制5种等氮等能饲料。选取初始体质量为(22.82±0.08)g的大菱鲆幼鱼180尾,随机分为5组(每组3个重复,每重复12尾)分别投喂一种饲料,试验周期为8周。试验结果表明,鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼终末体质量、特定生长率、饲料系数以及质量增加率产生显著影响(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼鱼体水分、粗蛋白、灰分、能量含量未造成显著影响(P0.05),鸡肉粉替代组粗蛋白含量比对照组略微升高,粗脂肪含量比对照组显著降低(P0.05),鸡肉粉替代组之间的粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P0.05),但有升高的趋势。鸡肉粉替代40%鱼粉时,血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活力显著高于对照组(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对肝脏谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活力影响显著(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对主要营养成分的表观消化率产生显著影响(P0.05)。本试验结果表明,鸡肉粉替代20%的鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼生长最为有利。     

鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对鲤鱼生产性能影响研究

为探讨用鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对鲤鱼生产性能的影响，以初始体重为（70&#177;1．0）g的鲤鱼为试验对象．以2％和4％鸡肉粉分别替代1％和2％的鱼粉，配制成3种等氮的饲料，在水泥池中进行为期62d的生长试验。结果表明，当2％鸡肉粉替代1％鱼粉时，在鲤鱼生长前期，其增重率（WGR）、特定生长率（SGR）比对照组降低，饵料系数（FCR）升高；在鲤鱼生长后期，其增重率（WGR）、特定生长率（SGR）比对照组升高，饵料系数（FCR）降低；当4％鸡肉粉替代2％鱼粉时，在鲤鱼生长前期，其增重率（WGR）、特定生长率（SGR）比对照组降低，饵料系数（FCR）升高；在鲤鱼生长后期，其特定生长率（SGR）比对照组升高。增重率（WGR）和饵料系数（FCR）降低。     

宠物级鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的饲料中补充苏氨酸对大口黑鲈生长性能、糖脂代谢和免疫的影响

试验采用初始体重为4.16±0.06g的大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)作为研究对象,设计3种等氮等脂的饲料：苏氨酸对照组(TC,65.0%鱼粉),低苏氨酸组(LT,65.0%宠物级鸡肉粉添加除苏氨酸以外的必需氨基酸至TC水平组)和苏氨酸添加组(TS,LT组添加苏氨酸至TC水平组),探究饲料中不同苏氨酸水平对大口黑鲈生长性能、糖脂代谢、免疫及宠物级鸡肉粉利用率的影响,养殖试验开展8周。试验结果表明：与对照组相比,LT处理组饲料显著降低了大口黑鲈的生长性能、饲料效率和鱼体营养物质组成(P<0.05),饲料中添加苏氨酸可在一定程度上改善宠物级鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉后导致的生长性能受限、饲料效率低下和鱼体营养物质组成降低等问题(P<0.05)。宠物级鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉还显著降低了血浆中营养成分和多种游离氨基酸的含量(P<0.05),饲料中添加晶体苏氨酸能够显著提高血浆中游离氨基酸的水平(P<0.05),使之与对照组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。mRNA水平上,饲料中苏氨酸添加可显著改善鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉引起的肝脏中糖脂合成代谢抑制和分解代谢加剧的现象,同时苏氨酸添加也可显著降低细胞炎症因子的mRNA的表达水平(P<0.05)。综上所述：饲料中适量苏氨酸的添加可在一定程度上提高大口黑鲈的生长性能、促进脂肪合成和抑制脂肪分解,并增强的免疫机能。     

大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉对大菱鲆摄食、生长及体组成的影响

研究了大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)替代鱼粉对大菱鲆生长及生理生化指标的影响。5种饲料分别含有0、12.0%、25.0%、37.0%和49.5%的SPC以替代相应的鱼粉,并分别添加0、0.83%、1.65%、2.48%和3.30%的必需氨基酸混合物(L-lysine∶DL-methionine∶L-leucine∶Lvaline∶L-threonine=18∶6∶3∶2.5∶2)以平衡各组饲料的氨基酸组成。每种饲料投喂3个水族箱(300 L),每个水族箱放养实验鱼16尾,实验鱼初始体质量为(31.1±0.1)g。经过9周生长实验,结果显示随着饲料中SPC替代水平的升高,大菱鲆摄食率、特定生长率均显著下降(P0.001)。然而,当使用0~37.0%的SPC替代鱼粉时,各处理组饲料效率和蛋白质效率未出现显著差异(P0.05)。饲料中SPC替代鱼粉对大菱鲆鱼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及灰分含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。各处理组干物质和粗蛋白的表观消化率之间也未出现显著差异(P0.05)。研究表明,在本实验条件下SPC不能作为大菱鲆饲料中替代鱼粉的有效蛋白源,造成SPC替代效果较差的主要原因是其对大菱鲆饲料适口性的显著影响。     

Replacing Fish Meal with Rendered Animal Protein Ingredients in Diets for Malabar Grouper,Epinephelus malabaricus,Reared in Net Pens

The potential of using rendered animal protein ingredients, poultry by‐products meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM), and feather meal (FM), to replace fish meal in diets for malabar grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus, was evaluated in a 10‐week net pen experiment. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight 50.2 g) were fed eight isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets formulated to contain 52% crude protein and 9% crude lipid. The control diet contained 50% herring meal, whereas in the remaining seven diets, PBM was incorporated at 11.9 (PM1), 23.8 (PM2), and 35.7% (PM3) to replace 25, 50, and 75% of the fish meal; MBM was incorporated at 14.5 (MM1) and 29.0% (MM2) to replace 25 and 50% of the fish meal; and FM was incorporated at 9.4 (FM1) and 18.8% (FM2) to replace 25 and 50% of the fish meal. A raw fish (RF) diet was used as comparison to assess growth performance of fish fed the formulated diets. Feed intake was lower in fish fed the diets PM3 and FM2 than fish fed the control diet. There were no significant differences in weight gain (WG), final body weight (FBW), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), energy retention efficiency (ERE), and total nitrogen waste output (TNW) between fish fed the control diet and the diets PM1, PM2, PM3, MM1, MM2, and FM1. Fish fed the diet FM2 had lower WG, FBW, NRE, and ERE but higher TNW than that of fish fed the control diet. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher in fish fed the diets MM2, FM1, and FM2 than fish fed the control diet. At the end of the experiment, there were no significant differences in whole‐body content of moisture, crude protein, and crude lipid among fish fed the formulated diets. WG, FBW, and TNW of fish fed the diet RF were higher, while FCR and NRE were lower than that of fish fed the control diet. No significant differences were found in feed intake, ERE, and whole‐body composition between fish fed the diet RF and the control diet. Results of the present study suggest that dietary fish meal level for malabar grouper can be lowered from 50 to 38% by incorporating PBM, MBM, or FM.     

Validation of processed animal proteins (mono‐PAPS) in experimental diets for juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) as primary fish meal replacers within a European perspective

Experimental diets were formulated to evaluate a “pure” poultry meat meal (PMM) source in diets formulated for juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). The digestible protein contribution of fish meal in a control diet was substituted by 25%, 50% and 75% of a processed poultry meat meal (PMM) on a digestible crude protein (DCP) basis and by 5% and 10% for an enzyme‐treated feather meal (EFM) and also a spray‐dried haemaglobin meal (SDHM), respectively. In a consecutive trial, diets were designed to assess the value of a “pure” (defatted) poultry protein substituting the fish meal (FM) protein content. Experimental diets included: a control diet, two test diets where 75% of FM was replaced by a full‐fat PMM (PMM75) or a defatted grade of PMM (dPMM75) and two test diets where 50% of FM was substituted for defatted PMM (dPMM50) or a 50:50 blend of soya bean meal and defatted PMM (SBM/dPMM) to produce a composite product. This soya bean/dPMM blend was tested to enhance the nutritional value of this key plant ingredient commonly employed in sea bream diets that can be deficient in specific amino acids and minerals. In the first trial, gilthead sea bream grew effectively on diets containing up to the 75% replacement of FM attaining a mean weight of 63.6 g compared to 67.8 g for the FM control fed group. For the consecutive trial, the fishmeal‐based control diet yielded the highest SGR followed by dPMM50 and SBM/dPMM blend inclusion but was not significant. Carcass FA profiles of gilthead sea bream conformed to the expected changes in relation to the dietary FA patterns, with the 18:1n‐9 representative of the poultry lipid signature becoming more apparent with PMM inclusion. The ratio of n‐3/n‐6 fatty acids was greatly affected in sea bream fed the full‐fat PMM at 75% inclusion due to fish oil exclusion. Defatted dPMM, however, allowed more of the fish oil to be used in the diet and reducing this latter effect in sea bream carcass, hence restoring the higher total omega‐3 HUFA fatty acids namely EPA and DHA and n‐3/n‐6 ratio. It is concluded that poultry meat meal can be modestly incorporated into formulated diets for sea bream and can be used in conjunction with soya bean meal without any fundamental changes in performance and feed efficiency.     

Replacing fish meal with a blend of poultry by‐product meal and feather meal in diets for giant croaker (Nibea japonica)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing fish meal with poultry by‐product meal (PBM) and feather meal (FEM) in giant croaker (Nibea japonica) diet. The control diet (C) contained 400 g/kg fish meal, and 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the fish meal in diet C was replaced by a blend of PBM and FEM (PBM: FEM = 7:3) in diets B20, B40, B60 and B80, respectively. The weight gain and feed intake of fish fed diet C did not differ from those of fish fed diets B20 and B40 (p > .05), but were higher than those of fish fed diets B60 and B80 (p < .05). Phosphorus retention efficiency was lower in fish fed diets C, B20 and B40 than in fish fed diets R60 and R80 (p < .05). No significant differences were found in feed conversion ratio, nitrogen retention efficiency, condition factor, hepatosomatic index, body composition and nitrogen waste among the treatments (p > .05). Ratio of fish meal consumption to fish production linearly declined with the decrease in dietary fish meal level. This study indicates that dietary fish meal for giant croaker could be reduced to 240 g/kg by inclusion of the blend of PBM and FEM.     

Inclusion of rendered animal ingredients as fishmeal substitutes in practical diets for cuneate drum, Nibea miichthioides (Chu, Lo et Wu)

Potential of using rendered animal ingredients, poultry by‐product meal (PM), meat and bone meal (MBM), feather meal (FM) and blood meal (BM) to replace fishmeal in practical diets for cuneate drum Nibea miichthioides (Chu, Lo et Wu) was examined in a net pen experiment. A total of 10 dietary treatments were compared. Nine diets were formulated to contain 363 g kg⁻¹ digestible protein and 14.8 MJ kg⁻¹ digestible energy, and a dietary treatment consisting of raw fish (RF) served as reference. In the formulated diets, the control diet contained 350 g kg⁻¹ herring meal, whereas in the other eight diets, the fishmeal were replaced by MBM (30% fishmeal replacement), PM (50% fishmeal replacement), a blend of PM, MBM, FM and BM (30%, 50% and 80% fishmeal replacement), or a blend of PM, MBM and BM (30%, 50% and 80% fishmeal replacement), respectively. Cuneate drum fingerling (initial body weight 28 g) were fed the test diets for 8 weeks. Specific growth rate (SGR), final body weight (FBW), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), condition factor and contents of moisture, crude protein and crude lipid in carcass were not significantly different between fish fed the formulated diets. Fish fed the formulated control diet exhibited lower SGR and FBW, but higher FCR, NRE, hepatosomatic index and crude lipid content in carcass and liver than those of the fish fed the RF. Results of the present study indicate that combination of rendered animal protein ingredients can replace most of the fishmeal in practical diets for cuneate drum.     

Replacement of Fishmeal with a Blend of Poultry Byproduct Meal and Soybean Meal in Diets for Largemouth Bass,Micropterus salmoides

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing fishmeal with poultry byproduct meal (PBM) and soybean meal in diets for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. A reference diet (C) contained 400 g/kg fishmeal, and 40 or 60% of the fishmeal was replaced with a blend of pet‐food‐grade PBM and soybean meal (diets PP1 and PP2) or a blend of feed‐grade PBM and soybean meal (diets PF1 and PF2). No significant differences were found in weight gain, nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), condition factor, and body composition among fish fed diets PP1, PP2, PF1, and PF2. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were higher in fish fed diet PF1 than in fish fed diet PP1. No significant differences were found in weight gain, NRE, condition factor, and body composition between fish fed diet C and diets PP1, PP2, PF1, and PF2. The feed intake and FCR were lower in fish fed diet C than in fish fed diets PP2, PF1, and PF2. This study reveals that dietary fishmeal level for largemouth bass could be reduced to 160 g/kg by inclusion of PBM and soybean meal in combination.     

The potential of land animal protein ingredients to replace fish meal in diets for cuneate drum, Nibea miichthioides, is affected by dietary protein level

A net pen experiment was carried out to examine the effect of dietary protein level on the potential of land animal protein ingredients as fish meal substitutes in practical diets for cuneate drum Nibea miichthioides. Two isocaloric basal (control) diets were formulated to contain 400 g kg^?1 herring meal but two different digestible protein (DP) levels (400 versus 350 g kg^?1). At each DP level, dietary fish meal level was reduced from 400 to 280, 200, 80 and 0 g kg^?1 by incorporating a blend that comprised of 600 g kg^?1 poultry by‐products meal (PBM), 200 g kg^?1 meat and bone meal (MBM), 100 g kg^?1 feather meal (FEM) and 100 g kg^?1 blood meal (BLM). Cuneate drum fingerling (initial weight 42 g fish^?1) were fed the test diets for 8 weeks. Fish fed the test diets exhibited similar feed intake. Final body weight, feed conversion ratio and nitrogen retention efficiency was not significantly different between fish fed the basal diets containing 350 and 400 g kg^?1 DP. Weight gain decreased linearly with the reduction of dietary fish meal level at the 350 g kg^?1 DP level, but did not decrease with the reduction of dietary fish meal level at the 400 g kg^?1 DP level. Results of the present study suggest that fish meal in cuneate drum diets can be completely replaced with the blend of PBM, MBM, FEM and BLM at the 400 g kg^?1 DP level, based on a mechanism that excessive dietary protein compensate lower contents of bio‐available essential amino acid in the land animal protein ingredients relative to fish meal.     

发酵豆粕部分替代鱼粉后凡纳滨对虾对赖氨酸的需求量

为研究发酵豆粕部分替代鱼粉后,饲料赖氨酸(Lys)水平对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成与血清生化指标的影响,进而确定凡纳滨对虾对饲料赖氨酸的需要量,实验在基础饲料中分别添加0%、0.25%、0.50%、0.75%和1.00%的晶体赖氨酸配制成5种等氮等脂的实验饲料(含粗蛋白41.5%、粗脂肪7.5%),实测各组赖氨酸含量分别为2.43%、2.65%、2.87%、3.06%和3.24%,记为Lys0、Lys25、Lys50、Lys75和Lys100。选择初始体质量为(2.0±0.1) g的凡纳滨对虾随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复50尾虾,在室内水泥池中进行为期56 d的养殖实验。结果显示,随着饲料赖氨酸水平的提高,凡纳滨对虾的增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)先升高后降低,在Lys75组达到最高,且该组饲料系数(FCR)最低;凡纳滨对虾成活率不受饲料赖氨酸水平的影响。Lys75组对虾肌肉粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量最高,而对虾肌肉粗灰分和水分含量则不受饲料赖氨酸水平的影响;肌肉必需氨基酸中的赖氨酸、缬氨酸(Val)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)随着饲料赖氨酸水平的提高呈先升高后降低的趋势。随着饲料赖氨酸水平的提高,血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,甘油三酯(TG)含量呈逐渐升高的趋势,Lys75组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著低于其他各组。对SGR、FCR与饲料赖氨酸水平进行二次曲线拟合分析,结果显示,凡纳滨对虾对赖氨酸的最适需求量分别为2.88%(饲料粗蛋白的6.94%)、2.89%(饲料粗蛋白的6.96%)。本实验通过探讨凡纳滨对虾在该饲料配方条件下对赖氨酸的最适需求量,旨在为其大规模配合饲料的生产提供参考。     

玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆摄食、生长及体组成的影响

以鱼粉和玉米蛋白粉作蛋白源,配制6种等氮等能的饲料。其中5种饲料(C0、C12、C25、C38和C50.5)分别含有0%、12%、25%、38%和50.5%的玉米蛋白粉以替代相应的鱼粉蛋白。其余1种饲料(C50.5CAA)是在饲料C50.5基础上补充1.8%晶体氨基酸混合物(L-lysine:1.2%,L-arg:0.6%)。经7周的生长试验,结果表明随着饲料中玉米蛋白粉替代水平的升高,大菱鲆(12.51±0.02)g的摄食率、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率均显著下降。饲料中玉米蛋白粉含量为50.5%时,大菱鲆摄食率显著低于其他处理组(P<0.05)。当饲料中玉米蛋白粉含量超过25%时,大菱鲆特定生长率显著低于对照组(C0)(P<0.05)。当饲料中玉米蛋白粉含量超过38%时,饲料效率和蛋白质效率与对照组(C0)相比显著下降(P<0.05)。C50.5CAA组的摄食率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率与C50.5组相比都有升高的趋势,但差异不显著。而饲料中添加晶体氨基酸显著提高了大菱鲆的饲料效率(P<0.05)。饲料中玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆鱼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及灰分含量均无显著影响。饲料中玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆血清甘油三酯和尿素氮含量也不产生显著影响,然而,随着饲料中玉米蛋白粉含量升高,血清总胆固醇含量显著下降(P<0.05)。     

Effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal on growth, feed utilization and carcass composition of cuneate drum (Nibea miichthioides)

The effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal (SBM) in practical feeds for cuneate drum was evaluated in an 8-week net pen trial. The cuneate drum fingerlings (initial body weight 29.8 ± 1.3 g fish^− 1) were fed six isonitrogenous and isocaloric feeds containing 39% digestible protein and 16 MJ kg^− 1 digestible energy. The control feed was formulated to contain 40% herring meal, whereas in the other five feeds SBM was included at 11.3, 22.5, 33.8, 45.0 and 56.3% to replace 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100% of the fish meal. There were no significant differences in feed intake between fish fed the control feed and feeds in which SBM replaced 20 to 80% of the fish meal, but fish fed the fish meal free feed had higher feed intake than the other treatments. Weight gain linearly declined with the decrease of fish meal level. Final body weight (FBW) of fish fed the feeds in which SBM replaced 20% of the fish meal did not significantly differ from fish fed the control feed. Replacing 40 to 100% of the fish meal resulted in lower FBW and nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), and higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those of fish fed the control feed. Fish fed the feeds in which SBM replaced 60 to 100% of the fish meal had lower condition factor and hepatosomatic index than those of fish fed the control feed. No significant differences in carcass protein content was found among the treatments, but fish fed the feeds in which SBM replaced 60 to 100% of the fish meal had higher moisture and lower lipid content in carcass than those of fish fed the control feed. Results of the present study appear to indicate that cuneate drum has a limited ability to utilize SBM as a protein source in practical feeds.