氟苯尼考治疗网箱湘云鲫“竖鳞病”试验

竖鳞病为我国鲤、鲫鱼养殖中常见疾病,较难防治,如果在工厂化养殖和网箱养殖等高密度养殖环境下发生此病,死亡率可达80%以上。采用氟苯尼考对水库网箱养殖鲤、鲫鱼竖鳞病治疗和预防,收到明显效果。     

鲤竖鳞病可疑病原菌人工感染生态条件的初步研究

在排除病毒病原的前提下，用可疑病原菌以健康鲤进行初次人工感染，并出现天然症状，本文从病原菌的侵入途径，发病水温和水质等方面探讨了该地区鲤竖鳞病发病的生态条件，以期为该病的诊断、预防和病原体鉴定提供参考依据。     

预防鲤、鲫鱼竖鳞病应从越冬前期着手

据多年鱼类越冬情况看，在春季开池之后，鲤、鲫鱼最易患的病害是竖鳞病。病鱼的症状十分明显，肉眼即可诊断。病鱼鳞片向外张开，鳞囊内积聚有半透明或含有血的渗出液，用手轻压鳞片，渗出液从鳞片下喷射而出，鳞片也随之脱落，这就是竖鳞病。病鱼肌肉发炎变性，     

春季注意防治鱼竖鳞病

<正>春季是竖鳞病的高发季节,应做好防治工作。竖鳞病又叫鳞立病、松球病、松鳞病,该病是鱼体受伤后被细菌感染,引起鳞囊内积聚液体导致鳞片竖立的一种疾病。竖鳞病主要危害鲤、鲫、草鱼、团头鲂等淡水鱼类,其他淡水鱼类有时也会感染该病。     

春季主要鱼病及防治

近几年,笔者在从事鱼病防治过程中发现春季危害最大的病害是鲤、鲫鱼出血病、寄生虫病、竖鳞病、氨氮中毒。     

春秋两季如何防治鱼类竖鳞病和水霉病

春秋两季鱼类极易感染竖鳞病和水霉病,如果防治不及时,易引起大面积死亡,给养殖户带来巨大经济损失。我们根据近几年的工作经验,向大家介绍一下竖鳞病和水霉病的发病原因及防治对策,供参考。1竖鳞病1．1发病原因竖鳞病又称鳞立病、松球病、松鳞病,该病是水质污浊、鱼体受伤后被细菌感染,引起鳞囊内积聚液体导致鳞片竖立的一种疾病。主要危害鲤、鲫、草鱼、团头     

鱼类竖鳞病的症状诊断及防治对策

竖鳞病是鱼类在冬春季节极易流行的一种疾病。该病主要危害鲤、鲫与金鱼、罗非鱼、草鱼、白鲢等鱼类。     

鲤鱼白云病病原体及其防治研究

1986年在北京密云水库九松山网箱养鲤处首次发现鲤鱼白云病，在水温10～16℃条件下，发病率高达60-95％，並易与竖鳞病、疖疮病、水霉病並发，死亡率可达60％以上。     

春季如何防治鲤科鱼类竖鳞病

正竖鳞病又叫鳞立病、松鳞病、松球病,是鲤、鲫、草、鲢、鳙等鲤科养殖鱼类的一种常见病,我国大部分地区均有发生。竖鳞病主要流行于冬末初春,一般当水质恶化或鱼体受伤时感染,病情严重时可引起患病鱼的死亡。竖鳞病是鲤鱼、鲫鱼的一种常见病,从较大的鱼种至亲鱼均可受害,若不及时治疗,可带来严重的损失。一、病原研究发现,引起竖鳞病的细菌有:点状极毛杆菌、水型假单胞菌、嗜水气单胞菌等。在水温低的季节,尤其是越冬之后的鱼,体质较差,抵抗力也弱,容易患病。鱼类受伤后,容易局部立鳞。     

春季主要鱼病及其防治

近几年,黑龙江省佳木斯地区越冬池融冰后发生的鱼病呈上升趋势,种类越来越多,造成的危害越来越大.笔者在从事鱼病防治过程中发现春片鱼种危害最大的是鲤、鲫鱼出血病、寄生虫病和竖鳞病.     

The effects and control of algal blooms in fish ponds

It has been demonstrated that large quantities of ammonia may be released into the water of a fish pond following the collapse of an algal bloom. Some blue-green algae are thought to release toxins. This paper puts forward another explanation for this occurrence. A review of the disease known as Infectious Dropsy of Carp (IDC) based on the findings of this paper shows it to be caused by ammonia. Various methods to counteract this disease are described. Particular emphasis is placed on the policy concerning the addition of fertilizers. It is shown that dense blooms of nitrogen-fixing algae can be controlled by manipulation of the nitrogen: phosphorus balance of ponds. Determination of the aetiology of carp dropsy will probably lead to a better understanding of other diseases of fish which are manifested by similar symptoms. The disease of trout known as Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS) is discussed in this context. For clarification it is proposed that infectious dropsy of carp be renamed Environmental Ammonotelic Syndrome (EAS).     

Immune protection in carp, Cyprinus carpio L., after immunization with Aeromonas hydrophila crude lipopolysaccharide

Abstract. Vaccination with crude lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced better protection against infection with Aeromonas hydrophila in carp than vaccination with formalin killed vaccine. Dipping fish in vaccine for 2 h at 25°C was more effective than intraperitoneal injection of the vaccine in procedural simplicity, lower stress loading and the degree of protection acquired. In carp immunized with crude LPS by the dip method, antibodies were not detected by bacteriai agglutination, passive haemagglutination and the agar diffusion tests. The results indicate that the protection against A. hydrophila infection in carp is not dependent on humoral immunity.     

草鱼出血病病毒vp6核酸疫苗的免疫效果评估

为了评估草鱼出血病病毒(GCRV)vp6基因核酸疫苗的免疫效果,将vp6基因克隆进pFastBacTMDual载体杆状病毒的多角体蛋白(Ph)启动子下游,同时将团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)β-actin启动子控制的vp6基因克隆进杆状病毒的P10启动子下游,获核酸疫苗载体pFastBac-FA-VP6-ph-VP6。按每尾分别注射疫苗载体10、30、60μg的剂量免疫草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)(体长14～20 cm,体质量60～120 g),同设pFastBacTMDual载体(30μg/尾)阴性对照组及空白对照组(0.4 mL/尾无菌水)。于免疫后不同时间通过RT-PCR检测免疫鱼体中vp6基因的表达,并于免疫后第14、21、28、49、70天分别通过间接凝集反应检测血液中的抗体水平,并在免疫第21天感染GCRV评估免疫保护效果。结果显示,核酸疫苗免疫草鱼后,各免疫组均有抗体产生,抗体效价在免疫后第28天达到最高;攻毒后每尾注射疫苗载体10、30、60μg组的死亡率分别为0%、0%、5%,pFastBacTMDual载体对照组和空白对照组分别为30%和100%。表明构建的核酸疫苗对草鱼病毒性出血病有较好的免疫保护效果。     

3月龄草鱼种免疫器官组织学及其免疫后免疫基因的转录差异

为研究处于同一时期但养殖条件不同的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)鱼体规格与发育状态间是否具有一致性,观察压塘3月龄草鱼与普通3月龄草鱼头肾、中肾、肠道和脾脏的显微结构,并对压塘3月龄草鱼与普通3月龄草鱼进行腹腔注射疫苗处理,实时荧光定量PCR检测免疫7 d后、14 d后各期草鱼头肾、中肾、肠道和脾脏中IgM与MHCⅠ的表达量。结果显示,压塘3月龄草鱼各组织发育较普通3月龄草鱼迟缓。压塘3月龄草鱼与普通3月龄草鱼在免疫后,头肾、中肾、肠道与脾脏中IgM和MHCⅠ的表达量均有上升,且IgM与MHCⅠ的相对表达量峰值均出现在普通3月龄草鱼免疫14 d后的中肾中(IgM为74.51倍;MHCⅠ为56.02倍。结果表明,草鱼出血病活疫苗可以增强草鱼头肾、中肾、肠道和脾脏中IgM和MHCⅠ的表达,且在3月龄时期进行注射免疫效果最佳。     

Vaccine-induced protective immunity against Aeromonas salmonicida tested in experimental carp erythrodermatitis

Abstract The development and applicability of a dose-controlled experimental infection with atypical Aeromonas salmonicida in carp is described. The proliferation and clinical manifestations of experimentally induced carp erythrodermatitis mimicked a natural infection. An in-vivo assay was used to evaluate the lethal properties of cell-free culture supernatants and a simple serum-free growth medium was devised for maintaining the virulence of the challenge strain. Depending on the inoculation dose, a sublethal (chronic) to a lethal (acute) infection could be induced, and a dose-response relation was observed between A. salmonicida inoculum size and carp mortality. The dose-controlled experimental infection was used as a challenge test for laboratory evaluation of the efficacy of potential vaccine candidates. The vaccine candidates tested, a cell envelope preparation, purified lipopolysaccharide and purified A-layer (ACE) protein showed no protection or only a feeble one at the best, while formalinized whole cells showed a consistent but only moderate protection. In contrast, when concentrated, detoxified culture supernatant was used, the carp were protected against a subsequent lethal challenge. These observations indicate that immunity against A. salmonicida extracellular products is of prime importance.     

草鱼对CFRV疫苗免疫应答的研究

本文研究了草鱼对ＣＦＲＶ疫苗的免疫应答水平，规律性，免疫效应期及免疫持久性。用该疫苗免疫后的草鱼能产生很强的应答反应，免疫保护力可达８０％以上，血清中和抗体效价非常明显地高于对照组。它的免疫效应期在５天以内，第１０天血清中和抗体达到较高水平，第２０天处于峰值，并可维持２０余天，以后在第１０天的水平上波动。草鱼对ＣＦＲＶ疫苗的免疫持久性在１３个月以上。     

嗜水气单胞菌疫苗免疫效果研究

选取对鲤鱼毒力强的嗜水气单胞菌菌株制成灭活疫苗,研究疫苗的免疫保护效应.采用甲醛灭活制备疫苗,分别对鲤鱼进行注射和浸泡试验,测定白细胞吞噬活性、淋巴细胞转化能力、血清、皮肤黏液的抗体效价及活菌攻毒后的免疫保护率.结果表明,受免鱼各项指标均明显高于对照组,注射组免疫保护率达90%,其中浸泡组各项略低于注射组.嗜水气单胞菌灭活疫苗对鲤鱼有显著免疫保护效应,可作为预防细菌性败血症感染的疫苗.     

被动转移免疫在鲫感染温和气单胞菌中的作用

实验用鲫平均体重100g，采用免疫物质被动转移试验，探讨体液免疫在鲫感染温和气单胞菌（Aeromonas sobria)中的保护作用。结果表明，无论免疫物质是来自异源还是自源，是由相关的嗜水气单胞菌（A.hydrophia)诱导产生还是由攻毒的温和气单胞直接刺激，均具有良好的免疫保护作用。实验还发现，再次攻毒时，在所有抗体组的鲫存活率为100%时，全血被动转移组的死亡率高达55.6%；免疫前后免疫复合物发生明显变化。说明抗体在保护鲫免疫受温和气单胞菌的致死性感染中发挥决定性的作用。     

草鱼“四联”疫苗在草鱼池塘养殖生产中的应用

利用4口池塘,每公顷放养75～100g/尾的草鱼种31 612尾～36 486尾。其中2口池草鱼种放养时接种草鱼"四联"疫苗,另2口池设为对照。经6个月的饲养试验,结果表明:接种疫苗的试验池草鱼与未接种疫苗的对照池相比,发病率比对照池低10.7%,成活率与平均产量比对照池分别提高12.8%和20.8%。试验初步证明,接种草鱼四联疫苗能有效地增强草鱼对"四病"的抵御能力,提高草鱼养殖成活率,是有效防治草鱼"四病"的有效措施之一。     

Optimization by orthogonal array design and humoral immunity of the bivalent vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio fluvialis infection in crucian carp (Carassius auratus L.)

Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio fluvialis are the causative agents of a serious haemorrhagic septicaemia that affects a wide range of freshwater fish in China. In order to develop a bivalent anti‐A. hydrophila and anti‐V. fluvialis formalin‐killed vaccine to prevent this disease, an orthogonal array design (OAD) method was used to optimize the production conditions, using three factors, each having three levels. The effects of these factors and levels on the relative per cent survival for crucian carp were quantitatively evaluated by analysis of variance. The final optimized formulation was established. The data showed that inactivation temperature had a significant effect on the potency of vaccine, but formalin concentration did not. The bivalent vaccine could elicit a strong humoral response in crucian carp (Carassius auratus L.) against both A. hydrophila and V. fluvialis simultaneously, which peaked at 3 or 5 weeks respectively. Antibody titres remained high until week 12, the end of the experiment, after a single intraperitoneal injection. The verification experiment confirmed that an optimized preparation could provide protection for fish at least against A. hydrophila infection, and did perform better than the non‐optimized vaccine judged by the antibody levels and protection rate, suggesting that OAD is of value in the development of improved vaccine formulations.