食品添加剂对南极大磷虾蛋白自溶的影响

以氨基态氮、可溶性蛋白质含量和可溶性固形物含量为指标,研究了食品添加剂对南极大磷虾(Euphausia superba)蛋白自溶的影响。结果显示,氯化镁和柠檬酸对南极大磷虾蛋白的自溶有一定的促进作用,两者作用显著的添加量分别为2%和0.2%,结合可溶性蛋白质和可溶性固形物指标,促进作用最显著的为添加0.2%柠檬酸;葡萄糖和氯化钙对南极大磷虾蛋白的自溶影响不大;氯化钾、氯化钠、EDTA-2Na对南极大磷虾蛋白的自溶有一定的抑制作用,氯化钠和EDTA-2Na的抑制作用相近,但优于氯化钾,三者作用显著的添加量分别为2%、4%、0.05%,考虑到可溶性蛋白质含量,抑制作用最显著为添加0.05%EDTA-2Na。     

南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)起捕后蛋白自溶进程及其影响因素

为了有效保持南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)原料品质,实现其高质化利用,本研究选取冷冻南极磷虾作为研究对象,在实验室条件下以非蛋白氮(NPN)含量、三氯乙酸(TCA)可溶性蛋白含量与氨基酸态氮含量为指标,证实了南极磷虾NPN含量的变化可以表征蛋白自溶进程,且可以实现海上处理样品、运至陆地实验室后进行分析的目的。在此基础上,选取完整的及挤压破损的新鲜南极磷虾作为研究对象,以0~8 h南极磷虾样品的NPN为指标,研究了南极磷虾起捕后蛋白自溶进程以及挤压破损对该过程的影响。结果显示,南极磷虾起捕死亡后的1 h内,NPN无显著变化(P>0.05),1 h后NPN迅速增加,挤压破损加速了南极磷虾的自溶进程,因此,目前的拖网作业方式有待改进。     

南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)起捕后蛋白自溶进程及其影响因素

为了有效保持南极磷虾(Euphausiasuperba)原料品质,实现其高质化利用,本研究选取冷冻南极磷虾作为研究对象,在实验室条件下以非蛋白氮(NPN)含量、三氯乙酸(TCA)可溶性蛋白含量与氨基酸态氮含量为指标,证实了南极磷虾NPN含量的变化可以表征蛋白自溶进程,且可以实现海上处理样品、运至陆地实验室后进行分析的目的。在此基础上,选取完整的及挤压破损的新鲜南极磷虾作为研究对象,以0～8h南极磷虾样品的NPN为指标,研究了南极磷虾起捕后蛋白自溶进程以及挤压破损对该过程的影响。结果显示,南极磷虾起捕死亡后的1h内,NPN无显著变化(P0.05),1 h后NPN迅速增加,挤压破损加速了南极磷虾的自溶进程,因此,目前的拖网作业方式有待改进。     

酶解工艺优化对南极磷虾蛋白功能特性的影响

南极磷虾是一种资源量巨大,营养价值高的极地海洋生物,其蛋白质含量高,氨基酸组成符合联合国粮农组织(FAO)和世界卫生组织(WHO)规定的优质蛋白标准,是一种具有良好开发利用潜力的优质蛋白。以南极磷虾蛋白为原料,开展酶解对南极磷虾蛋白功能特性(吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和起泡性)的影响研究。南极磷虾蛋白功能特性的评价方法采用食品蛋白功能特性评价国际通用方法。酶解能够改善南极磷虾蛋白的吸油性、乳化性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性,能够靶向性地改善南极磷虾蛋白的功能特性,提高南极磷虾蛋白及其衍生品现实应用的可行性。研究表明,酶解加工能够改善南极磷虾蛋白的功能特性,拓展南极磷虾蛋白的应用领域和范围。     

南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)脂肪与蛋白含量的季节变化

为了有效提取营养功效和附加值均更高的磷虾油,对南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)资源的综合开发利用提供参考,利用2013年7-8月和2013年12月-2014年5月在南乔治亚群岛和南设得兰群岛附近海域采集的南极磷虾样品,采用索氏抽提法,分别用无水乙醇、丙酮、石油醚、正己烷、乙酸乙酯、环己烷6种常见的有机溶剂作为提取试剂,对南极磷虾体内的脂肪进行提取,并确定最佳萃取溶剂.同时对南极磷虾脂肪、蛋白含量的季节变化及其与体长的关系进行了分析.结果显示,无水乙醇为南极磷虾脂肪提取的最佳溶剂.南乔治亚群岛海域7-8月南极磷虾脂肪含量和蛋白含量(干重)分别为(22.03±0.51)％和(64.52±0.16)％;其中,全长小于40 mm的磷虾个体,脂肪与蛋白含量均显著高于全长大于40 mm的个体(P＜0.05).从南极的初夏到秋末,南设得兰群岛海域的南极磷虾脂肪含量呈逐渐上升趋势,由12月的(19.83±0.04)％上升至翌年4月的最大值(30.584±0.02)％;5月则略有降低,为(28.66±0.03)％.与此相反,南极磷虾的蛋白含量则是12月最高、4月最低,分别为(66.75±0.14)％和(58.02±0.23)％;脂肪含量与蛋白含量呈显著负相关(P=0.005).研究结果对南极磷虾渔业及其生产安排具有直接的指导意义.     

南极磷虾粉作为鲟鱼饲料蛋白源的营养和氟含量的分析

通过分析商品南极磷虾粉、自制冻干南极磷虾粉和南极磷虾肽粉的主要营养成分和氨基酸含量,以6种鲟鱼肌肉为参比蛋白,利用3种营养评价指标(必需氨基酸指数、氨基酸比值系数分和关联度分析法)评价了这3种磷虾粉作为鲟鱼蛋白质饲料的营养价值;同时对3种南极磷虾粉的氟含量进行了检测分析。结果显示,3种南极磷虾粉平均粗蛋白含量在61.73%～67.13%,粗脂肪含量在3.56%～4.56%,灰分含量在15.56%～17.15%,达到了一级品甚至是特级品的指标。总氨基酸含量达51.46%～58.75%,10种必需氨基酸含量为23.69%～28.51%,三者必需氨基酸总量与粗蛋白的百分比为45.09%～47.94%;呈味氨基酸总量为18.60%～21.19%,占总氨基酸的比例达到了36.07%～36.17%。从必需氨基酸指数方面看,3种南极磷虾粉都为优质的蛋白源。同时从氨基酸比值系数分和关联度分析法,3种南极磷虾粉对于鲟鱼的必需氨基酸平衡性较好,相关系数和鱼粉相差不大,且要高于豆粕。氟含量方面,自制的冷冻冻干南极磷虾粉氟含量最高(2 382.83±112.43 mg.kg-1),其次为商品南极磷虾粉(1 122.73±62.82 mg.kg-1),而经过酶解后南极磷虾肽粉的氟含量(65.19±5.08 mg.kg-1)则显著下降,低于欧盟标准(350 mg.kg-1)。综合来看,3种南极磷虾粉氨基酸平衡性较好,营养价值较高,氟含量可通过一定方法降低,南极磷虾是一种具有较大开发利用前景的优质资源。     

正交实验优化南极磷虾蛋白肽的纳滤脱盐工艺

为建立南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)蛋白肽纳滤脱盐工艺,以脱盐率和蛋白损失率为评价指标,通过单因素实验和正交实验对影响南极磷虾蛋白肽纳滤脱盐效果的主要因素(蛋白肽浓度、压力、循环次数)进行优化。结果显示,采用纳滤技术对南极磷虾蛋白肽进行脱盐处理的最佳工艺条件：蛋白肽浓度为3%、纳滤压力为1.2 MPa、循环次数3次,在该条件下,南极磷虾蛋白肽的脱盐率达到(86.35±2.11)%、蛋白损失率为(9.10±0.35)%。采用优化工艺获得的南极磷虾蛋白肽的盐分含量为(1.14±0.12)%,蛋白质含量为(92.73±2.29)%,相对分子质量主要分布于3000 Da以下,氨基酸组成合理且符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织规定的标准。研究将为高品质南极磷虾蛋白肽产品开发提供技术支撑。     

南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)脂肪与蛋白含量的季节变化

为了有效提取营养功效和附加值均更高的磷虾油,对南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)资源的综合开发利用提供参考,利用2013年7-8月和2013年12月-2014年5月在南乔治亚群岛和南设得兰群岛附近海域采集的南极磷虾样品,采用索氏抽提法,分别用无水乙醇、丙酮、石油醚、正己烷、乙酸乙酯、环己烷6种常见的有机溶剂作为提取试剂,对南极磷虾体内的脂肪进行提取,并确定最佳萃取溶剂。同时对南极磷虾脂肪、蛋白含量的季节变化及其与体长的关系进行了分析。结果显示,无水乙醇为南极磷虾脂肪提取的最佳溶剂。南乔治亚群岛海域7-8月南极磷虾脂肪含量和蛋白含量(干重)分别为(22.03±0.51)%和(64.52±0.16)%;其中,全长小于40 mm的磷虾个体,脂肪与蛋白含量均显著高于全长大于40 mm的个体(P0.05)。从南极的初夏到秋末,南设得兰群岛海域的南极磷虾脂肪含量呈逐渐上升趋势,由12月的(19.83±0.04)%上升至翌年4月的最大值(30.58±0.02)%;5月则略有降低,为(28.66±0.03)%。与此相反,南极磷虾的蛋白含量则是12月最高、4月最低,分别为(66.75±0.14)%和(58.02±0.23)%;脂肪含量与蛋白含量呈显著负相关(P=0.005)。研究结果对南极磷虾渔业及其生产安排具有直接的指导意义。     

南极磷虾主要过敏原的分离纯化及性质研究

为了探究南极磷虾致敏问题,从南极磷虾中筛选、鉴定、分离纯化其主要过敏原,并对过敏原的性质进行研究,实验通过缓冲盐溶液提取南极磷虾蛋白;采用SDS-PAGE和Western blot(WB)筛选南极磷虾过敏原;使用高效液相色谱-串联质谱鉴定过敏蛋白;通过等电点沉淀、硫酸铵盐析、阴离子交换柱层析分离纯化过敏原;采用SDS-...     

南极磷虾脱壳机工艺参数的试验研究

为了提高南极磷虾的利用价值,以自主设计的南极磷虾脱壳机为研究对象,对其中的关键组件和滚轴长度、滚轴间隙、进料速度等工艺参数进行船载试验;对脱壳后的南极磷虾虾仁进行感官评定和出成率测定,确定了滚轴间隙、滚轴长度、进料速度和磷虾放置时间的最优组合。结果显示:在滚轴长度1. 0 m(A2)、滚轴间隙1. 0 mm(B2)、进料速度125 kg/h(C3)、放置时间15 min(D1)的条件下,各项试验指标皆达最佳;实际生产中采用A2B2C3D1工艺组合,南极磷虾虾仁的出成率达到24%。研究表明:该设备可以提高南极磷虾脱壳生产效率,提升南极磷虾高值化加工的自动化技术水平,从而推动南极磷虾产业化进程。     

The Fermentation of Antarctic Krill Juice by a Variety of Microorganisms

In order to produce a fermented seasoning of Antarctic krill juice with pleasant taste and unique flavor, the Antarctic krill juice was fermented by application of Aspergillus oryzae, Streptococcus thermophilus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bacillus licheniformis, respectively. Organic acids and the composition of amino acids in these fermented products were analyzed, as well as the sensory evaluation and taste components analysis. It was found that all four kinds of fermented liquor of Antarctic krill had better flavor, higher amino acid content, unique organic acid content, and higher antioxidant activity. The best flavor and the most abundant nutrition were in the Antarctic krill juice fermented by S. cerevisiae. The amino acid content was up to 1,368.30 mg/100 mL, the scavenging activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals was 71.308%, and there was a variety of amino acids in this fermented liquor, which contained all eight of the essential amino acids not manufactured by the human body.     

南极磷虾粉加工过程中虾青素的含量、结构及抗氧化性

虾青素由于结构稳定性较差，在高温条件下易降解和异构化。为了掌握南极磷虾粉加工过程中虾青素含量、结构及抗氧化能力的变化情况，采用高效液相色谱法测定虾青素在各加工阶段的含量及结构变化，对比虾青素在各加工阶段的抗氧化性差异，分析虾青素结构与功能活性的相关性。结果显示，南极磷虾原料中虾青素含量为110.6 mg/kg，其中全反式结构虾青素占比90.7%,13-顺式虾青素和9-顺式虾青素占比分别为4.7%和4.6%，经过蒸煮和干燥后，虾青素含量分别为88.7和52.1 mg/kg，全反式虾青素占比分别为76.2%和72.2%,13-顺式虾青素占比分别为19.9%和21.9%,9-顺式虾青素占比分别为3.9%和5.9%。南极磷虾原料中虾青素的3S, 3′S,3S, 3′R和3R, 3′R三种光学异构体含量分别为16.8、17.9和72.1 mg/kg，蒸煮后分别为12.0、25.5和55.3 mg/kg，干燥后分别为2.8、8.1和12.4 mg/kg。各阶段虾青素清除DPPH自由基能力均显著强于Vc，在羟基自由基清除实验中，蒸煮和干燥后的虾青素抗氧化能力强于原料中的虾青素，在FRAP铁离子还原实...     

The replacement of fish meal with Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba in diets for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

A total of six isoprotein and isolipid diets for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were prepared substituting from 0 to 100% of fish meal protein (0–68% of diet by dry weight) with meal from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). The feed produced from high inclusion levels of krill meal had lower ability to absorb lipid during vacuum coating than fish meal. Both amino acid and fatty acid compositions of the diets were fairly similar. The experiment commenced using salmon averaging 500 g and ended at a mean weight of 1500–1800 g (140 days of feeding). Moderate amounts of krill meal (20–60% of krill protein) in the diets increased growth during the first 71 days of feeding compared with the fish meal control, while no growth difference was observed during the last 69 days of feeding. This may, at least in parts, be explained by a feed‐attractant function of the krill meal. Muscle dry weight and lipid concentrations were unaffected by the diet. Feed conversion rate increased with high levels of krill meal in the diets (e.g. for the last period from 0.94 in the 0% diet to 1.26 in the 100% diet). This indicates that the fish were able to compensate by eating more to maintain growth. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and protein were not influenced by diet, but both faecal moisture and lipid had a tendency to increase at the highest inclusion level (all protein from krill meal). This may be related to chitin in the krill diet that is known to decrease lipid absorption and induce diarrhoea (increased water content in faeces). Chitin was not utilized to any major extent. Welfare parameters such as blood haemoglobin, red blood cell counts, plasma protein, cholesterol, triacylglycerols and glucose levels were unaffected by diets. Clinical indicators of cellular damage (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) were similar indicating no diet‐induced tissue damage during the trial.     

Oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in juvenile Brazilian flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys orbignyanus</Emphasis> exposed to sublethal levels of nitrite

This study evaluated the effects of short-term exposure to sublethal levels of nitrite on oxidative stress parameters and histology of juvenile Brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus. An assessment of fish recovery was also performed. Fish were exposed to 0.08 (control), 5.72, 10.43, and 15.27 NO₂-N mg L^?1 for 10 days followed by the same recovery time. Gill, liver, and muscle samples were collected after 1, 5, and 10 days of exposure and after recovery for the measurement of antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, content of non-protein (NPSH) and protein thiols (PSH), and lipid peroxidation levels by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) content. Nitrite exposure induced alterations which compromised the overall antioxidant system (reduced ACAP and GST activity) and enhanced oxidative damage in lipids and proteins. Increases in GST activity and NPSH and PSH contents were also demonstrated. The recovery period allowed for resumption of basal levels for all (treatment 5.72 NO₂-N mg L^?1) or some of the evaluated parameters (other treatments). In conclusion, exposure to nitrite concentrations from 5.72 to 15.27 NO₂-N mg L^?1 induced oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in juvenile Brazilian flounder. The 10-day recovery period was sufficient for a complete resumption of basal physiological condition of fish exposed to concentrations of up to 5.72 NO₂-N mg L^?1.     

南极磷虾油的分级制备及其品质分析

为实现南极磷虾油品质导向的高效制备,实验以全脂南极磷虾粉为原料,以豆油或中链甘油三酯作为载体助溶剂,采用协同超临界CO2萃取技术制备甘油三酯富集型油脂(一级油);再以萃取后的南极磷虾粉饼粕为原料,采用乙醇提取法制备磷脂富集型油脂(二级油).基于所得磷虾油的脂质组成、磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰乙醇胺的绝对含量为考察指标,优选了3...     

Extracting Protein from Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba)

ABSTRACT

The isoelectric solubilization/precipitation (ISP) process was applied to Antarctic krill protein extraction. The solubility of Antarctic krill proteins and their fluoride content were studied between pH 1.00–13.75. The previous krill protein extraction conditions using ISP were improved. Excess fluoride in Antarctic krill was removed using a water-washing method according to its solubility. To save water, a multistage countercurrent system was used to optimize the ISP method. The results showed that the solubility of Antarctic krill proteins reached a minimum at pH 4.5 and a maximum at pH 13.5, while the concentration of dissolved fluoride was relatively unchanged (16.78–20.50 mg/L), with pH 2.00–13.50. Water-washing 4 times could reduce fluoride 98.14 ± 0.01% from krill with about a 5.14 ± 0.21% protein loss. The reduction allows krill protein to meet the Chinese National Standard (GB 2762-2005) for fluoride. Meanwhile, the four-stage countercurrent system achieved almost the same high fluoride removal rate (98.58 ± 0.01%) using only 25% of the water.     

Spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) in relation to spatial distributions of krill in the Ross Sea,Antarctica

The spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales in the Ross Sea with relation to spatial distributions of their prey – krill – was investigated in this study using generalized additive models (GAMs). Spatial distributions of two species of krill (ice and Antarctic krill) were estimated by GAMs. Three abiotic factors – distance from the continental shelf break (800 m isobaths), the mean temperature and salinity from the surface to 200 m (MTEM‐200 and MSAL‐200), and latitude and longitude – were used as covariates for models of krill. Estimated spatial distributions of krill were then used with other covariates to model the spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales. In the selected model of Antarctic minke whales, Antarctic krill were more influential than ice krill. The number of Antarctic minke whales increased as the density of Antarctic krill increased to around 1.5 g m^?2. Beyond that, the number of Antarctic minke whales decreased as the density of Antarctic krill increased. High densities of the Antarctic minke whales were estimated along the sea ice edge in the eastern part of the Ross Sea. Specifically, the densities were high in the north of the continental shelf break where low MTEM‐200 and MSAL‐200 and intermediate densities of Antarctic krill were observed. Further data collection is needed to investigate interannual variations and trends in their relationship. The results show that the spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales is a function of longitude, distance from the shelf break, oceanographic condition (temperature and salinity), and densities of ice and Antarctic krill.     

Effects of hypoxia on lysozyme activity and antioxidant defences in the kidney and spleen of Carassius auratus

Assessing the responses of lysozyme activity and antioxidant defences to hypoxia is important to understand the adaptation and tolerance strategies of fish under hypoxia. This study investigated the effects of different dissolved oxygen (DO) levels on Carassius auratus, a natural triploid fish, from Qihe River. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of lysozyme and antioxidant enzymes were measured in the kidney and spleen after hypoxic exposure. At the DO concentrations of 1 and 2 mg L^?1, the activities of antioxidant enzymes and lysozyme significantly decreased and the content of MDA significantly increased (P < 0.01). This result suggests that hypoxia decreased antioxidant enzyme and lysozyme activities and caused MDA accumulation in a concentration‐dependent manner. The DO level of 4 mg L^?1 increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the kidney and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase in the spleen (P < 0.05). This result implies that slight hypoxic stress can enhance antioxidant defences to alleviate the damage of oxidative stress. The reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes and the accumulation of MDA at the DO level of ≤2 mg L^?1 implied the decrease in antioxidative ability and the occurrence of oxidative stress. The decrement in lysozyme activity indicated that the antibacterial ability was weakened to some degree. Therefore, hypoxic stress at DO levels ≤2 mg L^?1 should be removed by aeration to avoid the oxidative damage resulting from the reduced antioxidative ability and prevent the outbreak of diseases caused by weakened antibacterial effects.