固定化微生物修复养殖池塘污染底泥的围隔试验

摘要：通过测定上覆水的多项水质指标、底泥总有机碳(TOC)、底泥生物降解能力(G值)、底泥异养细菌数和反硫化细菌数等指标值，在野外实验围隔条件下比较了固定化微生物和游离微生物（FR-M）对污染底质的生物修复能力。微生物固定所用载体包括：纤维网状活性炭，生物活性炭，沸石和硅藻土(相应的固定化微生物分别标记为FC-M、 BC-M、ZE-M和DI-M组)。结果显示：固定化微生物对围隔内水质有间接影响，试验后期固定化微生物组（ZE-M、DI-M和FC-M组）的上覆水硝氮浓度显著高于对照组；BC-M组和ZE-M组上覆水中的COD值显著低于游离微生物组(FR-M)和对照组，说明固定化微生物有效削减了水底界面还原性物质的污染程度；与游离微生物或对照组相比，固定化微生物组（FC-M组、DI-M 组和ZE-M组）能更有效地降解底泥有机质。固定化微生物对底泥生物降解能力（G值）的影响明显，实验后期固定化微生物组（（BC-M组、DI-M组和ZE-M组）的G值均显著高于对照组和游离微生物组，说明固定化微生物技术的运用显著提高了围隔底泥的生物降解能力；固定化微生物对围隔内底泥异养细菌总数影响不显著，可能是由于底泥微生物群落结构受其它多种因子的综合影响所致。固定化微生物对底泥反硫化细菌影响显著，与对照组和游离微生物组相比，固定化微生物（尤其是ZE-M和BC-M组）能更有效地减少围隔底泥反硫化细菌数。本实验结果显示，利用载体固定微生物技术能显著提高微生物对污染底质的生物修复能力，其中以ZE-M和BC-M组效果最好。     

添加光合细菌对糙海参幼苗培育阶段的影响研究

以受精后24h孵化出的糙海参（Holothuria scabra）耳状幼体为研究对象,探讨养殖水体不同量光合细菌对糙海参苗期生长、成活、消化道消化酶活性和养殖水体水质变化的影响。试验设4个处理,光合细菌（浓度为1×10^11cfu·mL^-1）添加量分别是0m L（组1,对照组）、50m L（组2）、100m L（组3）和150m L（组4）,每个处理设3个重复,每个重复放养4×10^4尾幼体于室内水泥池（5m×3 m×1.5m）中,试验周期为41 d。结果表明,添加光合细菌组的糙海参出苗体质量和成活率均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,而组3和组4的体质量和成活率又明显优于组2（P〈0.05）,组3和组4之间的差异不显著（P〉0.05）。添加光合细菌还能不同程度地影响糙海参苗体消化道蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的活性,试验组3种酶的活性均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,而组3和组4的蛋白酶活性和纤维素酶活性显著高于组2（P〈0.05）,淀粉酶活性在3个试验组之间无显著差异（P〉0.05）。在试验第10天后,各试验组氨氮（NH3-N）和亚硝酸盐含量显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,在试验第20天后,各试验组化学需氧量（COD）的值显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,而总磷（TP）的差异不大（P〉0.05）。表明光合细菌可以促进糙海参幼体的生长,提高消化酶活性和成活率,并改良育苗水体水质。     

固定化光合细菌在中华绒螯蟹人工育苗中的应用

用包埋法制备固定化光合细菌,并通过制备方法及使用方法的改进,使净化水质效果得到改善。四种不同包埋载体的试验结果表明,含３％沸石的海藻酸钙凝胶珠强度最大,净化水质活性最高。水体中ＮＹ３－Ｎ,ＮＯ２－Ｎ的含量及ＣＯＤ值的下降度随包埋比的增大而增大。对固定化光合细菌的用量及活化处理方法进行了探讨。     

固定化光合细菌去除水中氨氮效果的初步研究

光合细菌固定化是一生物新技术，本文报导了利用这一技术去除水体中氨氮的效果，在运输鲤鱼鱼种中比添加游离光合细菌运输成活率提高10．9％；比对照组成活率提高13．9％。氨氮去除率敞口篓（96．44％），优于密封篓（71％）。本文并对固定化光合细菌在生产实际中的应用前景进行了讨论。     

光合细菌在河蟹育苗中的应用试验

１材料与方法１．１光合细菌为中国科技大学研究生院北京奇威生物工程研究所研制开发的“红精灵”牌光合细菌，活菌群数不低于３０亿个／毫升，外观为红色悬浮液。１．２试验场所试验选择在明光市女山湖镇蟹苗场二分场塑料大棚池，育苗池均为水泥结构，面积４０米２，池深１．８米，水质、光照条件好，供水、增氧、供热、排水系统齐全，Ⅰ号池为试验组，Ⅱ号池为对照组，两口池基本条件相似。１．３使用方法试验组（Ⅰ号池）从４月１５日～６月１日，共使用光合细菌５０千克，对照组（Ⅱ号池）不使用。使用方法：（１）浸泡法抱卵亲蟹下池前…     

固定化光合细菌净化养殖水质研究

采用海藻酸钠进行光合细菌固定化试验,比较了固定化菌和悬浮态菌的生长和生理特性,观察了其在载体中的分布,并对其净化养殖水的能力进行了初步研究.结果表明,固定化大大提高了光合细菌的生长速率;粒径为3.5mm,菌初始密度为0.12mg/L为最佳固定化条件.在生长初期,细菌在载体内的分布不均匀,后期趋于一致.固定化光合细菌对养殖水的净化能力大大优于悬浮态菌.     

固定化光合细菌研究与应用

介绍了光合细菌的种类和基本特性,总结了固定光合细菌的材料、方法和固定化光合细菌的活性,以及在养殖水净化、有机废水处理和生物制氢等方面的应用性研究成果。并基于固定化技术可以提高光合细菌的活性和单位体积生物量、在适当条件下固定化光合细菌能够保持优势生长、固定化光合细菌法工艺条件的可控性及其应用效果,揭示了其技术应用的可行性。     

TF血浆蛋白粉在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用对比试验

本试验选用２９日龄（２８天断奶）的杜×长×大断奶仔猪４５头，按体重随机分为３组，每组１５头。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组为对照组，Ⅲ组为试验组。试验Ⅰ组只喂基础日粮，Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别添加６％的ＳＤＰＰ_１（进口血浆蛋白）、ＴＦ血浆蛋白粉，试验结果表明：试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的日增重分别为１７２．５ｇ、２４１．２ｇ和２４２．８ｇ，Ⅰ组与其它２组均差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），从料肉比看，Ⅰ组与其它２组均差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）、整个试验期间，仅试验Ⅰ组有４头仔猪发生腹泻，腹泻发生率为２６．７％。经分析，每增重１ｋｇ，添加ＴＦ比添加ＳＤＰＰ_１节省费用１．３４元，效果显著。表明ＴＦ喷干血浆蛋白粉无论在免疫、促长，还是经济效益方面均效果明显，是取代进口的理想产品。     

固定化浓缩光合细菌对氨氮降解作用的研究

用光合细菌、固定化光合细菌、浓缩光合细菌、固定化浓缩光合细菌和芽孢杆菌对养殖用水进行处理，比较各种处理对养殖用水的氨氮降解效果。实验结果表明，浓缩光合细菌和固定化浓缩光合细菌对氨氮的降解作用较好，水体中的氨氮全程控制在0．60mg／L以下，达到了虾类养殖规范的要求。     

复合光合细菌对热带鱼养殖水质净化作用的研究

从高原湖泊滇池和阳宗海中分离到光合细菌,经过挑选后进行复合培养,投放入养殖热带鱼的水族箱。试验结果证明,添加光合细菌后,水族箱水体的COD、氨氮和总磷显著降低,pH略有上升,溶解氧含量提高,水质得到显著净化。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.