中华绒螯蟹超氧化物歧化酶的初步研究

对自然状态下长江水系的中华绒螯蟹成蟹血淋巴和大眼幼体组织匀浆上清液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性进行了初步研究。结果表明,在中华绒螯蟹成蟹血淋巴中均检测出超氧化物歧化酶的活性,为182.96±45.66 U/mL(n=29),而在中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体组织匀浆上清液中亦检测到超氧化物歧化酶的活性,为94.29±15.65 U/mL(n=4)。超氧化物歧化酶在河蟹的自身防御系统中起着重要的作用。     

中华绒螯蟹幼体及仔蟹阶段肝胰腺发育的组织学研究

通过对中华绒螯蟹幼体及仔蟹进行连续采样和组织切片,系统地研究了该阶段中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺的发育情况。结果表明,中华绒螯蟹的肝胰腺前体出现于心跳期胚胎,由卵黄囊特化而来,为1对囊状结构,此阶段首次出现肝胰腺细胞(柱状上皮细胞)。胚胎孵化后,随着幼体的发育,肝胰腺由最初的1对囊状结构逐渐分叶生长。从Ⅰ期溞状幼体至Ⅴ期溞状幼体,肝胰腺分叶数量分别为4-6-8-12-12,肝胰腺细胞高度由(12.63±4.91)μm增至(44.16±13.57)μm。肝胰腺中的细胞组成也随着幼体的发育逐渐完善,Ⅱ期溞状幼体的肝胰腺中首次出现E细胞和B细胞,Ⅲ期溞状幼体肝胰腺中首次出现F细胞,而R细胞直到Ⅱ期仔蟹才首次出现。从大眼幼体到Ⅲ期仔蟹,肝胰腺细胞高度由(44.93±18.27)μm增至(56.38±5.69)μm。     

饲料中磷脂和多不饱和脂肪酸对中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体育成仔蟹的成活率？…

用精制饲料添加一定量的磷脂和多不饱和脂肪酸，饲喂中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体并育成Ⅲ期仔蟹。结果表明：饲料中添加一定量的磷脂对提高大眼幼体育成仔蟹的成活率有较显著的作用，而添加多不饱和脂肪酸对提高大眼幼体到Ⅲ期仔蟹的成活率的作用不显著，但可显著地提高大眼幼体到Ⅰ期仔蟹的成活率。另外，饲料中的不饱和脂肪酸含量可显著影响仔蟹体内脂肪酸的百分含量。     

饲料中磷脂和多不饱和脂肪酸对中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体育成仔蟹的成活率和生长的影响

用精制饲料添加一定量的磷脂和多不饱和脂肪酸，饲喂中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体并育成Ⅲ期仔蟹。结果表明：饲料中添加一定量的磷脂对提高大眼幼体育成仔蟹的成活率有较显著的作用，而添加多不饱和脂肪酸对提高大眼幼体到Ⅲ期仔蟹的成活率的作用不显著，但可显著地提高大眼幼体到Ｉ期仔蟹的成活率。另外，饲料中的不饱和脂肪酸含量可显著地影响仔蟹体内脂肪酸的百分含量。     

沉水植物对中华绒螯蟹生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

从东太湖采集伊乐藻(Elodea canadensis)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticilla-ta)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)、马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)5种沉水植物分别制成干粉。在基础饲料中添加15%的干粉形成5种不同的配合饲料,分别饲喂体重为(9.37±0.15)g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)60 d,分析沉水植物对中华绒螯蟹生长和非特异性免疫力的影响。结果显示:马来眼子菜组的中华绒螯蟹平均增重率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),饲料系数显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其余4种沉水植物组的平均增重率和饲料系数与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05);各组成活率、肥满度及肝体比差异不显著(P>0.05)。沉水植物各组的蟹血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,轮叶黑藻组、伊乐藻组和苦草组的中华绒螯蟹血清溶菌酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),金鱼藻组和马来眼子菜组则差异不显著(P>0.05);除马来眼子菜组降低外,其余4种沉水植物组中华绒螯蟹对嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗力强于对照组。因此,除马来眼子菜以外的4种沉水植物对中华绒螯蟹的生长性能无明显的促进作用,但可在一定程度上提高其非特异性免疫力。     

4组生物饵料对中华绒螯蟹Z↓（4）到大眼幼体生长发育和脂肪酸组成的影响

采用卤幼(Artemia sp.)、强化卤幼、背刺胸刺水蚤(Centropages dorsispinatus)、背刺胸刺水蚤 日本新糠虾(Neomysis japonica)4组生物饵料投喂4组中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)Z4幼体,以大眼幼体的成活率、Z4→大眼幼体变态时间、头胸甲长度和大眼幼体中脂肪酸组成作为评价指标,探讨了4种生物饵料对大眼幼体生长发育及其脂类含量和脂肪酸组成的影响.结果表明:(1)背刺胸刺水蚤(C组)、背刺胸刺水蚤 日本新糠虾(D组)投喂组的中华绒螯蟹幼体可以获得较高的成活率(70%左右),幼体发育时间缩短1～2 d,大眼幼体头胸甲长度显著大于卤幼组(A组)和强化卤幼组(B组)(P＜0.01),各组大眼幼体头胸甲长度由大到小依次为C组、D组、B组、A组;(2)强化卤幼可以提高其总脂、磷脂及DHA含量,背刺胸刺水蚤和日本新糠虾具有较高的AA、DHA和HUFA含量;(3)各组大眼幼体中脂肪酸组成差异显著(P＜0.05),DHA和HUFA含量随着饵料中含量的上升而上升(n=9,P＜0.01),饵料中的DHA含量和大眼幼体的头胸甲长度呈显著正相关(n=9,P＜0.05).由此可见,背刺胸刺水蚤和日本新糠虾可以作为中华绒螯蟹Z4到大眼幼体阶段的优质活饵料,可以提高其成活率和头胸甲长度.     

黄河口中华绒螯蟹野生群体生长特征的研究

黄河口中华绒螯蟹种群的生长特征,为更好地实施增殖放流提供参考。2016年5、8、9及11月,采用定制网捕获中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)634只,运用FiSAT Ⅱ软件相关模块对中华绒螯蟹生长、死亡参数、生长特性、种群补充模式进行研究。样本甲壳宽16~73mm,体重5.8~175.3g;中华绒螯蟹生长参数,雌性为k=1.90、L∞=69.30mm、t0=-0.091,雄性为k=1.80、L∞=69.30mm、t0=-0.098;经变换甲壳宽渔获曲线法（Length-Converted Catch Curve）及刀刃式选择假设模型（Knife-Edge）估算中华绒螯蟹总死亡系数为4.51、自然死亡系数为1.50、捕捞死亡系数为3.01、资源开发利用率0.67;黄河口中华绒螯蟹大约在4-5月初孵出大眼幼体,经过生长发育,其最大甲壳宽可以在第3年达到70mm以上;黄河口中华绒螯蟹的生长周期较短,成熟个体较小;种群补充模式分析表明,黄河口中华绒螯蟹种群补充单峰值出现在8、9、10月,此时间段与山东省所施行的禁渔期相吻合。     

中华绒螯蟹人工育苗中的几个技术问题探讨

对中华绒螯蟹人工育苗中亲蟹的准备，Ｓｈｏｕ状幼体Ⅰ期到Ⅱ期的变态及Ｓｈｏｕ状幼体Ⅴ期到大眼幼体的变态等关键环节中应注意的问题进行了探讨。     

中华绒螯蟹幼体的栖息生境选择与行为特征

为探究中华绒螯蟹在早期发育阶段对不同栖息生境的选择偏好及其行为特征，实验以长江口近岸微生境类型为基础，在室内建立了藨草、泥底、铁板沙、砾石等4种模拟生境，选取中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体、Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ期仔蟹分别开展了对不同生境选择的行为观察和定量分析。结果显示，中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体、Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ期仔蟹在藨草生境中分布比例最高，显著高于其他三种生境。随着仔蟹的生长发育，Ⅲ、Ⅴ期仔蟹在泥底和铁板沙生境中占比增大。在藨草生境中，中华绒螯蟹幼体具有游泳、附着藨草、表栖、埋栖等4种行为，大眼幼体和Ⅰ期仔蟹主要表现为附着藨草行为，Ⅲ期仔蟹的表栖、埋栖行为显著增加。幼体在藨草生境中的蜕壳率显著高于泥生境，而死亡率显著低于泥生境。研究表明，中华绒螯蟹幼体偏好栖息于有利于其生存、发育的藨草等植被生境中，这可能与藨草等植被生境为中华绒螯蟹幼体提供了适宜的庇护场所有关。本研究结果指出了植被生境对中华绒螯蟹幼体阶段的重要性，丰富了早期生活史资料，并为其资源保护和栖息地生态修复提供了基础参考。     

中华绒螯蟹血淋巴钙离子和17_雌二醇浓度与性早熟的关系

中华绒螯蟹的性腺发育与血淋巴钙离子浓度相关.性早熟雌性扣蟹(一秋龄)血淋巴钙离子浓度为21.25±11.89mmol@L-1,明显高于正常发育的13.70±1.17mmol@L-1;雄性扣蟹(一秋龄)则相反,性早熟扣蟹血淋巴钙离子浓度为16.33±1.38mmol@L-1,低于正常发育的20.13±2.37mmol@L-1.二秋龄雄性成蟹的血淋巴钙离子指标与性早熟雄性扣蟹相当,无显著差异.随着个体的生长发育,雌性中华绒螯蟹血淋巴17β-E2浓度逐步提高,正常发育扣蟹为0.15±0.05pg@mL-1,性早熟扣蟹为0.59±0.15ng@mL-1,二秋龄成蟹为2.31±1.08pg@mL-1.     

长江江苏段中华绒螯蟹资源现状及保护对策初探

根据2004年7月～2006年3月间对长江江苏段靖江江段渔获中中华绒螯蟹的比例分析,结果显示:江段中中华绒螯蟹在渔获中比例的数量峰值主要集中在上半年度,以3月份为最高,达到渔获数量的1438％。重量比例峰值主要集中在05年的3月份和9月～11月份,以05年10月份最高,达27．17％,11月份次之。在04年秋季至05年冬季间,05年渔获中中华绒螯蟹的数量比例和重量比例部比04年同季节的值要高,江段中华绒螯蟹资源正处于恢复阶段。     

‘Delayed’ interference effects of air exposure on adult Chinese horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus

As the haemolymph supplier of the tachypleus amebocyte lysate industry in China, Chinese horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) inevitably undergoes air‐exposure stress during transportation and haemolymph collection. In this study, the effects of air‐exposure stress and subsequent recovery process on the activities of phosphatases, antioxidant enzymes and haemocyanin concentration in Chinese horseshoe crab were investigated to understand its ability to resist air‐exposure stress. Results showed no significant effects on the total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) between the control and experimental groups during the air‐exposure stress period (0–4 hr), except acid phosphatase (ACP). During the subsequent recovery period in water, significant differences in plasma T‐AOC levels and SOD, CAT, AKP and ACP activities were observed between both groups. No significant effects of CAT activity, SOD activity, MDA content and T‐AOC level were noted between the two groups after 12 hr of recovery. However, the AKP and ACP activities of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group. Results revealed that air exposure may affect the activities of most non‐specific immune enzymes in the plasma of Chinese horseshoe crab, showing a ‘delayed” interference effect. Nevertheless, tested antioxidant enzymes have a strong recovery ability and can generally recover to the control group level after 12 hr. Haemocyanin concentration was not affected by air‐exposure stress during the whole experiment. Hereby, Chinese horseshoe crab can strongly resist air‐exposure stress.     

两品系褶皱臂尾轮虫种群增长及投喂河蟹苗效果的研究

采用实验生态学方法对两品系褶皱臂尾轮虫(内蒙品系和盘锦品系)的种群增长和投喂蟹苗的效果进行了比较研究。结果表明,两品系轮虫的种群增长差异不显著,两者平均瞬时增长率分别为0.42 d-1和0.40 d-1。在投喂蟹苗的效果方面,褶皱臂尾轮虫内蒙品系好于盘锦品系。用内蒙品系轮虫投喂的蟹苗,幼体变态至大眼幼体的存活率为71.65%,用盘锦品系轮虫投喂的蟹苗,变态至大眼幼体的存活率为62.50%。     

α-苯基苯并吡喃对中华绒螯蟹免疫相关酶的影响

用α-苯基苯并吡喃作为饲料添加剂饲喂中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)10 d后,测定了其对中华绒螯蟹血淋巴细胞中相关免疫因子的影响。实验设3个α-苯基苯并吡喃添加重复组,分别为A组(2 mg/kg)、B组(4 mg/kg)、C组(6 mg/kg)和1个对照重复组(0 mg/kg)。结果表明:α-苯基苯并吡喃添加剂量为4 mg/kg(B组)可显著地提高中华绒螯蟹血淋巴细胞中酚氧化酶(PO)、溶菌酶(LSZ)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活力(P<0.05),说明具有生物活性的α-苯基苯并吡喃可刺激中华绒螯蟹机体免疫相关酶活性的提高。     

虫草培养基残余体在中华绒螯蟹饲料中的适宜添加量

在基础饲料中分别添加0.25%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、4.0%、8.0%、16.0%的虫草培养基残余体(简称虫草基),饲喂规格为(4.0±1.0)g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)75 d,通过测定其生长及非特异性免疫指标,以确定虫草基的适宜添加量。结果显示:与基础饲料组比较,0.5%和1.0%添加组平均增重率(WGR)、肥满度(CF)、成活率(SR)显著提高(P<0.05),饲料系数(FC)显著降低(P<0.05);除肥满度(CF)外,4.0%、8.0%、16.0%添加组的生长指标有所下降。低剂量虫草基添加组能提高中华绒螯蟹血淋巴及肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、溶菌酶(LSZ)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,其中,0.5%与1.0%添加组的SOD、LSZ、ACP和ALP水平均达显著水平(P<0.05);但当虫草基添加量超过2.0%时,中华绒螯蟹的非特异性免疫力逐渐下降。嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila AHJ-1)攻毒试验证实,试验组的免疫保护率明显提高,0.5%添加组免疫保护率达100%。综上所述,虫草基作为中华绒螯蟹饲料添加剂的适宜添加量为0.5%～1.0%。     

不同养殖水域中华绒螯蟹滋味差异分析

本研究分析不同水域中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheirsinensis)可食率和滋味差异,以期为挖掘消费者不同偏好性的内在原因提供参考.选取阳澄湖、固城湖、太湖和兴化大闸蟹为研究对象,测定可食率、整体滋味轮廓、滋味相关指标.结果显示,太湖蟹可食率最高,雄蟹为(33.08±0.31)％,雌蟹为(37.65±1.09)％;在整体...     

Effects of hypoxia on immune responses and carbohydrate metabolism in the Chinese mitten crab,Eriocheir sinensis

In aquaculture, hypoxia is an important stressor that can inhibit the healthy development of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. The aim of this work was to research on how hypoxia (1 mg/L) followed by reoxygenation affects the immune response and carbohydrate metabolism in the Chinese mitten crab. The activities of immune‐related enzymes including lysozyme (LZM), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phenoloxidase (PO) and concentration changes in haemolymph glucose, trehalose and hepatic glycogen were evaluated after 8 hr of hypoxia followed by 12 hr of reoxygenation. After 8 hr of hypoxia, the activities of LZM, PO, SOD and hepatic glycogen concentration significantly decreased to the minimum when compared to the control group, but the activities of ACP and AKP, and haemolymph glucose concentration significantly increased. After 12 hr of reoxygenation, the activities of LZM, ACP, AKP and SOD recovered to the normal level except SOD in plasma, while the PO, SOD in plasma and hepatic glycogen concentration were still significantly lower than the control level. No significant change was observed in trehalose concentration during hypoxia and reoxygenation periods. These results indicated that although the activities of ACP and AKP were likely increased to facilitate the hydrolysis of foreign matter, the overall strength of the immune response was decreased as LZM, PO and SOD activities were suppressed after exposure to hypoxic conditions. The energy stores of exposed crabs were reduced due to the expenditure of energy during exposure to hypoxic stress. In general, chronic hypoxia would impair the immunocompetence and increase the energy expenditure of Chinese mitten crab, further increased the risk of pathogen infection and feed coefficient, so the negative effects of hypoxia should not be ignored.     

不同增养殖水体中华绒螯蟹肌体矿物元素比较分析

对不同增养殖水体中华绒螯蟹可食部分主要矿物元素等指标进行分析研究,结果表明:中华绒螯蟹可食部分含9种以上矿物元素,雄蟹矿物元素中平均值以钙含量最高,雌蟹矿物元素平均值以磷含量最高。中华绒螯蟹钾的含量明显高于钠。比较不同增养殖水体雄蟹常量元素含量,固城湖放流与长江野生蟹无显著差异(P>0.05),均较其它水体雄蟹高,雌蟹常量元素太湖网围与长江野生无显著差别(P>0.05),含量都较高,尤以太湖网围常量元素含量为最高。雄蟹、雌蟹微量元素呈现相同规律:铁、锰以金坛池塘、固城湖放流含量较高。铜含量以长江野生为最高。锌含量各水体无显著差别。     

莠去津对中华绒螯蟹蜕皮抑制激素表达的影响

用RT-PCR方法检测了中华绒螯蟹暴露于不同质量浓度[0(DMSO对照)、0.001、0.01、0.1、1、10 mg/L]莠去津后蜕皮抑制激素在眼柄视神经节中的表达。结果表明,低质量浓度的莠去津可诱导蜕皮抑制激素的合成分泌,其中0.1 mg/L处理组作用明显。莠去津对中华绒螯蟹的蜕皮活动有一定影响。     

Integrated rearing system approach in the farming of mud crab,shrimp, fish,oyster and periphyton in bracksihwater pond

Diversification of production systems has been identified as one of the major strategies for the long‐term sustainability of brackishwater aquaculture. On the context of diversification, a 180‐day culture experiment was carried out where four farming systems were tested: monoculture of mud crab, Scylla serrata (T1), polyculture of mud crab, with mullet Mugil cephalus and shrimp Penaeus indicus (T2), polyculture of mud crab with mullet, shrimp and oyster Crassostrea cuttackensis (T3), polyculture of mud crab with mullet, shrimp, oyster along with periphyton net (T4) covering 10% of the water spread area. There was no significant difference in the growth performances of mud crab, shrimp and oyster among the treatment but a significantly higher (p < .05) final average body weight (ABW) of M.cephalus was recorded in T4 (121.19 ± 2.09 g). Production considering only the fed animals (excluding oyster) was significantly (p < .05) higher in T4 (2,115 kg/ha) compared to other treatments. The overall water quality parameters do not vary significantly (p > .05) among the treatment ponds. Although there was no significant difference in total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite‐N, highest value was recorded in T2 (56.23 ± 39.47 µg/L and 185.53 ± 110.71 µg/L) and T1 (55.78 ± 32.26 µg/L and 180.83 ± 103.65 µg/L). The results from the current experiment based on water quality and growth of animals showed that there is no negative interaction between the mud crab and other animals stocked in the polyculture pond which indicated that polyculture provides an efficient and sustainable utilization of resources.