尼罗罗非鱼摄食器官胚后发育生物学

采用显微解剖，石蜡切片，光镜的扫描电镜观察等方法，系统观测全长６．０－２２３．０ｍｍ尼罗罗非鱼标本２７８尾，描述了口径，鳃耙，口腔上腭，颌齿，咽齿等摄食器官的形态学特点和量性胚后发过程中的变化规律；论述了尼罗罗非鱼的摄方式和摄食机能，摄食器发育与摄食方式的转化，摄食器官数量性状发育与适口食物规格和食物组成的转变，摄食器官发育与饲养生物学技术措施。为制定培育尼罗罗非鱼苗种和饲养食用鱼生物学技术措施提     

哲罗鱼摄食器官发生、发育的初步观察

采用形态学与组织切片技术,对哲罗鱼进行胚胎后摄食器官发生发育的观察和研究。描述了口径、鳃耙、口腔上腭、颌齿、舌齿等摄食器官的发生、发育的特征；论述了哲罗鱼摄食方式和摄食机能,摄食器官发生、发育与饲养生物技术措施。为培育哲罗鱼苗种和饲养食用生物技术措施提供了可靠依据。     

白鲫消化系统胚后发育的组织学研究

用连续石蜡切片方法对全长５～１５５ｍｍ的白鲫消化系统胚后发育进行了光镜观察，描述了其仔鱼、稚鱼、幼鱼摄食器官、消化器官发育的组织结构特征；讨论了腭褶、鳃耙侧突起胚后发育的组织结构特点在摄食中的作用及消化系统胚后发育的组织结构特点同摄食方式和食性转化的关系。     

青鱼消化器官数量性状胚后发育规律

采用显微解剖和测量、光镜和扫描电镜观察方法，系统观测全长为５．６～３３０．０ｍｍ的青鱼标本３７０尾，描述了鳃耙、咽齿、角质垫和肠等消化器官数量性状在胚后发育过程中的变化规律；论述了青鱼的摄食特性、消化器官数量性状胚后发育的阶段性及其相关性、消化器官数量性状发育与食性转化，为制订培育青鱼苗种和饲养成鱼的生物学技术提供了可靠依据     

匙吻鲟幼鱼饵料培育及投喂技术

简要描述了匙吻鲟仔幼鱼摄食器官发育特征与摄食习性,总结出相关的幼鱼饵料池塘配套培育及投喂技术,关键是把握施肥时机、筛选并投喂足量适口饵料、严密监测浮游生物大小与种类组成。     

白鲫—淡水养殖的优良品种

白鲫原产日本琵琶湖,具有个体大,生长快,病害少。起水率高和肉嫩味鲜等优点。1976年引进我国,1977年我省开始引种试养和推广,目前搭养和单养面积近万亩,增产效果显著。实践证明,白鲫是淡水养殖的一个优良养殖品种。白鲫适应性强,适宜各类水域放养,不受气候和水域环境的影响,寒冬季节摄食能力比本地鲫鱼好,从我省气候来看,推广和发展白鲫养殖具有很优越的自然条件:不论是城郊的鱼塘,洞庭湖区的成片商品鱼基地,还是广大的丘陵山塘、水库以及山区高寒保水的水域环境,都适宜白鲫生长,网箱养殖或围栏养殖也是搭配的好品种,能获得较高的经济效益。白鲫食性广,管理容易,生长迅速,捕捞起水率高。在天然水域中,白鲫以摄食浮游动植物为主,兼食一些水生昆虫和有机碎屑,而且随着     

珠江下游7种典型鲤科鱼类摄食器官形态特征比较

为探究鲤科鱼类的摄食器官形态差异, 以珠江下游的海南鲌(Culter recurviceps)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、广东鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)、赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲮(Cirrhinus molitorella)和鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) 7 种典型鲤科鱼类为研究对象, 基于形态解剖和多元分析等方法, 比较了这 7 种鱼类外部和内部摄食器官形态的特征差异。结果显示, 7 种鲤科鱼类外部摄食器官形态的种间差异主要体现在口裂宽、口裂高等与食物捕获有关的性状上, 内部摄食器官形态的种间差异主要体现在咽骨长、咽骨后肢长等与食物咀嚼有关的性状上, 内部摄食器官形态分化程度显著大于外部摄食器官。另外, 研究发现食性对鲤科鱼类内部摄食器官形态影响大于系统发育地位的影响, 外部摄食器官形态性状对于鱼类分类具有重要的参考价值。 本研究揭示了同域分布鲤科鱼类的摄食器官结构差异, 探讨了摄食器官形态结构与食性、系统演化地位的关系, 对于了解鲤科鱼类生态适应机制以及开展珠江鱼类资源保护具有重要意义。     

池养白鲫的食性和生长及其养殖的研究

本文对池养条件下白鲫Carassiusc cassius cuvieri(Temminok et Sohlegel)食性相生长及其饲养进行了研究。体长与年龄呈直线关系，体重与年龄呈指数关系。白鲫食性随着生长发育进程而有一定的阶段性，摄食强度呈现出随体长和体重的增长而变弱的趋势．生长亦有差异，幼鱼生长过程因发育阶段而异，前期较后期快；性成熟后生长缓慢，雄鱼更甚．其体长与体重关系为：幼鱼W=0．00001314L3.2428；成鱼W=0．00002232L^2.9397。在渔业生产上对鱼苗和鱼种的饲养过程分为三个阶段似较合理．成鱼饲养中作为搭养鱼类，投放春片鱼种具有显著的增产效果和较高的经济价值．     

西伯利亚鲟(F2)胚后发育的形态观察

对人工养殖西伯利亚鲟(F₂)仔鱼的胚后发育形态进行了观察，从仔鱼刚出膜［0日龄，(9.16±0.21) mm］开始一直观察到早期稚鱼阶段［53日龄，(87.12±1.92) mm］。从形态发育来看，西伯利亚鲟仔鱼的胚后发育可以分为2个时期：早期仔鱼，即从刚出膜（0日龄）到初次开口（9日龄）摄食；晚期仔鱼，从开口摄食至器官发育基本完全（37日龄）；以后进入早期稚鱼期。早期仔鱼期的形态建成与分化明显地比晚期仔鱼和早期稚鱼快，其中，早期仔鱼的感觉、摄食、呼吸、游泳等器官快速分化；晚期仔鱼，主要表现为各骨板的分化和完善，当仔鱼在形态上完成向成鱼转变时，表示进入了早期稚鱼期。西伯利亚鲟胚后发育的观察结果显示，发育的早期阶段各器官协调并快速发育，感觉、摄食、呼吸、游泳等器官的出现和完善，使仔鱼在短时间内具备了躲避敌害和摄食的能力，其生存能力大大提高。     

养殖新品种——中、日杂交鲫

1979年，我们选择了东北银鲫(♀)和日本白鲫(♂)进行杂交(定种为中、日杂交鲫)，将杂交鲫夏花与日本白鲫和本地鲫的夏花以同等数量分别饲养在鱼种塘内，进行对比试验，经150天的饲养，杂交鲫比日本白鲫、本地鲫均有增重，具有明显的杂交优势。     

鳜鱼、青鱼、草鱼、鲤、鲫、鲢消化酶活性的研究

鳜鱼、青鱼、草鱼、鲤、鲫、鲢肝脏蛋白酶活性低于肠蛋白酶。肠蛋白酶活性，鳜鱼最高，其余依次为青鱼、鲤、鲢、草鱼、鲫。鳜鱼、鲢的肠蛋白酶活性由前肠向后肠递减；而青鱼、鲤、草鱼的则由前肠向后肠递增；鲫则中肠活性最低。六种鱼不同组织的脂肪酶活性因鱼而异。青鱼、鳜鱼、鲤、鲢肝脏中脂肪酶活性低于肠脂肪酶活性（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而草鱼和鲫肝脏中脂肪酶活性与肠脂肪酶活性差异不明显（Ｐ＞０．０５）。六种鱼肝脏中脂肪酶活性由高到低依次为鳜鱼＞鲢＞鲫＞草鱼＞青鱼＞鲤；肠脂肪酶活性顺序为鳜鱼＞鲢＞青鱼＞鲤＞草鱼＞鲫。脂肪酶活性与鱼类食性无明显相关性。不同组织间淀粉酶活性存在差异。鳜鱼的肝脏和肠均有较高淀粉酶活性，青鱼和鲫肝脏中淀粉酶活性低于肠中的；草鱼、鲤和鲢肝脏中淀粉酶活性高于肠中的，但差异不显著。六种鱼中鳜鱼的肝脏淀粉酶活性明显高于其它五种无胃鱼，它们的淀粉酶活性顺序依次为鳜鱼＞鲢＞鲤＞草鱼＞青鱼＞鲫；肠淀粉酶活性顺序为鳜鱼＞鲫＞鲤＞青鱼＞鲢＞草鱼。     

水晶彩鲫、红鲫、锦鲤、荷包红鲤杂交子代的生长和体色研究

利用人工授精的方法，进行水晶彩鲫、红鲫、锦鲤和荷包红鲤的相互杂交试验，测定各个杂交组合子代的成活率、生长速度和体色分离比例。结果表明：4种鱼能够相互杂交受精，孵出鱼苗。孵化率锦鲤自交最低为46．4％，其它组合为70％～80％；杂交鱼苗经28d的人工饲养，水晶彩鲫与荷包红鲤、锦鲤的正、反杂交，同其它杂交组合比较有明显的差别，其生长速度慢，个体之间差异大，成活率低；杂交子代的体型分为3类：鲫鱼型、鲤鱼型和鲤鲫型。鳞片反光组织(虹彩细胞或鸟粪素细胞)为2类：完全型、缺失型。体色分离复杂多样，水晶彩鲫与红鲫杂交是水晶彩鲫，红鲫与锦鲤、荷包红鲤杂交是青灰色鲤鲫杂种，水晶彩鲫与锦鲤、荷包红鲤杂交都会出现水晶彩色和青灰色鲤鲫杂种。     

Metabolic,behavioral, and locomotive effects of feeding in five cyprinids with different habitat preferences

Fish generally perform routine swimming behaviors during food digestion; thus, changes in swimming performance and adjustments to spontaneous behavior resulting from digestion can have important ecological significance for wild fishes. The effects of feeding on metabolism, spontaneous activity, fast-start escape movement, and critical swimming speed (U _crit) were investigated in five cyprinids with different habitat preferences, specifically the Chinese crucian carp (Carassius auratus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), Chinese bream (Parabramis pekinensis), and qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis). Generally, species in still water exhibited increased feeding metabolism, whereas species in flowing water showed higher spontaneous activity and locomotion performance. Digestion had no significant effects on either spontaneous activity or fast-start escape movement in the five cyprinids. These results could be due to the small meal sizes (approximately 2% body mass) and active foraging modes of cyprinids. The changes in aerobic swimming performance due to feeding were more complex. No effect of digestion on U _crit was observed in crucian carp (still water, high feeding metabolism, and low U _crit), common carp (widely distributed, high feeding metabolism, and high U _crit), and qingbo (flowing water, low feeding metabolism, and high U _crit), but digestion resulted in a significant decrease in the U _crit of Chinese bream (moderate feeding metabolism but high U _crit) and black carp (moderate feeding metabolism and low U _crit), suggesting no connection between postprandial U _crit changes and feeding metabolism (or between U _crit and preferred habitat). The maximum metabolic rate (MMR) of common carp and crucian carp increased after feeding, whereas the corresponding values for the other three cyprinids remained the same. The oxygen uptake capacity appears to meet the oxygen demand of both aerobic swimming and digestion in common carp and crucian carp, whereas qingbo sacrifices digestion for locomotion, and black carp and Chinese bream sacrifice locomotion for digestion under postprandial swimming conditions. The locomotion-priority mode of qingbo is adaptive to its active foraging mode in the demanding swimming habitat of rapidly flowing water, whereas the high respiratory capacities of postprandial crucian carp and common carp and hence the maintenance of their aerobic swimming performances might be a by-product of natural selection for hypoxia tolerance rather than for swimming speed.     

The effect of feeding commercial diets on the development of juvenile crucian carp (Carassius carassius,L.). Part 1: Skeletal deformations

The crucian carp (Carassius carassius, L.) is a cyprinid freshwater species, whose wild‐living populations have decreased in recent years due to an increasing competition of invasive species. Several initiatives were launched, attempting to reintroduce this fish back into its native open waters, which requires the use of crucian carp fry grown under controlled conditions. However, the use of popular commercial diets results in severe developmental abnormalities. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of feeding natural feed (Chironomidae sp. larvae) or two popular commercial diets on the skeletal development of crucian carp juveniles. Whole‐mount staining and histological methods were used in the study. Skeletal tissues of fish fed both commercial diets were demineralized and displayed a variety of deformities, such as abnormal vertebral spines and vertebral fusion, as well as a new type of deformation, which involved the action of dorsal fin pterygiophores upon the spine. Finally, a novel analytical method was proposed, which utilizes LA‐ICP‐MS for the estimation of bone mineralization. The study proved that basic commercial diets are inadequate for the rearing of crucian carp juveniles.     

Body depth variation in crucian carp Carassius carassius: an experimental individual-based study

Abstract –  Induced morphological defences, where individuals develop morphological structures as a response to signals from sympatric predators, are common among invertebrates. Such defences have also been reported in a freshwater fish, the crucian carp Carassius carassius . In crucian carp, the presence of piscivorous fish presumably induces the development of a deep body as a defence mechanism. We tested how the growth rate (in body depth, length and mass) of individually tagged crucian carp responds to pike Esox lucius odours and control water. In general, crucian carp exposed to pike odour grew better (both in length and mass) than control fish. The treatment crucian carp also developed deeper bodies than control crucian carp. Further, there was a strong positive relationship between individual growth rate and the rate of change in body depth and this relationship did not differ between control and treatment fish.     

转基因鲤放流试验湖鲫的年龄与生长

以鳞片作为年龄鉴定材料,研究转基因鲤(Cyprinus carpio)放流试验的人工湖中鲫(Carassius auratus)的年龄组成、大小与生长特性。结果显示:鲫种群由4个年龄组(1 a~4 a)构成。体重(W,g)与体长(L,mm)的关系式为:W=2.597×10-5L3.0133;体长与鳞径(R,mm)的关系式为:L=7.4+29.8R。生长模式可用von Bertalan-ffy生长方程描述:Lt=28.8[1-e-0.254(t+0.307)],Wt=668.9[1-e-0.254(t+0.307)]3.0133,体重生长拐点年龄ti=4.04 a。还对转基因鲤放流人工湖泊中鲫的生长数据同其它湖泊中的作了比较。这些数据为今后探讨转基因鲤种群的建立对鲫生长的影响积累了背景资料。