预培养生物膜法在海水循环水养殖系统中的应用效果

为缩短新建海水循环水养殖系统生物过滤器硝化功能构建时间,通过预培养生物膜的方法获得已建立完全硝化功能的2.5 m3过滤材料,将其置于新建系统的生物过滤器中进行硝化细菌接种,系统放养美国红鱼(Sciaenops ocellatusL innaeus)。结果表明:经12 d系统的硝化功能成熟,养殖池氨态氮维持在0.50 mg/L左右,亚硝态氮维持在0.10 mg/L以下,系统运行34 d,硝态氮上升至63.58 mg/L。18~48 d系统稳定运行阶段,养殖池出水口氨态氮平均值0.44 mg/L,进水口氨态氮平均值0.05 mg/L,一次性平均去除率88.64%。系统的日换水量1%。养殖1个月,美国红鱼成活率90.91%,养殖密度达28.65 kg/m3水体。预培养生物膜法有效缩短了海水生物过滤器硝化功能构建的时间,具有操作简单、节约时间、系统运行稳定的特点,将使内陆地区开展海水鱼养殖变为可能。     

循环水养殖系统中几种常用的固定膜式生物过滤器

采用循环水养殖系统实现养殖用水的重复利用并进行封闭式生产,被认为是一种环境友好的水产品获取方式。自养硝化过程将氨氮经由亚硝酸盐氮转化成硝酸盐氮,是目前封闭式循环水养殖系统中最普遍的一种氨氮控制途径。固定膜式生物过滤器为硝化细菌提供附着基面,形成生物膜,是常用的自养硝化实现方式,也是循环水养殖系统核心的水处理单元。可根据生物膜载体与水流的接触方式或载体流经滤器的水体中的位置分为几种类型。本文综述了滴滤式、浸没式、流化床、移动床等循环水养殖系统中较常用的几种生物过滤器,分析其优缺点并进行比较,同时结合具体案例进行生物过滤器的设计举例,为循环水养殖系统的构建提供参考。     

循环水养殖用水中反硝化碳源研究现状

通过硝化作用和反硝化作用可以有效控制循环水养殖系统水中的氧氮、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐.进行水产养殖用水硝化作用的生物过滤器的研究已经系统而深入,而关于养殖用水反硝化作用的脱氮反应器的研究则并未引起相应的关注.水产养殖用水进行异养反硝化必需添加碳源.在已有的研究中,经常使用的甲醇等有机液体碳源存在添加量不易控制、出水有残留等弊端;可生物降解聚合物被证明是比较理想的水产养殖用水异养反硝化碳源的选择之一;近年来对以养殖活动中产生的残饵和粪便作为异养反硝化内供碳源的研究也引起了广泛的关注.总结了近年来循环水养殖系统异养反硝化不同种类碳源的效率、在实际生产中的可操作性的相关研究进展.     

过滤器和工厂化循环水养殖

过滤器是工厂化循环水养殖和水族馆养殖的核心部分，对水质状况和鱼类健康起着至关重要的作用。在一个典型的循环水水处理系统中，通常需要使用三种类型的过滤器：机械滤器、化学滤器和生物滤器。每一类型均有不同的设计，使用不同的过滤介质，以适应不同的需要。     

渔业生态环境

041201在集约化循环海水养殖中用土壤硝 化富集物作生物过滤器启动学二Son nitrif- ying enriehments as biofilter starters in inten- sive reeireulating saline watera叫aeuliure[刊, 英」/G印ssA,Nemi~kyA,ZilbergD.二// Aquae.一2(X)3,223(1/4)一51一62 集约化循环养殖依靠生物过滤器来维持 池塘中的水质处于良好状况。在没有启动养 殖的养殖池中建立新的生物过滤器需要一段 较长的时间并且可能由于高含氮排出水面导 致大量的氮流失,并恶化环境,实验室试验 (用7个IL的水族箱养虾和鱼)证明,外 部初始硝化富集培养的效果与已建立起…     

不同基质构建海水养殖系统硝化功能的比较分析

为比较不同基质构建海水养殖系统硝化功能的强弱,选取纤维毛球、陶粒、螺旋式生物绳等7种基质,其中陶粒、流化床填料、纤维毛球采取不同放置方式,共建立14个模拟海水养殖系统,比较不同基质硝化功能建立过程以及同种基质不同放置方式对氨氮和亚硝氮的去除效果。结果表明,单位体积珊瑚骨的氨氧化活性和亚硝酸盐氧化活性高于其他载体,在氨氮初始浓度20 mg/L条件下,氨氮和亚硝氮降解至检测不出分别需要3 d和11 d,而纤维毛球、陶粒、螺旋式生物绳、流化床填料、丝带内芯悬浮球、海绵内芯悬浮球硝化系统的建立分别需要18、26、30、25、27和22 d。纤维毛球100目筛绢悬挂、陶粒网兜悬挂、流化床填料100目筛绢悬挂优于其他放置方式,其中纤维毛球100目筛绢悬挂硝化功能建立时间为18 d,效果最优,流化床填料100目筛绢悬挂、陶粒网兜悬挂硝化系统建立分别需要21、24 d。     

硝化型生物絮团的驯化培养

为培养硝化型生物絮团、减少碳源投加、提高絮团效率并缩短培养周期,文章采用养殖废水排污口底泥为接种污泥培养生物絮团,通过逐渐减少碳源投加,开展了硝化型生物絮团的定向培养,并结合高通量测序分析了生物絮团菌群变化。结果显示,排污口底泥主要优势菌群与其他报道的异养生物絮团一致,具有良好的微生物菌群基础,能够在7 d内形成出水稳定的生物絮团。随着碳源减少,生物絮团微生物菌群结构随之改变,32 d后形成硝化型生物絮团。高通量测序结果显示,接种污泥和硝化型生物絮团主要优势菌群均为变形菌门和拟杆菌门。在纲水平上,原始污泥优势菌群为Gammaproteobacteria (γ-变形杆菌属)、Bacteroidia (拟杆菌属)和Deltaproteobacteria (δ-变形杆菌属),而硝化型生物絮团优势菌群为Bacteroidia、Gammaproteobacteria和Anaerolineae (厌氧绳菌属)。硝化型生物絮团硝化菌总相对丰度对比原始污泥有了较大提高,出水水质稳定,能有效调控养殖后期水质并降低养殖成本。     

对虾海水池塘养殖固形废弃物集污效率以及尾水处理研究

为加快推进水产养殖业绿色发展，解决对虾海水池塘养殖面源污染以及产业发展与生态保护之间矛盾，研究了对虾海水池塘养殖固形废弃物集污效率与尾水生态处理技术。采用自行设计的沉淀塔进行固废收集，三级上向垂直流处理桶利用硝化-反硝化-再硝化处理工艺进行尾水脱氮处理。结果显示，在对虾池塘实际养殖过程中，养殖前期、中期与后期，沉淀塔对固形废弃物集污效率分别为10.6%±1.8%、31.1%±5.7%、52.2%±5.2%;总氮集污效率分别为1.4%±0.2%、3.4%±0.6%、9.1%±0.1%。三级上向垂直流处理桶均装填生物毛刷，自然挂膜60 d后，分别进行溶氧控制30 d,溶氧质量浓度分别为1.11～1.98 mg/L、0.27～0.45 mg/L、4.60～5.82 mg/L。经测定分析，三级处理桶总氮、氨氮去除率可以达到45.5%与93.6%,将处理桶中的毛刷进行高通量测序分析，发现第三级处理桶中硝化细菌丰度最高，主要包括亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)、亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)、硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)。本研究构建了“沉淀塔固废集污”+“三级上向垂直流处...     

上流式反硝化生物过滤器中反硝化率与碳源的比较

使用硝化细菌降低过高氨浓度和亚硝酸盐浓度的有氧生物过滤系统是再循环养殖系统（RAS）常用的组件。然而，除非在RAS的设计中包含反硝化系统，否则为把硝酸盐浓度降至可接受水平仍然需要大量换水。本研究对应用于商业再循环养殖系统中的反硝化反应器的实样设计作了评估。对包括甲醇、醋酸、糖蜜、Cerelose（一种水解淀粉）4种碳源做了评价，以确定它们在商业化养殖条件下的适用性，以及确定其中的任何一种碳源是否会助长两种常见的“异味”化合物即2．甲基异茨醇（MIB）或土臭味素的产生。     

水产养殖

970836 利用海藻做生物过滤器的循环海水养殖模型:模型的建立和测试=Simulation model of recirculating mariculture with sea-weed biofilter:development and experimen-tal tests of the model[刊,英]/Ellner S,Ne-ori A//Aquac..—1996,143(2).—167～184在以色列埃拉特建立了一个试验循环海水养殖系统模拟模型。该系统养殖金鲷,用石莼做生物过滤器来保持水质,减少海水交换率,及减少流出水中的营养物质。该模型用一种相对简单的分室模型来描述在该系统中无机氮的产生、转移、转化及流失情况。该模型     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.