AFLP分子标记技术及其在水产动物中的应用

AFLP分子标记技术是DNA指纹技术的重大突破，由于其快速、简便、有效，因而在医学、农业、林业、畜牧业、渔业等领域中得到了广泛的应用。近年来人们不断地将这一技术完善和发展，使得AFLP成为迄今为止最有效的分子标记。本文简述了AFLP技术的基本原理、技术流程以及在水产动物中的应用情况。     

AFLP技术及在动物遗传多样性研究中的应用

扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)是一种新型分子标记。该技术原理简单,引物设计巧妙,既具有RFLP技术的可靠性又具有RAPD技术的高效性,被称为"最有力的分子标记"。近年来其在遗传多样性的研究中得到了广泛的应用。动物遗传多样性的研究对揭示生物群体的进化历史或对生物资源的有效利用与保护有着十分重要的现实意义。本文主要论述AFLP的技术原理、要求及特点,并介绍其在动物遗传多样性研究中的应用。     

用AFLP方法分析中国对虾抗病选育群体的遗传变异

利用AFLP技术对连续4年选育的中国对虾抗白斑病毒群体进行了遗传分析,并比较了不同的数据处理方法对遗传学参数的影响。7个EcoRⅠ／MseⅠ引物组合共产生350个位点,其中202个为多态位点。4代群体的多态位点比例分别为：39．4286％,41．4286％,33．4286％,39．1429％,Nei基因多样性指数分别为：0．1197,0．1259,0．1133,0．1249;4代群体的Shannon多样性指数分别为0．1831,0．1917,0．1702,0．1896。遗传多样性水平除了第3代群体标本明显较低外,其它3代甚为接近,维持在一个恒定的水平。比较了Nei分析、Shannon信息指数分析、AMOVA分析得出的遗传学参数,建议AMOVA分析作为应用AFLP进行群体遗传学分析时首选的统计方法。在AFLP指纹图谱中发现共显性基因座,对其中1个基因座的两个AFLP片段进行了回收、克隆及测序。序列分析表明,多态性是由引物扩增区域内4个核苷酸的插入／缺失导致的,证明了AFLP标记并不完全是显性标记。实验表明AFLP技术灵敏度高,信息量大,适用于分析亲缘关系较近的个体或品系,在中国对虾分子标记辅助育种方面有应用潜力。     

AFLP分子标记技术的发展及其在海洋生物中的应用

AFLP分子标记技术是一种建立在PCR技术和RFLP标记基础上的新的DNA指纹技术,具有多态性丰富、结果稳定可靠、重复性好、所需DNA量少,且可以在不需预先知道基因序列的情况下进行研究等特点,现已被广泛应用于遗传图谱构建、遗传多样性分析、系统进化及分类学、遗传育种和种质鉴定以及基因定位等方面。本文简要介绍AFLP分子标记技术的原理、特点、发展及其在海洋生物中的应用现状及前景展望。     

扩增片断长度多态性（Amplified fragment length polymorphism，AFLP）在水产动物研究中应用前景

扩增片断长度多态性（Amplified fragment lengthpolymorphism，AFLP）标记技术是一种新的DNA指纹技术主要用于检测DNA多态性。AFLP技术是根据基因组DNA水平的差异进行检测，不受组织和器官、发育阶段、生理条件等诸多因素影响，因此在水产动物中应用AFLP技术具有广阔的前景，可作为水产动物种质鉴定、亲缘关系及种质分类研究的理想标记。     

AFLP技术在鱼类种群分析中的应用

文章介绍了扩增性片段长度多态性（amplified fragment length polymorphism，AFLP）技术的原理和应用程序，概述了AFLP技术在鱼类种质资源、种群鉴别和地理分化及种群自我恢复能力等分析研究中的应用现状和应用前景。并期望AFLP种群分析技术也将在鱼类洄游、捕捞量配额分配及生态学等研究中有重要应用。     

魁蚶AFLP反应体系的建立

以魁蚶为研究材料,建立了魁蚶的AFLP分子标记反应体系。对其分析过程中的酶切链接、预扩增、选择性扩增等试验条件进行了检测与筛选,得到了清晰的AFLP指纹图谱,为探讨魁蚶种群之间的遗传关系和遗传图谱的构建等方面提供了新的技术手段。     

利用AFLP技术筛选锯缘青蟹性别差异DNA片段

采用高盐和酚氯仿异戊醇 (PCI)结合法提取DNA ,利用AFLP技术 ,应用 5 2个引物组合 ,检测了锯缘青蟹 (Scyllaser rata)雌雄基因组DNA的多态性 ,筛选与锯缘青蟹性别相关的分子标记。实验中共扩增出 4 312条带 ,筛选出候选差异DNA片段 74 8条。这些差异DNA片段的获得 ,为研究锯缘青蟹性别的分子标记奠定了基础     

鱼类遗传研究中AFLP标记技术的应用

扩增片段长度多态性(Amp lified Fragm ent Length Polymorph ism,AFLP)是一种新的DNA指纹技术,具有多态性丰富、结果可靠、所需DNA量少等优点。AFLP标记技术在鱼类遗传研究上已得到广泛的应用,并取得了一定成果。     

牙鲆抗鳗弧菌病AFLP分子标记筛选

牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)感病群体和抗病群体通过注射鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)获得。利用61对AFLP引物组合扫描了牙鲆感病群体和抗病群体各20个个体,结果共扩增出3 200条带,8条AFLP带在2个群体中显示了极大的差异(P<0.01),其中有2条带是在抗病群体中出现的高显性基因频率的标记,另外6条带是在感病群体中出现的高显性基因频率的标记。这些标记很可能是与抗病性相关的候选标记。这些抗病性候选标记的获得为实现牙鲆分子标记辅助育种和抗病基因克隆奠定了一定基础。[中国水产科学,2007,14(1):155-159]     

Genetic information of three pure lines of Porphyra yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) obtained by AFLP analysis

Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), which includes several valuable marine crops, has recently received great interest as a model plant for fundamental and applied studies in marine sciences. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) are a robust and efficient means for genetic mapping, linkage analysis of genetic characters for breeding and population studies in land plant genomes. To examine whether AFLPs are applicable as genetic markers in the present study, we detected AFLP markers with three pure lines in order to promote genetic analysis in Porphyra yezoensis . The following five sets of AFLP primer pairs (E-AA, M-CAA) (E-AA, M-CAC) (E-AA, M-CAG) (E-AA, M-CAT) (E-AA, M-CTA) were tested with template DNAs from three pure lines and they showed a total of 227 bands. This suggests that AFLP markers are promising tools for genetic analysis in Porphyra .     

Use of microsatellite loci and AFLP markers to verify gynogenesis and clonal lines in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L.

To develop an effective system for parentage analysis in gynogenetic and clonal progeny of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., polymorphic microsatellite loci and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were investigated in several gynogenetic families and clonal lines. Six microsatellite loci were screened in two meiotic gynogenetic families to look for loci with high gene–centromere recombination rates, which can be used to discriminate meiotic from mitotic gynogenetics. Microsatellite loci UNH189 and UNH211 showed 96.7% and 92.0% heterozygosity, respectively, in these families, while other loci showed lower recombination frequencies. Scoring both UNH189 and UNH211 would give a very low probability of an individual meiotic gynogenetic being homozygous for both loci. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction of microsatellite loci was used to verify parentage in four families of mitotic gynogenetics and five fully inbred clonal lines. The genotype of each clonal line should serve as a unique identifier. Twelve AFLP primers were also investigated and 26 diagnostic AFLP bands were identified to follow inheritance in mitotic gynogenetic individuals. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms were found to be effective for this purpose but microsatellites were more appropriate since they are co‐dominant, while AFLPs are dominant markers. A multiplex of the microsatellite loci used in this study would be useful for general parental assignment as well as for the analysis of the products of chromosome set manipulations.     

Application of amplified fragment length polymorphism markers to assess molecular polymorphisms in gynogenetic haploid embryos of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Among the variety of cultured marine species, the turbot Scophthalmus maximus is a fish of growing importance in European aquaculture. In this paper, an advanced application of AFLPs to estimate the genetic diversity of haploid gynogenetic families with the aim of obtaining a preliminary genetic map is presented. Ten EcoRI/TaqI primer combinations were tested in four families comprising diploid mothers and their haploid progenies. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis revealed an average of 6.8 polymorphic bands per primer combination and a total number of 88 polymorphisms out of 579 fragments. Among various primer pairs, seven combinations were selected in relation to the quality of profiles and number of polymorphic fragments, to be used in the determination of genetic linkage relationship between AFLP markers within the largest haploid family. Co‐migration of non‐homologous fragments was also investigated in one primer combination adding a fourth selective nucleotide to the three used in the classic TaqI AFLP protocol. Surprisingly, a rate of 38.7% of non‐homologous fragments co‐migrating with monomorphic bands was identified, due to the combined effect of homoplasy and the protocol used. Additional polymorphic markers discovered by this protocol were included in the linkage map. The turbot AFLP linkage map comprises 52 AFLP markers distributed in 12 linkage groups. On the basis of this map, turbot expected total genome length sums up to 1225.6 cM. The results confirm the usefulness of AFLPs in revealing genome segregation in haploid turbot progeny.     

Fish and seafood traceability based on AFLP markers: Elaboration of a species database

Several sociological, health and conservation arguments request a correct labelling of seafood products. Nowadays, molecular genetics is a useful tool for food chain traceability, particularly in regards to species identification. Among the variety of PCR-based molecular markers, AFLPs (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms) have recently been used to investigate genomes of different complexities. This paper assesses the potential use of the AFLP technology to determine fish and seafood species in processed commercial products and domestic stocks. In particular a species database of fish, molluscs and crustaceans has been created with the aim to identify species of origin of seafood products by previously defined AFLP patterns. Different EcoRI and TaqI primer combinations were selected from 20 screened combinations in relation to the total number of detected fragments and polymorphic ones. Most informative combinations were E32/T32, E32/T33, E33/T33, E33/T37, E33/T38, E40/T33, E40/T37, E42/T32, E42/T37. The comparison of informative markers between unknown frozen or fresh products and reference samples has enabled the accurate identification of 32 different species. The taxonomic characterization has been performed either at the species or at the population level depending on the number of available individuals. AFLP variation at the population level is particularly helpful for the stock traceability of domestic strains. Size homoplasy was also investigated in one species to assess the rate of non-homologous comigrating fragments and to detect additional polymorphic markers to be used in stock identification. Results of Band Sharing Index (BSI) and percentage of polymorphic fragments are presented and are discussed in relation to the wide applicability of AFLPs both for fish and seafood safety and authenticity testing in such fields as food traceability and restocking management. The database, available upon request at nonnis@biol.unipr.it, will be continuously updated.     

Genetic linkage map of bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians (Lamarck 1819)

The bay scallop (Argopecten irradians irradians Lamarck 1819) has become one of the most important aquaculture species in China. Genetic improvement of cultured bay scallop can benefit greatly from a better understanding of its genome. In this study, we developed amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and simple sequence repeat markers from expressed sequence tags (EST‐SSRs) for linkage analysis in bay scallop. Segregation of 390 AFLP and eight SSR markers was analysed in a mapping population of 97 progeny. Of the AFLP markers analysed, 326 segregated in the expected 1:1 Mendelian ratio, while the remaining 74 (or 19.0%) showed significant deviation, with 33 (44.6%) being deficient in heterozygotes (A/a). Among the eight polymorphic EST‐SSR loci, one marker (12.5%) was found skewing from its expected Mendelian ratios. Eighteen per cent of the markers segregating from female parent were distorted compared with 21% of the markers segregating from male parent. The female map included 147 markers in 17 linkage groups (LGs) and covered 1892.4 cM of the genome. In the male map, totally 146 AFLP and SSR markers were grouped in 18 LGs spanning 1937.1 cM. The average inter‐marker spacing in female and male map was 12.9 and 13.3 cM respectively. The AFLP and SSR markers were distributed evenly throughout the genome except for a few large gaps over 20 cM. Although preliminary, the genetic maps presented here provide a starting point for the mapping of the bay scallop genome.     

半滑舌鳎雌性特异扩增片段长度多态性标记的筛选与应用

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevisGünther)为东北亚特有的名贵冷温性比目鱼类,为我国养殖业的新宠。半滑舌鳎雌鱼生长速度是雄性的2~3倍,若能实现单雌化养殖将大大提高养殖业的经济效益。本研究利用扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)技术,应用64个引物组合,检测了半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevisGünther)雌雄基因组DNA的多态性,筛选与半滑舌鳎性别相关的AFLP分子标记。实验经过3轮筛选和验证,4个引物组合扩增出7个雌性个体出现频率为100%的DNA片段,我们认为这7个标记是半滑舌鳎雌性特异的AFLP标记,分别命名为CseF382、CseF575、CseF783、CseF464、CseF136、CseF618和CseF305。同时,将标记CseF382成功转化为SCAR标记,测定了该标记的DNA序列,建立了半滑舌鳎遗传性别鉴定的PCR技术,为半滑舌鳎性别决定机制的研究和性别控制奠定了重要基础。     

AFLP and microsatellites as genetic tags to identify cultured gilthead seabream escapees: data from a simulated floating cage breaking event

Genetic discrimination using DNA fingerprinting is rapidly developing for cultured stock and wild fish populations. Microsatellites and AFLPs are being widely used in aquaculture to assign fish or processed fish products, to their claimed origin, paternity or strain. In the present study, 147 AFLP and 4 microsatellite markers were used as genetic tags in gilthead seabream, Sparus auratus. Specimens from two different hatchery broodstocks (one of Atlantic and one of Mediterranean origin) and wild fishes from a natural population were fingerprinted. Putative offspring from these broodstocks were computer-generated, and the confidence in the parentage assignment of their genetic profiles to the hatchery broodstock assessed. The virtual offspring were then mixed with specimens from a natural population to simulate an accidental escape from a floating cage. The risk of false paternity inclusion was evaluated to test the ability to identify either Atlantic or Mediterranean hatchery offspring among wild fish. The method proved to be reliable, and could therefore be used to forecast the impact of fish farm escapees.     

半滑舌鳎DNA的群体遗传变异

采用AFLP、RAPD和线粒体细胞色素b基因(Cytb)片段序列分析技术对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)群体遗传变异进行研究。分别采用5对选择性引物和18条随机引物对半滑舌鳎3个群体(黄海野生群体、渤海野生群体、养殖群体)进行分析。AFLP和RAPD分析结果表明,黄海群体的遗传多样性高于渤海群体,养殖群体的遗传多样性最低。利用Shannon多样性指数和基因分化系数进行遗传变异来源估算,结果表明,遗传变异主要来自于群体内。同其他鱼类相比,半滑舌鳎群体遗传多样性水平较低。对黄海、渤海野生群体共37个个体的线粒体Cytb基因片段序列进行分析,共检测出5种单倍型,渤海群体内个体序列完全相同,共享单倍型H1;在黄海群体中除检测到单倍型H1外,还检测到其余4种单倍型。Cytb序列分析结果表明,黄海群体遗传多样性较渤海群体丰富,个体间序列变异很小,个体间核苷酸差异数在0~1之间,两群体间无显著遗传差异。通过比较3种分子标记对半滑舌鳎群体间遗传差异的检测和群体间遗传距离的计算,显示AFLP标记对群体间遗传差异的检测最为灵敏,是一种理想的分子标记。     

A preliminary genetic map of Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston 1904)

Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston 1904) is one of the most important aquaculture species in China. The development of a genetic linkage map would provide a powerful tool for the genetic improvement of this species. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a PCR‐based technique that has proven to be powerful in genome fingerprinting and mapping, and population analysis. Genetic maps of C. farreri were constructed using AFLP markers and a full‐sib family with 60 progeny. A total of 503 segregating AFLP markers were obtained, with 472 following the Mendelian segregation ratio of 1:1 and 31 markers showing significant (P<0.05) segregation distortion. The male map contained 166 informative AFLP markers in 23 linkage groups covering 2468 cM. The average distance between markers was 14.9 cM. The female genetic map consisted of 198 markers in 25 linkage groups spanning 3130 cM with an average inter‐marker spacing of 15.8 cM. DNA polymorphisms that segregated in a 3:1 ratio as well as the AFLP markers that were heterozygous in both parents were included to construct combined linkage genetic map. Five shared linkage groups, ranging from 61.1 to 162.5 cM, were identified between the male and female maps, covering 431 cM. Amplified fragment length polymorphism markers appeared to be evenly distributed within the linkage groups. Although preliminary, these maps provide a starting point for the mapping of the functional genes and quantitative trait loci in C. farreri.