黄颡鱼Wnt/β-catenin信号通路5个重要基因的识别及其在卵巢中的表达对铜暴露的响应

采用RT-PCR和RACE技术获取了黄颡鱼Wnt/β-catenin信号通路5个重要基因wnt2、wnt2bb、wnt3a、wnt8a和ctnnb1的全长cDNA序列,分别为1 743、2 133、1 379、1 508和2 636 bp,其中ORF长度分别为1 052、1 115、872、1 160和2 372 bp,分别编码351、372、291、387和791个氨基酸。氨基酸序列比对和系统发育树分析显示,上述基因十分保守,黄颡鱼与墨西哥丽脂鲤亲缘关系最近。组织表达分析显示,上述基因的mRNA在脑、脾脏、肾脏、鳃、心脏、肌肉、肠系膜脂肪、肝脏及卵巢等组织中都有表达,但表达水平不尽相同。这些基因在黄颡鱼卵巢中的表达水平对铜暴露的响应结果显示,在暴露28 d时,wnt3a mRNA水平随着铜浓度的增加而降低,而wnt8a趋势则相反,wnt2、wnt2bb和ctnnb1基因表达各个处理组间无显著性差异;在56 d时,wnt2、wnt2bb、wnt3a、wnt8a和ctnnb1基因表达各个处理组间均无显著差异。研究表明,Wnt/β-catenin信号通路基因的功能发生了分化,部分成员可能介导了铜影响黄颡鱼卵巢发育的调控。     

黄颡鱼肌细胞生成素基因cDNA克隆及其在雌雄个体中的差异表达

为了探究黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)肌细胞生成素(Myogenin,MyoG)基因的组成结构、功能特性以及在雌雄个体组织中的表达差异,本研究利用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆获得黄颡鱼MyoG基因1346 bp全长cDNA序列,其中序列包括63 bp的5′非翻译区、521 bp的3′非翻译区和762 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),ORF编码253个氨基酸。氨基酸序列包含MRFs基因家族的Basic结构域和螺旋–环–螺旋(HLH)结构域,不含信号肽,没有跨膜结构,定位于细胞核内。氨基酸序列与蓝鲇(Ictalurus furcatus)同源性高达94.1%,基于氨基酸序列构建的NJ进化树显示黄颡鱼MyoG基因与同属鲇科鱼类关系最近,表明MyoG基因在物种间比较保守。实时荧光定量PCR检测显示,MyoG基因在雌雄个体心脏、肌肉等8种组织中均有表达,但在肌肉中的表达量显著高于其他组织(P0.05),且在雄性中的表达量显著高于雌性(P0.05);Western blot检测MyoG蛋白在雄性肌肉中的表达量高于雌性,推测其可能是造成黄颡鱼雌雄生长差异的因素之一。本研究不仅为黄颡鱼雌雄生长差异和肌肉发育调控提供了研究基础,也为黄颡鱼快速生长新品种(系)选育提供理论参考。     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠对黄颡鱼免疫相关酶活性的影响

为评估十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）对黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus fulvidraco）的毒性效应,在水温（24.5±0.3）℃下,将体质量（101.4±16.5）g的黄颡鱼饲养在流水充气的水泥池中,暴露于0.0 mg/L、0.2 mg/L、0.4 mg/L、0.6 mg/L和0.8 mg/L质量浓度的SDBS中10 d后,测定血清溶菌酶（LZM）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性及丙二醛（MDA）、免疫球蛋白M(Ig M)和补体C3含量、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）等,并用荧光定量PCR仪检测脾脏补体C3和CAT基因相对表达量。结果表明：SDBS暴露后黄颡鱼血清中的溶菌酶和碱性磷酸酶活性、补体C3和免疫球蛋白含量降低,肝胰脏的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性及总抗氧化能力降低,而丙二醛含量升高。SDBS暴露后黄颡鱼脾脏中补体C3、CAT基因m RNA转录水平下调,在高浓度暴露组（0.8 mg/L）中补体C3基因m RNA转录水平显著下调（P<0.05）,在0.4～0.8 mg/L浓度暴露组中CAT基因m RNA转录水平显著下调（P&...     

3种黄颡鱼SOCSs基因分子特性及致病菌胁迫下的表达模式

细胞因子信号传导抑制因子(SOCS)是JAK/STAT信号通路中细胞因子信号受体的重要抑制因子。为探究SOCS在鱼类免疫应答过程中的作用，本研究以杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”及其母本黄颡鱼和父本瓦氏黄颡鱼为研究对象，克隆了杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”3个免疫相关基因(SOCS1、SOCS2和SOCS3)，并对其生物信息学进行了比较分析；采用qRT-PCR技术研究了SOCS1、SOCS2和SOCS3基因分别在3种黄颡鱼感染嗜水气单胞菌和鮰爱德华氏菌后的表达模式。结果显示，杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”SOCS1、SOCS2和SOCS3基因的全长分别为561、735和672 bp，分别编码186、244和223个氨基酸，其预测的蛋白结构均含有保守的SH2结构域和SOCS盒。黄颡鱼、瓦氏黄颡鱼和杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”SOCS1、SOCS2和SOCS3基因的表达在被检的8个不同组织中呈现组织特异性。在两种致病菌感染后，杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”及其双亲的SOCS1、SOCS2和SOCS3基因在肝、鳃和头肾组织的表达量均在前24 h显著升高，随后逐渐恢复至正常水平。此外，鮰爱德华氏菌感染后，杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号” SOCS1、SOCS2和SOCS3基因的表达量显著高于双亲，表现出较双亲更强的免疫调节能力且具有病原特异性。该结果为进一步解析黄颡鱼SOCS家族免疫防御调控机制提供了参考依据。     

黄颡鱼LRH-1基因的分离和表达

肝受体类似物(Liver receptor homolog-1,LRH-1)是核受体家族Ftz-F1中一个亚家族成员,由于其在哺乳类卵巢中的高表达而被认为在卵巢类固醇合成的调控中起着一定的作用.本研究使用RT-PCR、RACE法分离到了黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)肝受体类似物基因(LRH-1)以及一个无活性的LRH-1' cDNA.LRH-1 cDNA全长1 945 bp,包括γ'非翻译区207bp,3'非翻译区238 bp,开放阅读框1 500 bp,编码500个氨基酸,推算的蛋白分子量为57.19 kD.LRH-1'全长1 663 bp,5'非翻译区283 bp,3'非翻译区330 bp,开放阅读框1 050 bp,编码350个氨基酸,推算的蛋白分子量为39.7 kD.与LRH-1相比,LRH-1'缺少存在于基因5'端的锌指结构和3'端起转录激活作用的AF-2基序.不同动物LRH-1氨基酸序列比对结果表明,黄颡鱼LRH-1和其他动物的LRH-1相似性为79%～85%,和其他动物的类固醇生成因子(SF-1)相似性为59%～66%.系统发育树显示,Ftz-F1分为两大支,一支包括鱼类SF-1;另一支又有2个分支,分别包含其他动物的SF-1和所有动物的LRH-1,在LRH-1分支中鱼类LRH-1单独为一小支.以β-actin为内标的荧光实时定量.RT-PCR结果显示,LRH-1在雌、雄黄颡鱼脑、肝、肾、性腺均有表达,以肝脏的表达量为最高,雌鱼各组织的表达量均比雄鱼高,其中肝脏和性腺差异明显(P＜0.05);在卵巢的不同发育阶段,该基因的表达量也不尽相同,Ⅲ期卵巢表达量最高,明显高于Ⅴ期(P＜0.05),Ⅴ期又明显高于Ⅱ、Ⅳ和Ⅵ期(P＜0.05);注射催产素促黄体释放激素类似物(LRH-A)12 h后,LRH-1在脑的表达量没明显变化,在肝脏和肾脏的表达量明显增加,而在卵巢的表达量明显下降.     

饲料脂肪对黄颡鱼卵巢脂类代谢以及PI3KCa甲基化和转录水平的影响

为了探究饲料不同脂肪水平对黄颡鱼卵巢脂肪代谢潜在的影响,本研究设计了活体与离体两个实验。活体实验中,分别投喂3组不同脂肪水平的饲料(脂肪含量分别为6.98%、11.34%和15.41%)8周。离体实验中,分离原代黄颡鱼卵母细胞,采用(0、0.2和0.5 mmol/L)3组不同脂肪酸浓度孵育48 h。活体实验结果显示:与6.98%和15.41%脂肪水平组相比,11.34%脂肪水平显著增加黄颡鱼卵巢甘油三酯水平(TG),并上调FAS、G6PD、6PGD和ME的酶活性水平,以及LPL和CD36基因表达水平。与6.98%和11.34%脂肪水平组相比,15.41%脂肪水平组显著升高黄颡鱼的性腺指数(GSI),并上调CPTIA和DNMT3b的基因表达水平,以及PI3KCa启动子-64和-52 CpG位点的甲基化水平,而显著降低PI3KCa的基因表达水平。体外细胞实验显示:与对照组(0)相比,0.5 mmol/L脂肪酸孵育显著增加卵母细胞TG含量,并上调FAS、G6PD和ME酶活水平,以及G6PD和PI3KCa的基因表达水平。同时,与对照组相比,脂肪酸孵育组显著降低CPTIA、ACCb、LPL、CD36、DNMT1以及DNMT3b基因的表达水平。然而,脂肪酸孵育对卵母细胞PI3KCa的启动子甲基化水平没有影响。研究表明,饲料不同脂肪水平影响卵巢TG的合成,可能主要是通过脂肪转运相关基因,并且高脂肪很可能是通过影响黄颡鱼卵巢PI3KCa启动子甲基化水平来影响PI3KCa的表达。而离体条件下,脂肪酸促进卵母细胞TG的合成很可能是通过升高脂肪合成相关基因、降低脂肪分解和转运相关基因来实现,但脂肪酸孵育不通过影响黄颡鱼卵母细胞PI3KCa甲基化水平来影响PI3KCa基因表达。     

黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco AMH基因的克隆鉴定及表达

为研究抗缪勒氏管激素AMH对黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco性别分化及生长发育的调控作用,克隆扩增了黄颡鱼AMH基因的全长序列(GenBank检索号MK310106),研究该基因的组织表达模式。结果表明:AMH基因的全长为3588bp,其开放阅读序列为1653bp,编码550个氨基酸,位于第2号染色体上(19371164~19374761bp)。同源性分析表明,与已发布的黄颡鱼Tachysurus fulvidraco的相似性最高,可达99.6%;与低眼无齿[鱼芒]Pangasianodon hypophthalmus及斑点叉尾鮰Ictalurus punctatus的相似性也很高,分别达75.8%与74.8%,而与哺乳动物相似性较低。系统进化树分析显示:黄颡鱼AMH可与斑点叉尾鮰、低眼无齿[鱼芒]等鲶形目物种聚集成簇。Real-TimePCR检测结果表明:AMH的mRNA在各组织中的表达量差异性极大,在性腺组织中表达量最高,其次是肝脏和脑;1龄精巢的表达量最高,2龄次之,而1、2龄雌鱼的表达量基本相近。AMH对黄颡鱼性腺的分化及生长发育有重要调控作用。     

饲料VD3水平对黄颡鱼转录组差异基因表达的影响

为研究饲料中添加维生素D_3对黄颡鱼基因表达的影响,实验基于RNA-Seq技术对用添加不同水平维生素D_3[0(VD0),1243(VD2),22700(VD20)IU/kg]的饲料喂养的黄颡鱼肾脏和小肠的转录组数据进行分析。通过对305 568982条原始reads的筛选和排除,得到了83 265条unigenes,平均长845.38 nt,N50为1620 nt。利用Blast等相关软件对数据进行深度分析,得到功能注释基因共29 224个。根据GO富集分析发现,差异表达基因主要集中在细胞过程、代谢通路、生物调控等通路中,KEGGpathway富集分析结果显示,代谢通路涉及基因最多,有1532个。相对于对照组,添加1243和22700 IU/kg的VD_3(VD0 vs VD2/VD0vs VD20)可得到共同上下调基因共380个,其中上调基因266个,下调基因114个;3种水平下共同上下调的基因共2 1个,其中上调基因4个,下调基因1 7个。研究表明,在饲料中添加不同浓度维生素D_3会对黄颡鱼的生长代谢和生物调控等相关基因表达产生影响,且不同浓度实验组,相关基因的表达存在差异。本实验通过对差异表达基因的后续分析及预测,为黄颡鱼的生长代谢及疾病预防等方面的研究提供了丰富的数据来源。     

黄颡鱼IgM基因的个体发生和抗体的代间传递

为了解黄颡鱼IgM基因表达的个体发生和IgM抗体代间传递机制,实验利用Real-time PCR和ELISA等技术研究了黄颡鱼IgM重链基因在卵巢、胚胎和仔鱼的表达变化,以及黄颡鱼IgM抗体在卵巢、胚胎和仔鱼中的含量变化。结果显示,黄颡鱼3~7 d仔鱼中,没有检测到IgM mRNA;14 d仔鱼IgM基因开始表达。用细菌免疫亲鱼后,对仔鱼IgM mRNA表达没有影响。黄颡鱼IgM抗体在卵巢、胚胎和仔鱼中都有分布,且呈现下降趋势,至9 d仔鱼中抗体水平最低(是卵抗体含量的0.31倍)。14 d仔鱼中IgM抗体水平上升(是9 d仔鱼抗体含量的1.6倍)。用细菌免疫亲鱼后,能显著提高胚胎、仔鱼中的IgM抗体水平,在卵中抗体含量提高了2.3倍,9 d仔鱼中提高了1.8倍。研究表明,黄颡鱼IgM抗体可以在母本和后代之间传递,早期仔鱼IgM抗体主要来自于亲本;因此,免疫亲鱼能显著增加子代的抗体水平。     

稀有■鲫Foxo3a、Foxo3b基因克隆和表达分析

利用RACE技术自稀有■鲫的卵巢中克隆叉头蛋白O3a(Foxo3a）、叉头蛋白O3b(Foxo3b）基因的全长cDNA序列，采用RT-PCR、qRT-PCR和原位杂交法检测其组织分布、时序表达、细胞定位和雷帕霉素处理后的表达。结果显示，Foxo3a基因全长cDNA序列为2562bp，包括242bp的5′端非编码区、367bp的3′端非编码区、1953bp的开放阅读框，编码650个氨基酸；Foxo3b基因全长cDNA序列为2804bp，包括470bp的5′端非编码区、375bp的3′端非编码区、1959bp的开放阅读框，编码652个氨基酸。Foxo3a基因只在脑和卵巢中表达，在其他组织中不表达；Foxo3b基因在所检测的组织中均有表达，在脑和卵巢中的表达量较高。随着卵巢的发育，Foxo3a基因表达量呈逐渐升高的趋势，Foxo3b基因表达量未出现显著变化。原位杂交结果显示，Foxo3a、Foxo3b基因定位于卵巢Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ时相的生殖细胞和滤泡细胞中。雷帕霉素处理影响了卵巢中Foxo3a基因的表达，对Foxo3b基因的表达无显著影响。试验结果表明，Foxo3a和Foxo3b基因可能在稀有■鲫...     

仿刺参与虾夷马粪海胆和菲律宾蛤仔混养效果的初步研究

水温13.8～20.0℃下,在容积50 L的塑料水槽中,放养体质量为(1.4±0.6)g的虾夷马粪海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)11个,过量投喂海带(Laminaria japonica),再分别混养体质量为(3.4±0.6)g的仿刺参(Apostichopusjaponicus)0(A组)、3(B组)、5(C组)和10个(D组),体质量为(12.4±1.7)g的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippim2rum)6个,排出水培养底栖硅藻和石纯(Ulva lactuca),用底栖硅藻饲喂仿刺参.77 d的饲养表明,仿刺参和海胆的成活率差异不显著(P>0.05),但混养组海胆的特定生长率(SGR)显著高于单养组(P<0.05),B、C和D组海胆的SGR分别比单养高9.12%、7.24%和10.06%,各混养组间差异不显著(P>0.05);混养海胆的饲料系数(7.28～7.70)分别显著低于单养(9.12)(P<0.05)组20.2%、15.5%和18.0%.将刺参的产量计算在内,B、C和D组海胆的饲料系数分别比对照组降低31.5%、26.8%和16.0%,但混养组间差异不显著(P>0.05).海胆和仿刺参的适宜混养比例为11:3.蛤仔和石纯生长慢,死亡率高.养殖排水培养的底栖硅藻以菱形藻(Nitzschia sp.)和卵形藻(Cocameissp.)为主,少量舟形藻(Navicula sp.).混养海胆性腺中亚麻酸、EPA DHA含量和n-3/n-6比值显著大于单养组(P<0.05),混养池水中氨氮含量低而稳,溶氧量高.     

Carbohydrate Metabolism of Vitellogenic Follicles and Eggs of Serranus cabrilla (Serranidae) and Mullus barbatus (Mullidae) and of Embryos of Sparus aurata (Sparidae)

The present study compared the carbohydrate metabolism of pelagic eggs of three marine species, Serranus cabrilla (Serranidae), Mullus barbatus (Mullidae) and Sparus aurata (Sparidae). In particular, in Serranus cabrilla and Mullus barbatus the changes in carbohydrate metabolism from the vitellogenic follicle stage to the ovulated egg stage (final maturation of the egg) were investigated, and in Sparus aurata the changes from the unfertilized egg stage to the late-embryo stage just before hatching were observed. In mature, unfertilized eggs of these three species the qualitative and quantitative composition of carbohydrates, enzymes and metabolites were similar, indicating no differences in carbohydrate metabolism. Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway occurred in the follicles and eggs. From the vitellogenic follicle stage to the mature egg stage glycolytic activity was constant in S. cabrilla and M. barbatus, while the activity of the pentose phosphate pathway and of gluconeogenesis decreased. Quantitative carbohydrate composition changed as the levels of hexose, ketose, 6-deoxyhexose, uronic acid and fructose-6-phosphate increased from the vitellogenic follicle stage to the mature egg stage, while the levels of D-glycerate-2-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate decreased. In S. aurata, the investigated parameters of carbohydrate metabolism were similar between unfertilized eggs and eggs in the first cleavage stage. From the first cleavage stage to the late embryo stage the levels of hexose, 2-deoxyhexose, ketose, ribose, uronic acid and phosphoenolpyruvate increased, while the levels of D-glycerate-2-phosphate decreased.     

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m³ for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m³) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d^–1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g^–1 day^–1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH₄-N and increase inNO₂-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO₃-N, TN, TPand PO₄-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.     

鲢鳙混养对三角帆蚌生长和养殖水质影响的围隔实验

2008年4月23日—9月21日通过围隔实验,研究了不同鲢鳙混养比例对三角帆蚌生长及水化学指标的影响。实验中鲢鳙混养比例设置了6个水平,分别为0/0(对照组),100/0,70/30,50/50,30/70和0/100。实验开始和结束时测量三角帆蚌湿重,壳长和壳宽。每个月上下旬测量围隔水化学指标包括NO3N、NO2N、NH3N、TN、TP、PO4P和COD。实验结果表明,鲢鳙混养比例100/0的围隔蚌壳长相对生长率显著低于混养比例0/0,50/50和0/100的围隔(P<0.05),而不同混养比例下蚌的成活率、蚌壳宽及蚌重增长均无显著差异(P>0.05)。从水质来看,混养比例30/70围隔TP显著低于100/0(P<0.05),COD显著低于100/0及70/30(P<0.05),NH3N显著低于100/0(P<0.05)以及PO4P显著低于70/30(P<0.05)。因此,综合蚌生长及水质指标,混养比例30/70围隔对三角帆蚌养殖最有利。     

Effects of daphnia (Moina micrura) plus chlorella (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) or microparticle diets on growth and survival of larval loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

Culture performance beyond metamorphosis of larval loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) was examined in a feeding experiment of the early development stage (20 days after hatch; DAH). Total length, dry weight, length- and weight-specific growth rate (SGR) and survival were monitored in different diet regimes. During 20 days, diet treatments included: microparticle diets (A); live daphnia (Moina micrura) (B); live daphnia plus live chlorella (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) (C); and live daphnia plus microparticle diets (D). Fish survival rates during 20 days were 21.23 ± 4.2% (A), 73.19 ± 2.8% (B), 90.76 ± 3% (C) and 91.46 ± 3.1% (D), respectively. Length- and weight-specific growth rate after 20 DAH (final mean SGR; % day⁻¹) were 5.36 ± 0.44 and 15.75 ± 1.52 (A), 9.29 ± 1.25 and 23.47 ± 2.23 (B), 9.42 ± 1.55 and 24.88 ± 2.9 (C) and 9.55 ± 1.23 and 24.40 ± 2.75 (D), respectively. Fish in treatments B, C and D displayed higher growth rates and were significantly longer and heavier than fish in treatment A by the end of the experiment (Ρ < 0.05). Fish in treatment A had highly significant greater (Ρ < 0.001) mortalities than in treatments B, C and D. There were no significant differences in any growth parameter between fish in treatments B, C and D, but the survivals in treatments C and D (90.76% and 91.46%) were significantly higher than in treatment B (73.19%, Ρ < 0.05). The results demonstrated that enriched prey and co-feeding may serve as a potential feeding strategy for loach larvae, and the form of co-feeding reduces the costs and dependence on live foods to a certain extent. We concluded that larval loach should be reared over metamorphosis using either of the following methods: feed with live daphnia supplemented with microparticle diets or with live chlorella. However, a prolonged rearing period of loach larvae is needed to detect nutritional problems and observe remote effects of co-feeding on weaning in the future.     

Effects of experimental infection by Caligus rogercresseyi (Copepoda: Caligidae) on the common jollytail, Galaxias maculatus (Osmeriforme: Galaxiidae) (Jenyns, 1842) in Chile

Galaxias maculatus, the common jollytail, is a native smelt fish with a lacustrine or diadromous life cycle. In Chile, the rearing cycle of this fish includes a freshwater and a marine phase. Several diseases and parasites reported for the freshwater phase could be avoided by rearing the fish in salty or brackish water. Nonetheless, this alternative could result in Caligus rogercresseyi infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate experimentally the capacity of C. rogercresseyi to infect the common jollytail and the effects this parasite may cause to the fish. Prevalence and intensity of experimental C. rogercresseyi infections on G. maculatus were estimated and the effects of this parasitosis on the fish were evaluated on fish survival, weight loss, swimming behavior, and skin damage. Two experiments were carried out with adult fish taken from the Maullín Estuary. Fish were acclimatized to a salinity of 32 ppt and divided into two groups of 20 fish each. The experimental group was infected with copepodid stages of C. rogercresseyi and the other was used as a control. The fish were kept in individual tanks until observing ovigerous female copepods. C. rogercresseyi recognizes G. maculatus as a host under experimental conditions and optimal salinity for the parasite. Results show that under experimental condition copepodid stage can successfully infect the fish, developing to the adult stage, mating, and producing eggs (females). C. rogercresseyi caused alterations in fish behavior, superficial body damage, weight loss, and mortality. Rearing the common jollytail in salty water should take into consideration measures to control these infections as they can damage fish and affect surrounding wild fish populations. There are no records of this parasite in natural common jollytail populations; however, our understanding of the ecological role played by the common jollytail in C. rogercresseyi transmissions among sympatric host species could be greatly improved through further research related to host preferences and epidemiological data for different sympatric host species.     

Molecular evidence for the lack of transmission of the monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii (Monogenea, Polyopisthocotylea) and isopod Ceratothoa oestroides (Crustacea, Cymothoidae) between wild bogue (Boops boops) and cage-reared sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

In the Mediterranean area, wild fish have often been suggested as either the reservoirs of the causative agents or at least the carriers of the pathogens responsible for disease outbreaks in cultured fish. However, no epidemiological investigations on actual pathogen/disease interactions between farmed and wild fish have been conducted even for the most important fish pathogens. Only sporadic isolations and identifications of various pathogens in wild fish have been done and real associations with the pathological conditions that exist within the farm environment and vice versa have not been established. Monogenean ectoparasite Sparicotyle chrysophrii and isopod Ceratothoa oestroides are commonly found in the Mediterranean cage-reared sea bream and sea bass and in the surrounding wild fish population. Both species were recognized as pathogens that seasonally inflict serious losses in fingerlings and juveniles of sea bream and sea bass, being potentially propagated and exchanged during wild and caged fish interaction. In order to evaluate the degree of pathogens transfer between wild and farmed fish, we investigated genetic population structures of these two important parasitic pathogens inferred by mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I locus. Parasites isolated from wild and farmed fish on the two most productive Adriatic fish farms showed genetic heterogeneity, contradicting widely accepted hypothesis of cross-contamination, at least in case of S. chrysophrii and C. oestroides. As far as we know, this is the first report that in a study of pathogen transfer molecular evidence was employed to asses the genetic population structure of shared parasites.     

Sensory evaluation of farmed sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo)

The first attempts at applying aquacultural techniques to sharpsnoutseabream (Diplodus puntazzo) have proved very promising.One of the factors to keep in mind when analysing the viability of a speciesforindustrial farming is that of consumer acceptance of the product, a variablethat can be measured by sensory evaluation tests. To that end, 107 participantsfrom a number of work centres were assessed with hedonic sensory tests usingsharpsnout seabream samples. For reference purposes, the tasting also includedgilthead seabream samples. Participants were asked to fill out a questionnairethat included questions concerning their preferences for any one fish. Weanalysed the sensory attributes of both fish species using a hedonic scale, andalso their acceptability (disposition to purchase) to consumers. The resultsproved fairly encouraging with a view to sharpsnout seabream large-scaleproduction. All attributes tested in the sensory profile analysis werepositively rated. About 60% of the surveyed population would consider buyingsharpsnout seabream at a price similar to that of gilthead seabream (10),and 85% found it to be pleasing to the eye. Aside from flavour, its texture,juiciness and fat level are the most important appraisal attributes. Efforts toimprove the organoleptic characteristics of the species should focus mainly onthese attributes.     

甘草次酸对斑点叉尾（鱼回）免疫应激下血浆抗氧化酶和免疫指标的影响

为探讨斑点叉尾(鮰)免疫应激状态下血浆抗氧化酶和免疫指标的变化,并研究甘草次酸对斑点叉尾(鮰)免疫应激的调控机制,实验设计两组,每组6个重复:1)对照组,饲喂基础饲料;2)GA组,饲喂含0.15 g/kg甘草次酸饲料,养殖8周后,腹腔注射大肠杆菌脂多糖(LPS),分别在注射后0、3、6、12、24、48 h采集血液和肝脏组织,进行红细胞、白细胞计数,分离血浆后检测血浆皮质醇、溶菌酶、ACH50、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶活性,肝脏匀浆液检测SOD、MDA和CAT抗氧化酶活性.结果显示,在腹腔注射LPS后,血浆溶菌酶、皮质醇、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、ACH50、SOD均呈现先升高后下降的趋势,白细胞计数、血浆CAT呈现先下降后升高的趋势;饲料中添加0.15 g/kg甘草次酸显著抑制了各指标变化,缩短了由LPS诱导产生各指标变化的恢复时间.研究表明,腹腔注射LPS使斑点叉尾(鮰)产生免疫应激,并在注射后6～12h达到顶峰;饲料中添加0.15 g/kg甘草次酸可以有效抑制由LPS诱导的免疫应激反应.     

紫菜遗传育种研究进展

对中国紫菜(Pyropia/Porphyra)种质资源进行了详细的介绍,从育种技术、育种目标和育种成果3个方面综述了紫菜育种领域的研究进展。育种技术以选择育种、杂交育种和诱变育种为主,分子遗传育种在探索之中。育种目标在优质、高产的基础上,结合气候变化、不同海区环境,培育耐高温、耐低盐等抗逆性强的品种。目前,中国已培育出紫菜新品种6个,其中坛紫菜4个,条斑紫菜2个。最后,作者提出中国紫菜产业发展面临的一些问题,期望良种选育与产业发展相结合,为科研工作者进一步开展紫菜育种研究提供参考。