鱼类早期发育阶段消化系统的研究进展

本文综述了鱼类胚胎发育阶段和仔稚鱼发育阶段消化器官变化过程,以及个体发育水平、饵料因素和环境因子对仔稚鱼消化酶的影响,有助于正确了解和掌握鱼类早期阶段消化系统的发育规律,为仔稚鱼初期饵料的开发提供消化生理学上的理论依据.     

池养条件下黄河鲤仔稚鱼的生长及形态发育初步观察

本文结合生产试验过程，对黄河鲤仔稚鱼生长过程中的形态特征进行了初步描述，研究了仔稚鱼的生长以及全长、体长、体重的相互关系。从初孵仔鱼发育至稚鱼约需12天左右，全长达到13.4-21.7mm。仔鱼期体长的增长大于体重的增长；而进入稚鱼期后，体重的增长明显加快。     

仔稚鱼的极性脂——磷脂研究进展

总结了饲料磷脂对仔稚鱼在成活率、生长、抗御外部压力的耐受性以及畸形鱼发生率等方面的重要作用。饲料中缺乏磷脂对仔稚鱼的影响比对幼鱼的影响更明显 ,仔稚鱼饲料中的磷脂含量应高于幼鱼饲料中磷脂的含量。仔稚鱼对饲料磷脂中的磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰肌醇的需要量占饲料的 1%～ 3% (干重 )。用磷脂作为必需脂肪酸和能量的来源在仔稚鱼中的消化率高于中性脂的消化率。饲料磷脂可以增强仔稚鱼体内的脂类运输能力     

梭鱼仔、稚、幼鱼消化系统胚后发育的组织学观察

利用形态学和连续组织切片技术,在光镜下系统观察了出膜后1~39 d的梭鱼(Liza haematocheila)仔、稚、幼鱼各期的消化系统发育特征。结果表明,在水温20~22℃时,梭鱼受精卵经50~54 h孵化,初孵仔鱼消化道仅由一条原始的消化管组成。孵出后第4天,上下颌形成,卵黄囊被吸收,消化管盘曲,第一盘曲处形成胃雏形,第二盘曲处及之后形成前肠和后肠,肛门形成并与外界贯通。孵化后第7天,卵黄囊被完全吸收,油球渐小至消失,孵化后第8天,消化系统明显分化成食道、胃、肠、直肠以及肝和胰等,仔鱼由内源性营养向外源性摄食营养过渡。此后,随着仔鱼的生长发育,胃黏膜层的褶皱数量增加,管壁增厚,内腔增大。稚鱼后期,梭鱼苗各鳍初步形成,分化出鳍条,孵化后18 d,幽门盲囊形成,胃腺出现,标志着稚鱼开始消化外源性蛋白,同时,消化道上皮细胞进一步分化,肌层增厚,肠道分段、盘曲,稚鱼食性开始向植食性转换。在此以后,消化系统从功能和结构上逐步地完善成熟。结果表明,梭鱼消化系统的发育与仔、稚、幼鱼的生长、形态发育和消化系统功能的完善相一致。     

赤点石斑鱼仔鱼日间摄食量和摄食日周期的研究

掌握仔稚鱼发育成长过程中的摄食量。对摸清天然海域中仔稚鱼的减耗过程和存活机理,研究资源变动和在人工育苗生产上有计划地培养生物饵料,根据仔稚鱼发育阶段投喂适量饵料等都是非常重要的。为此,过去许多学者研究了香鱼、牙鲆、黑鲷、真鲷、条石鲷、鲈鱼、(鱼师)鱼等仔稚鱼的日间摄食量。     

明灯鱼属鱼类仔稚鱼的种类鉴别、发育形态及其分类检索

为了认识东海明灯鱼属鱼类仔稚鱼的发育形态与分类特征,为以后相关的海洋生态调查的仔稚鱼种类鉴定提供参考资料,以相关的明灯鱼属仔稚鱼形态与分类特征文献为依据,对1984-1985年4-7月东海外海黑潮流域调查采集到的明灯鱼属鱼类的仔稚鱼样品进行分类和鉴定。共鉴定出了西明灯鱼、印明灯鱼和朗明灯鱼3种仔稚鱼,观察和描述了其个体的发育形态并构建了简要的种类分类检索表。观察结果表明,三种明灯鱼仔稚鱼在发育过程中臀鳍上方体侧的腹缘具有一列菊花状的黑色素分布,这是明灯鱼属仔稚鱼共有的形态特征之一;西明灯鱼仔稚鱼下颌端有一短的颌须,体侧中部有一丛大的枝状或星状或放射状或小型菊花状的黑色素分布;印明灯鱼和朗明灯鱼仔稚鱼下颌端无颌须,体侧中部无黑色素分布,印明灯鱼仔稚鱼下颌骨前端有一个黑色素细胞分布,而朗明灯鱼仔稚鱼下颌骨前端无黑色素细胞分布。     

人工育苗条件下的大黄鱼胚胎发育及其仔,稚鱼形态特征与生态的研究

连续观察人工育苗中同一批受精卵,在水温23.2～23.4、盐度27.00～27.80‰条件下,经过3h36min孵出仔鱼,并继续观察仔、稚鱼发育过程中的形态特征与生态习性。还比较了不同年份与不同批次的观察资料,讨论了水温等环境条件变化对胚胎发育的影响,以及仔、稚鱼器官发育与日龄、生长速度等关系。     

微粒饲料中鱼油n-3HUFA的分子结构对真鲷仔稚鱼生长、存活的影响

制备3种基本组成相同、添加不同类型鱼油的微粒饲料。将3种微粒饲料分别投喂真鲷(Pagrus major)仔鱼，探讨了微粒饲料中鱼油n—3HUFA的不同分子结构对真鲷仔、稚鱼生长、存活的影响。25d的养殖试验结果表明，虽然饲料2中n-3HUFA的含量高于饲料1中n—3HUFA的含量，饲料3中n—3HUFA的含量同饲料1中n—3HUFA的含量相等，但是用饲料1投喂的真鲷仔、稚鱼的全长、成活率要优于分别用饲料2和饲料3投喂的真鲷仔、稚鱼的全长、成活率。而且，用饲料1投喂的真鲷仔、稚鱼体内n-3HUFA和DHA的含量高于用饲料2和饲料3投喂的真鲷仔、稚鱼体内n—3HUFA和DHA的含量，这说明真鲷仔、稚鱼对天然鱼油的消化、吸收要优于对乙酯化鱼油的消化、吸收。     

海水仔稚鱼早期阶段氨基酸的营养生理研究进展

深海海鱼鱼卵中的游离氨基酸占鱼卵总氨基酸含量的近50％（干重），游离氨基酸库中的游离氨基酸似乎是卵黄蛋白的水解产物。仔鱼吸收卵黄内源营养的过程中，游离氨基酸库中的游离氨基酸逐渐减少，到仔鱼开始摄食时，库中的游离氨基酸已近枯竭，游离氨基酸不仅是代谢能源，而且是体蛋白合成的基本原料，仔鱼开始摄食后，氨基酸作为分解代谢的重要物质，可能有高达60％的能量由氨基酸提供，由于仔稚鱼的生长主要是通过合成蛋白质增加鱼体的重量，加之仔稚鱼的生长速度很高，因此，仔稚鱼需要其饲料中有较高的氨基酸含量。仔鱼开始摄食后，其消化系统对蛋白质的水解和吸收能力较弱，海水仔稚鱼的早期阶段，仔鱼的肠道对游离氨基酸的吸收要高于对多肽和蛋白质中氨基酸的吸收，仔鱼开始摄食后，由浮游生物获得大量的游离氨基酸，用微粒饲料培育仔稚鱼，微脂粒技术可能是向饲料中添加游离氨基酸的实用技术。     

大弹涂鱼仔稚鱼和早期幼鱼的消化酶活性

采用酶学分析的方法，研究了大弹涂鱼前期仔鱼、后期仔鱼、稚鱼和早期幼鱼发育过程中胰腺酶、肠酶和胃蛋白酶活性的变化。结果表明，(1)4种胰腺酶(淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和羧肽酶A)和8种肠酶(麦芽糖酶、蔗糖酶、乳糖酶、海藻糖酶、纤维二糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、氨基肽酶和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶)的比活力均在仔鱼期较高，稚鱼期降至最低，早期幼鱼则急剧上升，而每尾鱼酶的总活力却随着幼体的发育而逐渐增加；(2)胃蛋白酶活性在后期仔鱼才开始检测到，此后一直呈显著上升趋势；(3)早期幼鱼肠部位的4种胰腺酶活性分别占其酶总活性的百分比均显著高于稚鱼期；(4) 稚鱼期仅3种肠酶(麦芽糖酶、纤维二糖酶和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶)高度富积在肠刷状缘膜上，而早期幼鱼除蔗糖酶外的7种肠酶在肠刷状缘膜上的富集系数均大于5.1。由此得出结论，(1)在仔鱼期，蛋白质的消化是依靠胰腺酶进行的，进入稚鱼期，胃蛋白酶开始对蛋白质的消化起重要作用；(2)在早期幼鱼，胰腺分泌机制及肠细胞已完全成熟，标志着成鱼的消化模式的形成。     

中国对虾幼体消化酶活力的实验研究

以酶学分析方法测定了中国对虾各期幼体几种消化酶活力，实验结果表明，在中国对虾幼体发育过程中，五种消化酶活力表现出四种变化模式，其中胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶活力逐渐增大，淀粉酶活力呈下降趋势，纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力极微，在食性转换过程中，胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶出现较明显的变化。中国对虾幼体消化酶活力对饵料中的营养物质有着明显的适应性，而且饥饿实验表明消化酶活力受个体发育的影响。作者认为中国对虾幼体消     

Ontogenetic development of digestive enzymes in yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi larvae

The development of digestive enzymes was examined in laboratory-reared yellowtail kingfish larvae from hatching to 36 days after hatching (DAH). The specific activities of amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase showed three distinct phases: a sharp increase in enzyme activity from hatching to the onset of exogenous feeding on 3 DAH, followed by a fluctuation and a general decline toward 18 DAH, and then a period of low activity from 18 to 36 DAH. The total activities of these three enzymes showed a gradual increase from hatching to 18 DAH, followed by a sharp increase toward 36 DAH. In contrast to other enzymes, the specific and total activities of trypsin reached the maximum on 15 DAH and 24 DAH, respectively, and then both activities declined to low levels toward 36 DAH. The dynamics of digestive enzymes corresponded to the anatomical development of the digestive system. The enzyme activities tend to be stable after the formation of gastric glands in the stomach on 15 DAH. The composition of digestive enzymes indicates that yellowtail kingfish is able to digest protein, lipid and carbohydrates at an early stage. However, due to the low level of amylase specific activity after 18 DAH, the carbohydrate component should remain at a low level in formulated diets for fish larvae.     

Partial characterization of the digestive enzymes of Pacific bluefin tuna <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thunnus orientalis</Emphasis> under culture conditions

The digestive enzyme activities of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis were evaluated for specific activity and characterized for pH and temperature optima in crude extracts of stomach, caecal mass, and proximal, middle and distal intestine. A higher level of alkaline proteolytic activity was detected in the caecal mass than in the proximal intestine. Total alkaline proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) were tested. The temperature and pH analyses showed that proteolytic activity as well as lipase were maximal in the alkaline range, with a maximum at pH 9.0 and at temperatures between 35 and 60°C, except for the pepsin, which showed maximum activity at the same temperatures but in the acid range (pH 3.0). The α-amylase activity showed a broader range in activity, both for pH and temperature, with higher activity over the alkaline pH values and higher temperature. The lipase activity seems to be nondependent on bile salts under our assay conditions, resulting in a significant activity reduction in the presence of bile salts. This knowledge will allow the development of a gastrointestinal model (everted intestine) where food or feed will be hydrolysed with the fish’s own enzymes, a project that is being undertaken in our laboratory as a contribution to the development of novel diets for tuna fish.     

石莼饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶对黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus canaliculatus)生长以及肌肉营养成分的影响

为探讨酶制剂是否有助于提高黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus canaliculatus)对石莼(Ulva pertusa)海藻饲料的消化利用率,在总蛋白水平为32%、总脂肪水平为8%情况下配置6种饲料,其中两个对照组(未添加石莼为C1、添加15%石莼为C2)、4个实验组,饲养黄斑蓝子鱼幼鱼56 d,通过比较鱼的生长性能、消化道消化酶的活性及饲料的表观消化率等,以确定酶制剂的效果及其适宜添加量。结果显示,4种实验饲料养殖的黄斑蓝子鱼在增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率等方面均优于C2对照组,与C1对照组无显著差异(T4实验组的蛋白质效率除外)(P0.05)。全鱼生化成分及胃、前肠、肝脏的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性在各组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。实验组鱼对饲料中蛋白质的表观消化率显著高于C2对照组(P0.05)。添加石莼组鱼肌肉中除多不饱和脂肪酸18:2n6、20:5n3、22:5n3和必需氨基酸Met、Tyr含量显著降低(P0.05)以及Glu与His氨基酸含量显著升高(P0.05)外,无其他显著变化。结果表明,石莼饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶可提高黄斑蓝子鱼的生长效果和饲料利用率,且对鱼肉品质无较大影响。     

大黄鱼消化道菌群结构、消化酶和非特异性免疫酶活力分析

为研究大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)消化道的菌群结构、消化酶和非特异性免疫酶活力特征，本研究采用高通量测序技术系统分析大黄鱼胃、幽门盲囊和肠道中菌群组成及分布，并对比研究工厂化养殖和网箱养殖模式下的消化道菌群；同时，结合生化分析方法解析2种模式下消化道消化酶和非特异性免疫酶活力特征。结果显示，2种养殖模式下，菌群多样性随消化道延伸呈下降趋势；乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae(f))、Fructobacillus、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)等代表的菌属为共有优势菌群。其中，拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和Anaerostipes等的丰度随消化道延伸呈下降趋势，而乳杆菌科、E01_9C_26_marine_group(o)所代表的菌属及黄杆菌属等则相反；普氏菌属(Prevotella_9)、乳杆菌科代表的菌属为2种模式养殖大黄鱼的主要差异菌属。工厂化养殖条件下，幽门盲囊和肠道中的菌群组成及其参与营养和免疫相关代谢通路的基因数目差异不显著(P>0.05)，但与胃部的菌群组成和相关代谢通路基因数目存在明显差异；而网箱养殖大黄鱼胃部与幽门盲囊和肠道的菌群结构及相关代谢通路基因数目差异相对较小。2种养殖模式下的大黄鱼消化道菌群与饲料菌群相近。另外，胃和幽门盲囊也具有非特异性免疫酶活性，说明，整个消化道还具有一定的化学免疫屏障作用。本研究结果将为大黄鱼健康养殖提供基础参考，并为消化道菌群生理功能探讨提供理论依据。     

Dietary carbohydrate and food processing affect the digestive physiology of Piaractus mesopotamicus

The responses of the digestive physiology of juvenile pacu to different diet processing were studied. Fish were fed with isoproteic diets with 260 g kg^?1 of crude protein (CP) containing different levels of carbohydrate (DCh) (400 or 500 g kg^?1), and two diet processing (pelletization or extrusion) for 90 days. Fish fed with extruded diets showed decrease of the gastrointestinal transit time (GI transfer) and of the amylase activity, but maltase activity did not alter. Protease activity of intestine depicted increase when the DCh was raised. The increase of DCh also caused enhancement of the apparent digestibility coefficient of CP (ADC_CP) in fish fed with extruded diets. Fish fed with pelletized diets showed increase of the amylase activity in pyloric caecum independently of the dietary carbohydrate level. No interaction was observed between dietary carbohydrate level and diet processing. Maltase activities from the stomach and intestine of pacu were not responsive to the carbohydrate level. The extrusion process improved the carbohydrate availability and the digestion efficiency of protein in pacu. Digestive enzymes of pacu were modulated either by nutrients or diet processing.     

海洋仔鱼消化酶变化及饵料的影响

近年来海洋仔鱼消化系统,包括胃、肠道以及胰脏发育的研究进展进行了综述,描述了其消化系统在发育过程中形态和功能的变化,对仔鱼发育过程中包括胃蛋白酶、胰酶、肠酶及其他消化酶的变化以及饵料组分的影响进行了总结。     

不同发育时期月鳢消化酶活性的研究

对月鳢(Channa asiatica)稚鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的主要消化酶活性及分布进行了研究。结果表明,随着鱼体的发育和生长,月鳢消化系统各器官组织的各种消化酶活性逐渐增强,尤其是蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性的增强更为明显。月鳢幼鱼蛋白酶活性以肠组织最大、肝胰脏次之、胃组织最小,且肠组织和肝胰脏中该酶活性显著高于胃组织;胰蛋白酶活性以肝胰脏最大,胃组织和肠组织均表现较小;淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均以胃组织最大,且显著大于肠组织和肝胰脏。月鳢成鱼蛋白酶活性以中肠粘膜组织和后肠粘膜组织最高,前肠粘膜和肝胰脏次之,胃粘膜最低;胰蛋白酶活性以中肠粘膜组织和前肠粘膜最高,胃粘膜组织次之,肝胰脏小于胃粘膜,后肠粘膜组织的胰蛋白酶活性最小;淀粉酶活性以后肠粘膜组织和中肠粘膜组织最大,肝胰脏次之,胃粘膜组织和前肠粘膜组织最小;脂肪酶活性以胃粘膜组织最大,其它器官组织该酶活性均表现较小。     

Activity of digestive enzymes along the gut of juvenile red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, fed natural and balanced diets

Two carbohydrases (cellulase, lysozyme), three proteases (trypsin, aminopeptidase and non-specific protease), a non-specific lipase, and semiquantitative tests of 19 digestive enzymes were assayed in different gut sections of juvenile red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, in order to identify the regions where digestion takes place and investigate the extent to which diet composition can modify the digestive capacity of abalone. The abalone were fed either fresh kelp (K) or balanced diets containing 25 or 38% crude protein for 6 months. Enzyme assays were carried out on different sections of the abalone's gut at the end of this period. On a weight-specific basis, the digestive gland was the site containing most of the enzymes. On a protein-specific basis, two main digestion regions were identified: the digestive gland-stomach region that is characterized by high activities of cellulase and lysozyme, chymotrypsin and protease, and the mouth-intestine region with a typically high activity of lipase and amino peptidase. Significant dietary effects were observed on the activity of enzymes, especially in the digestive gland. Abalone fed with 25 and 38% crude protein diets exhibited higher cellulase (39.8 ± 4.6 and 14.2 ± 0.8 mU mg^− 1 protein, respectively) and lysozyme activities (88.0 ± 20.4 and 56.6 ± 15.7 U, respectively) than those fed with fresh kelp (5.5 ± 0.7 mU mg^− 1 protein and 17.1 ± 1.8 U). In contrast, higher protease activity was found in kelp-fed organisms (234.1 ± 20.4 μg product/mg protein) than those fed the 25 and 38% crude protein diets (109.5 ± 20.7 and 119.5 ± 20.5 μg product/mg protein, respectively). Semiquantitative API ZYM assays resulted in no clear food-specific effects on the activity of carbohydrases, proteases, ester hydrolases or phosphohydrolases, yet organ-specific differences were conspicuous in various cases, and generally agreed with quantitative results. It is suggested that the increased carbohydrase activity exhibited by organisms fed the balanced diets resulted from a combination of an increased number of resident bacteria in the abalone's gut and facilitated contact between dietary substrates and digestive cells. The present results indicate that H. rufescens can adjust their enzyme levels in order to maximize the acquisition of dietary protein and carbohydrates. This characteristic can be advantageously used to search for suitable diets in abalone aquaculture.     

海水鱼消化道菌群结构研究进展

从海水鱼消化道结构、消化道菌群结构、消化道菌群功能及消化道菌群结构研究手段等几个方面综述了海水鱼消化道菌群结构的研究进展。指出海水鱼消化道菌群结构受到生长发育阶段、养殖环境及饵料变化等因素的影响。论述了正常消化道菌群的重要功能,比较分析了目前消化道菌群结构不同研究手段,阐明了消化道微生物分子生态学研究的学术价值。为筛选高效、专一性、可定植性的海水鱼益生菌奠定了基础。