聚己内酯在海水中降解性能的研究

研究聚己内酯(PCL)样条在海水中历经10个月的可降解性能。对每个月取样样品的降解性能通过凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和力学性能进行评价,并对试样的内部形貌采用扫描电镜(SEM)进行观察。SEM照片显示,随着降解时间的增加,材料内部并没有出现明显空洞和裂纹,但样品淬断面变得平整,显示材料的脆性增加。GPC结果显示,随着在海水中降解时间的增加,样品分子量及其分布均逐渐减小;样条的力学性能下降,由于水分子的增塑作用,在海水中降解4~7月期间,样条的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率下降的趋势变缓。DSC分析显示,由于分子链段的断裂和优先降解无定形区域这两方面的共同因素,随着降解时间的增加,样品的结晶度略为增加。FTIR分析测试进一步证明了GPC和DSC的测试分析结果。分析表明PCL样品在海水中具有一定的降解性,但是降解速度较为缓慢。     

渔用纳米蒙脱土改性聚乳酸单丝降解性能

为研究纳米蒙脱土(nano-MMT)改性聚乳酸(PLA)单丝在海水环境中的降解特性,试验测试了纯PLA单丝、0.5wt%、1.0wt%nano-MMT/PLA单丝在浙江舟山海域海水中15个月的降解特性。结果显示,纳米蒙脱土改性聚乳酸单丝在海水环境中自然降解9个月时间内,其力学性能和数均分子量下降较为缓慢;当降解时间超过9个月后,改性聚乳酸单丝的断裂强度和数均分子量呈加速下降趋势。表明改性聚乳酸单丝在海水中降解9个月后进入加速降解阶段,推断改性聚乳酸单丝在海水环境中的最佳使用寿命为9个月。加入nano-MMT后,改性聚乳酸单丝力学性能和数均分子量下降较纯聚乳酸单丝要快。在海水中降解15个月后,加入0.5wt%nano-MMT的改性聚乳酸单丝断裂强度和数均分子量分别下降了25.0%和50.0%,而纯的聚乳酸单丝则仅下降了20.4%和30.6%。由于nano-MMT的加入,会使PLA与nano-MMT的界面结合产生缺陷,nano-MMT与聚乳酸大分子链之间的界面结合缺陷会成为水分子进入聚乳酸大分子内部的通道,从而加速改性PLA单丝在海水环境中的降解。同时nano-MMT的加入会加快改性PLA单丝耐磨性的下降趋势,纯PLA单丝在海水中降解15个月后,耐磨度由2.20 F/tex下降为1.32 F/tex,耐磨度下降40%;而0.5wt%nanoMMT/PLA的耐磨度由2.34 F/tex下降为0.70 F/tex,耐磨度下降70.1%。     

MMT改性淀粉基纳米复合纤维的海水降解性能

不可降解渔具造成的“白色污染”和“幽灵捕捞”问题已严重威胁到海洋的生态环境,开发可降解渔具材料已经成为我国渔业可持续发展的有效途径之一。本实验采用熔融纺丝法制备淀粉(STR)/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/纳米蒙脱土(MMT)纳米复合纤维,研究MMT对纳米复合纤维的热学性能、力学性能、动态力学性能与海水降解性能的影响。结果显示,引入MMT后,纳米复合纤维的熔融温度(Tm)移向低温,结晶度增加,而断裂强度下降。此外,MMT的加入显著降低了聚乙烯的玻璃态储能模量和内部损耗,但对淀粉相影响不显著。4个月海水降解结果显示,与STR/HDPE纤维相比,STR/HDPE/MMT纳米复合纤维失重率增加了约5%,纤维直径减小了约11%,这表明MMT加快了STR/HDPE纤维的降解过程。本实验系统研究了MMT改性淀粉基纳米复合纤维的海水降解性能,可为渔业等海洋产业用降解新材料的开发与应用提供参考。     

活性污泥降解水中邻苯二甲酸酯类的研究

用液质联用测定了活性污泥对7种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的降解能力。结果显示，PAEs的降解过程可用一级动力学方程描述，随着分子量和初始质量浓度的增加，其降解速率常数减小，活性污泥对混合体系PAEs的降解能力优于降解单一种类PAEs，温度和pH能直接影响降解性能，其最优水平组合为温度36，7℃，pH7．6。     

冰温保鲜条件下牙鲆的鲜度及质构变化

研究牙鲆在冰温贮藏条件下鱼肉的鲜度指标(pH值、K值、TVB-N、细菌总数)和质构特征参数(感官评定、组织构造、破断强度等)的变化,并与冷藏样品的相应变化进行了比较分析.结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,菌落总数、K值和TVB-N上升,pH值则先下降后上升,冷藏后期样品pH值上升较快且很高;至货架期终点时破断强度呈减小趋势,组织结构逐渐劣化.与冷藏样品相比,冰温贮藏条件能更有效地抑制牙鲆鱼体内微生物的作用,延长牙鲆的贮藏期.     

交联方法对草鱼皮胶原蛋白海绵生物学性能的影响

为探讨不同交联方法对草鱼皮胶原蛋白海绵材料性能的影响,实验以草鱼鱼皮为原料,提取、纯化胶原蛋白并制备胶原海绵材料.在此基础上,分别用紫外交联、热交联、戊二醛交联以及EDC/NHS交联方法处理胶原海绵,通过测定材料的交联度、热变性温度、拉伸强度和体外抗酶降解性能,比较了不同方法的交联效果.结果发现,提取所得的草鱼皮胶原蛋白为典型的Ⅰ型胶原;经不同方法交联处理后,海绵材料交联度依次为戊二醛(72.0％) ＞EDC/NHS(32.5％)＞热交联(29.9％)＞紫外交联(15.6％);与对照胶原材料相比,戊二醛处理后,胶原材料的热变性峰值温度(67.4℃)、最大拉伸强度(125.6 kPa)和体外抗酶降解性能均有显著提升(P＜0.05);EDC/NHS处理后,胶原材料的热变性焓显著提升(6.86 J/g),同时材料的拉伸强度(98.6 kPa)和体外抗酶降解性能也得到适度增加(P＜0.05).紫外交联和热交联对草鱼皮胶原材料性能的改善作用比较有限,并可能导致胶原分子的部分变性.红外光谱的分析结果表明,戊二醛处理可导致草鱼皮胶原三螺旋分子内产生新的共价键交联从而使材料性能改善,而EDC/NHS处理主要导致胶原分子间产生新的氢键交联并可提高胶原材料的稳定性.研究表明,戊二醛和EDC/NHS交联能有效提高胶原海绵材料的性能,而热交联和紫外交联对材料性能的改善作用非常有限.     

海水中的常见元素对总氮测定的影响

选取海水中常见元素作为研究对象,考察它们对海水中总氮(TN)测定(紫外分光光度法)的影响情况。研究结果表明:1)所选取的常见元素中HCO_3~-、Br~-、Fe~(3+)、Cr~(6+)对测定有影响;2)ρHCO_3~-在0.142~1g/L范围内,HCO_3~-离子对海水中总氮测定的影响程度随HCO_3~-离子浓度的增加先减小后增大;3)ρBr~-在0.067 4~0.3g/L范围内,Br~-离子对海水中总氮测定的影响程度随离子浓度的增加而减小;4)ρFe~(3+)在0.512 5~2.05g/L范围内,Fe~(3+)离子对海水中总氮测定的影响程度随离子浓度的增加先增大后减小;5)ρCr~(6+)在0.52~2.08g/L范围内,Cr~(6+)离子对海水中总氮测定的影响程度随Cr~(6+)离子浓度的增加先减小后增大。实验结果为消除海水中总氮测定的干扰因素提供了参考。     

聚乙烯渔网材料的紫外老化与疲劳性能研究

利用紫外老化环境箱模拟环境老化条件,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热、力学性能的测试表征,分析了在老化过程中高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)和超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)渔网材料的微观结构与宏观性能的演变过程,并通过动态疲劳仪分别研究了紫外老化时间、频率变化对HDPE、UHMWPE渔网材料的疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,随着老化时间的延长,C=C共轭双键及含氧结构单元增多,氧化与断链作用更剧烈,聚乙烯渔网材料结晶度呈增大趋势,拉伸性能下降显著。与HDPE渔网相比,UHMWPE渔网的强力保持率高,具有更优异的耐老化性能。随着频率增大,疲劳寿命逐渐降低,紫外能加速聚乙烯渔网材料的疲劳进程。相同老化条件下,UHMWPE渔网比HDPE渔网具有更优异的抗疲劳性能。     

不同工作姿态下立式双曲面网板水动力及周围流场特性研究

网板是单拖网中实现网具扩张的重要属具,其稳定状态直接决定拖网网口扩张程度,进而影响渔获效率和经济效益。该研究以立式双曲面网板为研究对象,利用水槽模型试验和数值模拟(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)探究立式双曲面网板在不同倾斜状态(内、外倾斜,前、后倾斜)和冲角下的水动力性能变化,并对网板周围流场和表面压力进行可视化。结果显示:1)模型试验和数值模拟的网板升力系数均在倾角为0°,冲角为25°时达到最大值,分别为1.69和1.88;而两者的阻力系数均随倾角增大逐渐减小。2)模型试验和数值模拟的升阻比均随倾角增大逐渐减小;当内倾角为5°时,两者的升阻比均达到最大,分别为3.27和3.69。3)压力中心系数Cpb随倾角变化基本保持不变;但当网板处于前倾状态时,Cpc随倾角增大而增加;而网板处于后倾状态时,Cpc随倾角增大逐渐减小。4)CFD结果显示,网板中心面后部旋涡随倾角增大逐渐减小;当网板处于内、外倾状态时,前端流速衰减区随倾角增大逐渐增加;但当网板处于前、后倾状态时,衰减区随倾角增大逐渐减小;网板处于前倾状态时,压力中心随倾角增大逐渐向网板上端翼弦移动,网板处于后倾状态时则出现相反结果。研究结果可为今后研究网板稳定性和合理使用及调整网板提供科学参考。     

抗弧菌光合细菌的分离鉴定及对氨氮和亚硝态氮的降解特性

该研究采用双层平板涂布法和划线法,从不同地区的海洋环境样品中分离纯化光合细菌,以副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahemolyticus)、创伤弧菌(V.vulnificus)、鳗弧菌(V.anguillarum)为指示菌,采用牛津杯法测定海洋光合细菌菌株的抑菌作用,采用靛酚蓝分光光度法和盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法测定不同菌株对氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)的降解作用,筛选出具有抗弧菌并高效降解NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N复合功能的优良菌株。结果显示,从30个海水、海泥等样品中分离得到3株光合细菌,分离自连云港车牛山岛海水样品的菌株P-3,对3种弧菌均具有较强的抑制作用,其中对鳗弧菌的作用最强,抑菌圈直径为5.3 mm。3株光合细菌均具有一定的降解NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N作用,菌株P-3的降解作用最强,在含有50 mg·L~(-1) NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的培养基中培养4 d,降解率分别为89.68%和94.98%。经形态学观察、生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析,确定P-3为沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)。     

The carbohydrate catabolism of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zostera marina</Emphasis> influenced by lower salinity during the pre-germination stage

The distribution of starch granules in ungerminated seeds of Zostera marina was examined by electron microscopy and histochemistry. Quantitative changes during germination in starch and sugars [glucose/maltosaccharides (MS), sucrose, and fructose] were examined in the seeds using biochemical methods. At natural seawater salinity (30.2 psu), the number of starch granules and the amount of starch markedly decreased, resulting in no increase in the sugar content in the embryos during the early germination stage. A substantial increase in sugars in the shoots occurred after the development of true leaves, probably due to photosynthetic activity in the green true leaves. At natural seawater salinity, the amount of starch did not significantly change during the initial 14 days of germination. In contrast, at lower salinities, starch levels decreased significantly from day 0 to day 6, resulting in higher levels of glucose/MS and fructose in the basal hypocotyls. These results suggest that compared with the salinity of natural seawater, lower salinity may interfere with starch catabolism in seeds, thereby causing the seed coat to break open earlier.     

渔用可降解材料的研究进展与展望

可降解渔具材料的研发与应用是减轻"幽灵捕捞"、保护海洋渔业资源和生态环境、实现可持续发展的有效途径之一。淀粉基材料、聚己内酯(PCL)、聚乳酸(PLA)、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)等材料具有可完全生物降解、可加工、可再生等特点,作为不可降解渔用合成纤维材料的替代品,可为生物降解高分子材料在渔业领域的应用开辟新的途径。主要综述了近年来国内外有关淀粉基材料、 PCL、PLA、PBS 4种渔用可降解高分子材料的性能、生物降解机理及其与天然高分子共混、合成高分子共混改性的研究进展,介绍了加工工艺、表面处理、添加剂等对复合体系性能的影响,并分析了可降解材料在渔业上的应用及发展前景,以期为研发价格低廉、综合性能优越的可降解渔用材料提供参考。     

菲律宾蛤仔的干湿藏保活特性初探

以菲律宾蛤仔为研究对象,对其活品贮藏特性进行探索。分别采取冷却干藏和常规湿藏两种方式,进行3个处理组贮藏特性的分析比较,即4℃干藏充气组、4℃干藏充氧组以及室温湿藏组;以存活率、磷酸精氨酸、三磷酸腺苷及其关联物、糖原以及pH为指标,跟踪分析各个处理组在10d保藏期间的代谢变化情况。研究结果显示,4℃冷却条件下的干藏保活效果总体好于常规湿藏,其中干藏充氧组的保藏效果最好,10d后存活率仍达到52%,其次为干藏充气组,7d后全部死亡;而湿藏组3d内全部死亡。生化指标分析结果进一步佐证了冷却干藏较常规湿藏有更好的保活效果,冷却干藏条件下肌肉pH、三磷酸腺苷及磷酸精氨酸水平均高于湿藏组,显示出较活跃的生命代谢状态;同时,冷却干藏组的活贝在保藏期间均维持较稳定的糖原水平。     

Effects of feeding time,water temperature,feeding frequency and dietary composition on apparent nutrient digestibility in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and common carp Cyprinus carpio

A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding time (daytime vs nighttime feeding), dietary fat content (8 and 20%), feeding frequency (trout 1–3 times/day, carp 2–7 times/day), water temperature (trout 18 and 11°C, carp 25 and 17°C), on the apparent nutrient digestibility in rainbow trout and common carp. The feeding time had little effect on the macronutrient digestibility in both species. In trout, starch digestibility decreased with the decrease of water temperature and with increase of feeding frequency, but in carp, increase of the feeding frequency markedly decreased the macronutrient digestibility and phosphrrus absorption of the high fat diet. Fat digestibility of the beef tallow diet decreased relative to the pollock oil diet in carp, without affecting the phosphorus absorption. Inclusion of raw starch, the digestibility of which was lower than that of gelatinized starch, increased the phosphorus absorption in carp. These results suggest that reduction of water temperature and increase of feeding frequency notably decreased starch digestibility in trout while in carp, the effects of feeding frequency and water temperature on macronutrient digestibility and phosphorus absorption are notable for a high fat diet.     

Temperature and dietary starch level affected protein but not starch digestibility in gilthead sea bream juveniles

A study was carried out with gilthead sea bream juveniles to assess the effect of water temperature (18 and 25°C) and dietary pregelatinized starch level (10, 20 and 30%) on digestibility of protein and starch and on the activity of proteolytic and amylolytic enzymes. ADC of pregelatinized starch was very high (>99%) irrespectively of dietary inclusion level, and it was not affected by water temperature. ADC of protein was also high (>90%) but improved at the higher water temperature. Dietary starch interacted with protein digestibility, which decreased as dietary starch level increased. Temperature affected both acid and basic protease activities, with acid protease activity being higher at 25°C and basic protease activity being higher at 18°C. However, total proteolytic activity and amylase activities were not affected by water temperature. Dietary carbohydrate exerted no effect on proteolytic or amylolitic activities. It is concluded that gilthead sea bream juveniles digest pregelatinized starch very efficiently irrespective of water temperature, due to adjustments of amylase activity to cope with temperature differences. Pregelatinized starch interacts negatively with protein digestibility, with the ADC of protein decreasing as dietary starch levels increase.     

Exterminating Sunamphitoe namhaensis using carbon dioxide in seawater for culturing brown algae Sargassum horneri seedlings

The amphipod Sunamphitoe namhaensis grazes on seedlings of Sargassum horneri in culture. To exterminate S. namhaensis, we immersed them in seawater with dissolved carbon dioxide—a treatment used previously to remove copepods in cultures of abalone and sea cucumber. Experiments were conducted under different CO₂ (aq) concentrations and for different lengths of time. Amphipod mortality was 100% following immersion in CO₂ seawater with a CO₂ (aq) concentration of 26,262 µmol/kg (pH 5.0) for 60 min. When algal seedlings were immersed in CO₂ seawater under these same conditions, their survival rate and growth were not affected.

     

V型结晶淀粉-西瓜香精复合物对刺参肠肽风味改良的作用机制

刺参肠肽具有抗氧化、抗癌及抗疲劳等功效,但浓厚的腥臭味制约了其在食品工业中的应用。本研究通过固相封装法制备了V型结晶淀粉-西瓜香精复合物,并利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）、差示扫描量热仪（DSC）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对复合物进行表征。同时,将V型结晶淀粉-西瓜香精复合物添加到刺参肠肽中,考察刺参肠肽在不同温度（4、25、50 ℃）贮藏过程中风味变化。结果表明,V型结晶淀粉与天然西瓜香精形成复合物,包埋率为63.8%（W/W）,结晶度由39.5%下降至28.9%,焓值为13.0 J/g。复合物在1 023和1 158 cm-1处的吸收峰强度显著低于V型结晶淀粉,且C-H弯曲振动特征峰从856移动至839 cm-1。电子鼻和感官分析综合评价结果显示,不同贮藏温度下的淀粉基复合物中西瓜香精均具有缓释特性,可掩盖刺参肠肽本身的腥臭味并赋予清香果味,提高消费者的可接受度。综上表明天然西瓜香精已成功封装于淀粉基载体中,并能够有效改善肠肽风味,延长香精的留香时间。研究结果将丰富和发展水产及其制品的风味品质改善理论,为水产品的高值化应用提供理论参考。     

The changes of enzymes involved in metabolism and immunity of Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) after short-term transportations

The purpose of this study was to compare the metabolism and immunity of Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) after short-term transportation in seawater and without seawater by determining pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase as metabolism indicators, superoxide dismutases (SOD), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) as immunity indicators. At 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after transportations, sea cucumbers were sampled and prepared for further analysis. The PK activities significantly decreased at 0 h after transportation without seawater, but not in seawater. These results indicated that the transportation without seawater had a stronger effect on sea cucumber than that in seawater. Firstly, the SOD and NOS activities of sea cucumbers in both methods of transportations significantly increased then decreased to the level of control. These results suggested that the SOD and NOS activity was induced to increase by stress of transportations, but these stresses did not damage the normal physiology of sea cucumbers.     

Effects of microbial transglutaminase and starch on the thermal gelation of salted squid muscle paste

ABSTRACT:   The addition of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) to salted squid muscle paste greatly strengthened the elasticity of the thermal gel, which was produced by the preferential cross-linking of myosin heavy chains through a two-step heating process that consisted of setting at 40°C and subsequent heating to 80°C or 90°C. Starch increased the breaking strength of thermal squid gels, but decreased the deformation. Thus, the starch-added gels became harder and less elastic. Although, when both MTGase and starch were added to squid muscle paste, the changes in viscoelastisity and myosin cross-linking reaction were similar to those with MTGase alone during setting, the storage and loss moduli of the paste sharply increased with an increase in starch content above 70°C. Subsequently, the thermal gel texture became more brittle or breakable than gels prepared by setting with MTGase only.