GABA、牛磺酸和pH值影响蝌蚪耐缺氧能力的研究

在水中溶解氧一定的条件下,将蝌蚪放入50 mL密闭三角瓶内,观察不同质量分数的牛磺酸、GABA以及水体不同pH值对蝌蚪耐缺氧能力的影响.结果显示,质量分数为0.4%的GABA水溶液对蝌蚪耐缺氧能力有极显著改善(P＜0.01),0.3%的GABA对蝌蚪耐缺氧能力有显著改善(P＜0.05).0.3%的牛磺酸对蝌蚪耐缺氧能力有极显著改善(P＜0.01),0.1%、0.2%、0.4%、0.5%的牛磺酸对蝌蚪耐缺氧能力有显著改善(P＜0.05).实验证明,GABA、牛磺酸均可提高蝌蚪的耐缺氧能力.而0.2%的β-丙氨酸可明显减弱牛磺酸的耐缺氧能力.pH值为5.4、8.0时可极显著减弱蝌蚪的耐缺氧能力(P＜0.01),pH值为7.2、7.7时可显著减弱蝌蚪的耐缺氧能力(P＜0.05).     

GABA、牛磺酸及枸杞子水浸液对青鳉抗缺氧能力的影响

GABA质量分数0．5％溶液对青鱼鳉抗缺氧能力有极显著改善，0．65％溶液对青鳉抗缺氧能力有显著改善。牛磺酸质景分数0．5％、0．7％溶液对青鳉每抗缺氧有显著改善，0．9％、1．05％、1．25％溶液对青鳉抗缺氧有极显著改善。适当剂量枸杞子的第1次和第2次热水浸出液明显提高了青鳉的耐缺氧能力。     

GABA、牛磺酸及枸杞子水浸液对青鱼将抗缺氧能力的影响

G ABA质量分数0.5%溶液对青鱼将抗缺氧能力有极显著改善,0.65%溶液对青鱼将抗缺氧能力有显著改善。牛磺酸质量分数0.5%、0.7%溶液对青鱼将抗缺氧有显著改善,0.9%、1.05%、1.25%溶液对青鱼将抗缺氧有极显著改善。适当剂量枸杞子的第1次和第2次热水浸出液明显提高了青鱼将的耐缺氧能力。     

牛磺酸、γ-氨基丁酸对鲫抗缺氧能力的影响

研究牛磺酸、γ-氨基丁酸对鲫抗缺氧能力的影响,结果表明质量分数5‰、7‰牛磺酸水溶液对鲫抗缺氧能力有显著(P<0.05)和极显著作用(P<0.01),质量分数3‰γ-氨基丁酸水溶液对鲫抗缺氧有显著作用(P<0.05)。实验证明,γ-氨基丁酸、牛磺酸均可提高鲫的抗缺氧能力。     

牛磺酸、γ-氨基丁酸对高体鳑鮍抗缺氧能力的影响

分别设置5种不同质量分数的牛磺酸、γ-氨基丁酸溶液,在50 mL倒置的锥形瓶中,研究了它们对高体鳑鮍抗缺氧能力的影响.结果表明,牛磺酸、γ-氨基丁酸均能增强高体鳑鮍抗缺氧能力,0.10%和0.30%的牛磺酸溶液对提高高体鳑鮍抗缺氧能力有极显著和显著作用;0.15%的γ-氨基丁酸溶液对提高高体鳑鮍抗缺氧能力有极显著作用.     

牛磺酸、γ-氨基丁酸对高体鲂皱抗缺氧能力的影响

分别设置5种不同质量分数的牛磺酸、γ-氨基丁酸溶液，在50mL倒置的锥形瓶中，研究了它们对高体鲚皱抗缺氧能力的影响。结果表明，牛磺酸、γ-氨基丁酸均能增强高体鲚皱抗缺氧能力，0．10％和0．30％的牛磺酸溶液对提高高体鲚皱抗缺氧能力有极显著和显著作用；0．15％的γ-氨基丁酸溶液对提高高体鲚皱抗缺氧能力有极显著作用。     

不同饲养方式对朝鲜鹌鹑屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

目的试验旨在研究不同饲养方式对朝鲜鹌鹑屠宰性能和肉品质的影响。方法试验选择10日龄体重接近,健康无病的朝鲜鹌鹑为试验对象,试验分为2组,即网上平养组(对照组)和散养组(试验组),进行为期28 d的饲喂试验,并在38日龄全部进行屠宰,并进行分析不同饲养方式对朝鲜鹌鹑屠宰性能和肉质性状的影响。结果在屠宰性能方面,平养鹌鹑的屠体重、屠宰率和腿肌率显著高于散养(P 0. 05),平养胸肌重、腿肌重和胸肌率都极显著高于散养(P 0. 01)。在肉质性状方面,散养组朝鲜鹌鹑pH值比平养组极显著高5. 85%(P 0. 01),平养鹌鹑的粗蛋白含量显著(P 0. 05)高于散养鹌鹑,平养水分和粗蛋白含量均高于散养,差异不显著。结论平养不仅有利于改善朝鲜鹌鹑肌肉品质,使风味更加,也有利于生产者节约成本,提高利润。     

低pH水平对鱼类生理生化效应的影响研究

本文研究了低pH水平对鱼类血液电解质，血糖浓度和鳃组织酶活力影响。实验结果表明：低pH水平对鲤鱼血液K^ 的含量明显高于正常水平，Na^ 含量明显低于正常值，低pH为4．5－5．0时，鲤鱼血糖明显升高，体重下降，抑制生长，pH值为6．0时，21天起Na^ -K^ -ATPase酶活力明显下降，并有显著抑制作用（P＜0．05），历经30天有极显著抑制作用（P＜0．01）；pH值6．0加铝时，21天有极显著抑制（P＜0．01），抑制作用达到75％，pH5.5-5.0加铝时14天有极显著抑制（P＜0．01），抑制作用达到100％，pH4.5-4.0加铝时7天同样有极显著抑制（P＜0．01），抑制作用达到100％。     

牛磺酸对日本沼虾生长及酚氧化酶活性的影响

通过在饵料中分别添加不同含量的牛磺酸, 初步研究牛磺酸对日本沼虾生长及体内酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明, 在饵料中添加 0 .4% ~0. 8%的牛磺酸, 日本沼虾的增重率显著增加 (P<0 .05); 饵料中添加 0. 4%的牛磺酸, 日本沼虾肌肉中的酚氧化酶活性也显著升高 (P<0 .05)。说明饵料中牛磺酸的含量对日本沼虾的生长和免疫力存在显著影响, 以饵料中添加 0. 4 %的牛磺酸比较适宜。     

饥饿对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼不同组织抗氧化能力、Na＋／K＋-ATP酶活力和鱼体生化组成的影响

卵形鲳鲹（Trachinotusovatus）幼鱼经短期饥饿处理后测定其鳃、肝脏和肌肉中的总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力、丙二醛（MDA）质量摩尔浓度、Na＋／K＋-ATP酶活力和全鱼生化组成。结果显示,饥饿7d后鳃丝和肌肉的T-AOC显著升高,肝脏的T-AOC显著下降（P〈0．01）;鳃丝和肌肉SOD活力均显著升高（P〈0．01）,肝脏的SOD活力变化不显著（P〉0．05）;鳃丝、肝脏和肌肉的b（MDA）在饥饿后上升,鳃丝b（MDA）与对照组差异极显著（P〈0．01）,肝脏b（MDA）与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0．05）,肌肉b（MDA）差异不显著（P〉0．05）。饥饿8d后鳃丝Na＋／K＋-ATP酶活力显著升高（P〈0．01）,肝脏Na＋／K＋-ATP酶活力显著下降（P〈0．01）,肌肉Na＋／K＋-ATP酶活力也有所升高（P〉0．05）;饥饿后鱼体水分质量分数上升,粗蛋白质量分数、粗脂肪质量分数和能值下降,而且相对损失率是粗脂肪〉粗蛋白,表明卵形鲳鲹幼鱼在饥饿早期主要消耗脂肪向机体提供能量,随着饥饿时间的延长,蛋白质将被消耗。     

Effect of dietary taurine supplementation on growth performance,digestive enzyme activities and antioxidant status of juvenile black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) fed with low fish meal diet

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary taurine supplementation on growth performance, activities of digestive enzymes, antioxidant status and the target of rapamycin (TOR) gene expression in black carp (initial body weight 5.94 ± 0.02 g) fed with low fish meal diet. Six isonitrogen and isolipidic diets were formulated. High fish meal–based diet (HFM) contained 20% fish meal and 24% soybean meal as a positive control. Fifty per cent of fish meal in HFM was replaced by soybean meal and were supplemented with 0, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% dietary taurine respectively (designated as T_0.00 (a negative control), T_0.05, T_0.1, T_0.2 and T_0.4). The results showed that the partial replacement of fish meal by soybean meal without taurine supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in weight gain (WG), activities of amylase and lipase in intestine, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐px) in serum, with a significant increase in feed conversion rate (FCR), the content of malonaldehyde (MDA), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in serum. WG in groups supplemented with equal or above to 0.1% dietary taurine was significantly higher compared with T₀ group. With increasing levels of dietary taurine, the activities of amylase, lipase, GSH‐px and SOD and glutataione (GSH) content significantly increased (p < 0.05). FCR, the content of MDA, TG and TC in serum and crude lipid content in whole body were significantly reduced after taurine treatment (p < 0.05). In liver, TOR mRNA expression in groups with equal or above to 0.1% taurine was significantly higher than T₀ group (p < 0.05).     

Growth performance,haematology and intestinal histo‐morphology of Nile tilapia fed on Indian Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaf powder at different concentrations

Indian lotus, Nelumbo nucifera (Gaertn.) is a valued medicinal plant that exhibits several pharmacological properties. The present work aimed to investigate the effect of Indian lotus as a feed supplement on the growth performance, haematological and biochemical indices, and intestinal histo‐morphology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). The fish were randomly distributed into four groups and fed on a basal diet containing Indian lotus leaf powder at different concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4%) for up to 60 days. The results elucidated that Indian lotus supplemented diets (0.2% and 0.4% followed by 0.1%) significantly improved weight gain, specific growth rate (%) and feed conversion ratio (p < .05). The feed intake was significantly increased in the fish fed on the Indian lotus supplemented diets in a dose‐dependent manner (p < .05). However, Indian lotus had no significant effect (p > .05) on survival rate, total erythrocytes (RBCs) count, haemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit value (PCV, %) except a significant reduction on Hb content of the fish fed on 0.2% Indian lotus and a significant increase in PCV (%) in the fish fed on 0.1% Indian lotus (p < .05). The total leucocytes (WBCs), neutrophils and lymphocytes counts displayed significant elevations in the fish fed on the Indian lotus diets especially at 0.2% and 0.4%, whereas significant reduction in neutrophils count in the fish fed on 0.1% Indian lotus (p < .05) was observed. The serum glucose was significantly decreased in the fish fed on Indian lotus (0.1% and 0.2%), whereas cholesterol and triglycerides were markedly increased in the fish fed on the Indian lotus supplemented diets (p < .05). Moreover, the intestinal villous heights and the numbers of goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) were significantly boosted in all parts of the intestine in all Indian lotus diet groups as compared with the control group. However, as an exception, villous heights in the middle part of the intestine in the fish fed on 0.1% and 0.4% diets (p < .05) were not affected. In the proximal part, the villous heights and the numbers of goblet cells were markedly increased in fish fed on 0.2% and 0.4% diets followed by 0.1% diet. The fish fed on 0.2% lotus supplemented diet followed by 0.1% and 0.4% supplemented diets exhibited significant elevations in villous heights in the distal part and the numbers of goblet cells in the middle part of the intestine. There were no significant differences between the fish fed on the supplemented diets in the numbers of goblet cells in the distal part and the numbers of IEL in the proximal and middle parts (p > .05). In the distal part, the numbers of IEL revealed a significant elevation in 0.4% lotus supplemented diet followed by 0.1% and 0.2% lotus supplemented diet groups (p < .05). Therefore, this study indicates the advantageous effect of the Indian lotus leaves as a natural feed additive for improving growth, intestinal structure and hence, health status of Nile tilapia.     

Dietary quercetin improved the growth,antioxidation, and flesh quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

To investigate the effects of dietary quercetin on growth, antioxidation, and flesh quality of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, six diets were prepared with quercetin inclusion rates of 0 (control diet), 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g/kg. Grass carp with a body weight of 13.3 ± 0.1 g were fed with one of the six diets for 60 days. The weight gain (WG) showed a quadratic relationship with dietary quercetin levels; the supplementation of 0.4 g/kg quercetin significantly improved WG (+4.73%) and decreased feed conversion ratio (?0.06) (p < .05) when compared to those of the control group. The intestinal fat ratio was reduced by the addition of 0.2 or 0.4 g/kg of quercetin (p < .05), and serum activities of alkaline phosphatase and superoxide dismutase were increased by the addition of 0.4 and 0.6 g/kg of quercetin (p < .05). The inclusion of 0.2–0.6 g/kg of quercetin increased the contents of delicious amino acids and decreased the cooking loss of flesh (p < .05). Flesh collagen content was increased by the addition of 0.4–0.8 g/kg of quercetin (p < .05). In conclusion, dietary quercetin could improve the growth and enhance the antioxidation and flesh quality of grass carp, with the recommended supplemental level of quercetin was 0.37 g/kg.     

牛磺酸对卤虫无节幼体体成分的营养强化作用

为探讨牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体对其体成分的影响,试验分别以0、10、100、1 000mg/L浓度的牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体12h和24h后,采用国标法检测卤虫无节幼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙和磷的含量。试验结果显示:100mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体12h能显著提高其粗蛋白(P0.05)、粗脂肪、钙和磷的含量,显著降低其粗灰分含量(P0.05);10mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体24h能显著提高其粗蛋白和钙的含量(P0.05),显著降低其粗脂肪和粗灰分含量(P0.05);100mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体24h能显著提高其粗蛋白、钙和磷的含量(P0.05),显著减低其粗脂肪和粗灰分含量(P0.05)。表明:本试验条件下10mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体24h能显著改善卤虫无节幼体的体成分。     

Effect of tributyrin supplementation in high‐soya bean meal diet on growth performance,body composition,intestine morphology and microbiota of juvenile yellow drum (Nibea albiflora)

Six equal‐protein and equal‐lipid diets were formulated: the fish meal (FM) diet, the soya bean meal (SBM) diet with 40% of FM protein replaced by SBM protein and tributyrin (TB) diets with 0.05% (TB0.05), 0.10% (TB0.1), 0.20% (TB0.2) and 0.40% (TB0.4) tributyrin supplemented in the SBM‐based diet. Each kind of diet was randomly fed to triplicate tanks with 20 fish per tank. Fish were fed apparent satiation twice daily for 56 days. No significant difference in weight gain rate (WGR) and feed efficiency rate (FER) was observed between fish fed the FM, TB0.1 and TB0.2 diets (p > .05). Muscle histidine and arginine proportion of fish fed TB0.1 diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the SBM diet (p < .05). Intestine morphology results indicated that the supplementation of 0.1% tributyrin significantly improved the mucosal fold height, microvilli length and microvilli density when compared with those of fish fed the SBM diet (p < .05). The supplementation of dietary tributyrin suppressed the pro‐inflammatory gene expression, which may be due to the improvement of physical barrier and modification of microbial communities, such as Acinetobacter, Rhodocyclaceae, Brevundimonas, Sphingopyxis, Hydrogenophaga, Methyloversatilis and Devosia. In conclusion, dietary 0.1% tributyrin supplementation in high‐soya bean meal diet improved growth performance, flesh quality and intestinal morphology structure integrity of yellow drum.     

低鱼粉饲料中添加牛磺酸对青鱼幼鱼生长、肠道修复及抗急性拥挤胁迫的影响

为研究低鱼粉饲料中添加牛磺酸对青鱼幼鱼[初始质量(5.90±0.03)g]生长、肠道修复及抗急性拥挤胁迫的影响,实验以青鱼正常鱼粉组(20%)为对照组,10%鱼粉组为负对照组(I_0组),在低鱼粉饲料中分别添加0.05%(I_(0.05)组)、0.1%(I_(0.1)组)、0.2%(I_(0.2)组)、0.4%(I_(0.4)组)牛磺酸,配制6种等氮等脂饲料,饲养8周。饲养实验结束后,参考生长结果,选择对照组、I_0组、I_(0.1)组、I_(0.4)组进行急性拥挤胁迫实验。结果显示:①与对照组相比,I_0组增重率显著下降,随着低鱼粉饲料中牛磺酸水平的升高,青鱼幼鱼增重率呈先上升后下降趋势,当牛磺酸添加量为0.1%时与对照组差异不显著;②相对于对照组,I_0组的绒毛高度降低、隐窝深度增加,杯状细胞数降低,添加牛磺酸使绒毛高度升高、隐窝深度降低,杯状细胞数和淋巴细胞数增多;③急性拥挤胁迫使青鱼幼鱼血清史质醇、血糖、血清溶菌酶(LSZ)、补体C3、超氧物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量均呈先升高后下降的趋势,其最大值出现在胁迫2 h或者8 h。在整个胁迫期间,I_0组史质醇和血糖含量高于其他各饲料组,I_0组溶菌酶、补体C3、SOD和GSH均低于其他各饲料组。研究表明,在低鱼粉饲料中添加牛磺酸可提高青鱼生长性能、改善肠道结构、增强青鱼的抗急性拥挤胁迫的能力。     

牛磺酸对鲤鱼诱食活性的初步研究

用牛磺酸作为诱食剂,以0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%的剂量将牛磺酸添加到基础饵料中,以基础饵料为对照,以鲤鱼为对象进行诱食活性试验,用one-way ANOVA检验统计分析,结果表明:牛磺酸对鲤鱼有明显的诱食作用,其中0.4%组诱食效果最佳,极显著地高于对照组(P<0.01)。     

Effect of supplemental taurine on juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus growth performance

Juvenile channel catfish (5.6 g/fish) were fed a basal diet that contained major protein (soybean meal, cottonseed meal) and energy (ground corn grain, wheat middlings) ingredients that were derived from plant sources. The basal diet was supplemented with three levels of crystalline taurine to provide 1, 2 and 5 g/kg taurine. In addition, a fifth diet that contained 80 g/kg menhaden fishmeal formulated with the same plant‐source ingredients was included as the positive control diet. Fish were fed the five diets once daily for 12 weeks. Weight gain was highest in catfish fed taurine at 2 g/kg (47.8 g/fish) compared to catfish fed the control basal diet (40.8 g/fish) and 80 g/kg fishmeal diet (41.1 g/fish) (p < .05). Among the taurine‐supplemented diets, weight gain was lowest in catfish fed taurine at 5 g/kg. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly improved in fish fed diets supplemented with taurine at 2 g/kg compared to all other treatments (p < .01). Survival during the growth study ranged from 98.0 to 99.0% (p > .05) for all treatments. The results suggest taurine supplementation to juvenile channel catfish may improve weight gain and FCR.     

Effects of antimicrobial peptides on growth,feed utilization,serum biochemical indices and disease resistance of juvenile shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

This experiment was conducted to assess the effects of antimicrobial peptides at different levels (Diet 1 (0%), Diet 2 (0.1%), Diet 3 (0.2%), Diet 4 (0.4%), Diet 5 (0.6%) and Diet 6 (1%)), on growth, serum biochemical indices and antioxidant effect, feed utilization and disease resistance in Litopeneaus vannamei. There were four replicates in each group in the experiment (mean weight = 0.21 ± 0.00 g) and also fed with their respective diets for 8 weeks. Growth performance compared with the control group (0%) significantly increased at first and then decreased among treatment groups (p < .05) whereas the survival rate ranged from 78% to 96%. No significant differences were observed in terms of moisture, crude protein and ash content, but there was a significant increase in crude lipid (p < .05). In serum, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, polyphenol oxidase, triglyceride, glucose and total cholesterol changed as compared with 0%. Total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde were also different from 0%. Disease resistance was increased in shrimp among treatment groups with 0.4% recording the lowest mortality percentage of 37% after the challenge test. The results from the present study suggested that supplementation of AMP at 0.4% in shrimp diet can improve growth performance, antioxidants activities and innate immune response of Pacific whiteleg shrimp.     

Replacement of soya bean meal with cashew nut meal as an alternative protein source in the diet of tilapia,Oreochromis mossambicus

An experiment was conducted to replace soya bean meal (SBM) with cashew nut meal (CNM) in the diet of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Five isonitrogenous (30% CP) and isolipidic (6% CL) diets, CNM0 to CNM4, were prepared replacing SBM at 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5% and 50% with CNM. The feeding trial was conducted in FRP digestibility tanks of 150 L capacity for 60 days. Twenty tilapia fry (20.56 ± 0.05 g) were stocked in each tank. The final weight, weight gain and weight gain% of tilapia that received the CNM4 diet were significantly higher (p < .01) among the treatments. The significantly higher nutrient utilization efficiency in terms of FCR, PER, PRE and LRE was obtained in the CNM4 group. Similarly, a significantly lower (p < .01) body moisture content and a significantly higher (p < .05) body protein content were also observed in the CNM4 diet‐fed group. In tilapia fed the CNM4 diet, the activity of both protease and amylase enzymes was significantly higher (p < .05), but the amylase:protease ratio (A:P) was significantly lower (p < .05). Protease, amylase and A:P were positively correlated with the nutrient digestibility coefficient. The serum protein, albumin and globulin of tilapia fed the CNM4 diet were significantly higher (p < .05) and the liver status enzymes did not vary (p > .05) among the treatments. It can be concluded from the study that 50% replacement of SBM with CNM in the diet is suitable for the enhancement of growth, nutrient utilization and health status of tilapia.