一种保存鱼类鳍条的便捷方法

鳍条是研究鱼类分子生物学常用的组织样本,长期保存的鳍条为实验提供源源不断的基因组DNA。本研究介绍一种便捷保存鱼类鳍条用于DNA提取的方法---干燥法,并说明了用此方法保存鲤（Cyprinus carpio）、施氏鲟（Acipenser schrenckii）和虹鳟（Onchorynchus mykiss）鳍条效果。采集新鲜鳍条,贴在滤纸等吸水性强的纸张上,覆盖另一张滤纸,防止受潮、霉变,自然干燥后在室温保存3个月。剪取部分鳍条样本,用常规酚、氯仿抽提法提取基因组DNA,分别用紫外分光光度计、琼脂糖凝胶电泳、PCR扩增方法检测基因组DNA的质量。结果显示：用干燥法保存的3种鱼类的鳍条样品,提取获得的基因组DNA的OD260/OD280值在1.82-1.89之间, OD260/OD230值在2.29-2.70之间,琼脂糖凝胶电泳条带清晰明亮,可以用于后续的分子生物学研究。本研究证实用干燥法长期保存鱼类鳍条能够获得高质量的基因组DNA,为珍贵样品的长期保存提供了一种行之有效的方法,也为远距离、大样品的采集和保存提供了便捷的选择。     

中国6种经济鱼类的基因组大小测定

采用流式细胞术,以人(Homo sapiens)淋巴细胞DNA含量(7.00pg/2C)为标准,以鱼的红血细胞为材料,测定中国6种重要经济鱼类条纹斑竹鲨(Chiloscyllium plagiosum)、斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)、赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)、大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)、中华乌塘鳢(Bostrichthys sinensis)、大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)的基因组大小(C-值)。结果显示,这6种经济鱼类的单倍体DNA含量分别为:条纹斑竹鲨(4.91±0.24)pg;斜带石斑鱼(1.25±0.04)pg;赤点石斑鱼(1.23±0.11)pg;大黄鱼(0.76±0.03)pg;中华乌塘鳢(0.85±0.04)pg;大菱鲆(0.65±0.01)pg。研究结果可为这6种经济鱼类的种质鉴定提供依据。此外,根据本研究的实验结果并结合其他鱼类的基因组大小资料,对鱼类基因组大小与其染色体数目及进化地位之间的相关性进行了探讨,对比分析显示,鱼类进化地位越高则DNA含量越少,同时鱼类基因组的大小差异存在复杂性,并不完全与染色体数目相关。本研究还就鱼类基因组大小的测定方法等问题提出建议,认为应采用流式细胞术和人淋巴细胞作为规范的检测方法和对照标准。     

二倍体雌核发育鲫鲤卵子发生的DNA含量和细胞学分析

以产生单倍体卵子的二倍体雌性红鲫为对照,对远缘杂交起源的二倍体雌核发育鲫鲤早期卵巢组织中的生殖细胞进行了流式细胞术分析,在此基础上结合组织学切片方法和染色体制片,对相应的卵巢组织细胞学观察和生殖细胞减数分裂特征进行了探讨.结果显示,雌核发育二倍体鲫鲤卵母细胞的DNA含量呈现两个主要的峰值,检测样本中的2号峰值显示的DNA含量是二倍体红鲫卵母细胞的1倍,代表减数分裂前染色体数未加倍的细胞群,其减数分裂Ⅰ前期分裂相呈现同源染色体部分配对,该细胞群在组织学切片上呈现空泡化等败育现象;另外,检测样本中的3号峰值显示的DNA含量是二倍体红鲫卵母细胞的2倍,代表减数分裂前染色体数已加倍的细胞群,其减数分裂Ⅰ前期分裂相呈现染色体数目加倍的完整的染色体配对,该细胞群由于染色体数加倍,可以越过杂种鱼的异源染色体之间的减数分裂配对障碍,正常发育为体积不断增大的初级卵母细胞,为产生后续的染色体数不减半的二倍体卵子奠定基础.该结果丰富了不减数配子的发生机制研究,在鱼类遗传育种方面具有重要意义.     

鱼类生殖细胞移植技术的发展及应用前景

鱼类生殖细胞移植技术是通过诱导不同物种之间生殖系嵌合体来实现。原始生殖细胞和精原细胞(或卵原细胞)是诱导生殖细胞系嵌合体的关键材料。在过去的十多年中,通过采用不同的供体生殖细胞和不同发育阶段(囊胚期胚胎、初孵仔鱼和成鱼)的鱼为受体,开发出多种鱼类生殖细胞移植技术。这些成果的取得,为生殖细胞移植技术应用于诸多水产养殖新兴领域打下了坚实基础。该技术可以应用于:(1)生殖细胞生物学和转基因鱼等基础研究;(2)遗传资源和濒危鱼种的保护;(3)鱼类性别选择育种;(4)有效提高放流鱼苗的遗传多样性。     

虹鳟胚胎组织单细胞悬液制备方法的研究

采用0.01MPBS等渗液配制的浓度为70%的乙醇固定液对虹鳟活体胚胎进行固定,并以蒸馏水配制的浓度为70%乙醇固定液作为对照,探讨用于流式细胞术分析的胚胎组织单细胞悬液制备方法。实验结果表明:PBS-乙醇和蒸馏水-乙醇固定液均可获得分散良好的单细胞悬液,但蒸馏水-乙醇固定液制备的胚胎细胞悬液中细胞数量相对较少,细胞碎片明显增多,流式细胞仪检测G0/G1峰较宽。而PBS-乙醇固定液制备的细胞悬液,细胞形态完整、背景较干净,细胞粘连少,几乎没有细胞碎片,流式上机检测各参数值较理想;以PBS-乙醇固定液制备2n虹鳟胚胎单细胞悬液作为材料检测,其结果与以红细胞为对照的样品检测DNA相对含量结果相一致,均为50AU。本研究表明利用PBS-乙醇固定液制备鱼类胚胎组织单细胞悬液方法是可行的。     

南极鱼类年龄与生长研究进展

南极鱼类生长相对缓慢,独特的生物学特性使其年龄鉴定较其他海区鱼类更为困难。但考虑到鱼类年龄鉴定是开展渔业资源评估的基础,因此过去一些年来,硬质部位,如鳞片、鳍条(棘)、脊椎骨以及耳石等仍成为南极鱼类的主要鉴龄材料。本文对南极鱼类年龄鉴定的方法和材料进行了总结回顾,将年龄鉴定的方法和材料进行比较,分析各自优缺点。结果显示:(1)对于具鳞的南极鱼类,因鳞片在鱼类生长过程中存在重吸收现象,因而利用鳞片及鳍条(棘)单独鉴龄所得出的结果通常小于耳石的鉴龄结果,缺乏精确性;(2)南极鱼类生活跨度较大,高龄鱼体长频次分布严重重叠,以致无法准确判断其年龄结构;(3)耳石重量法易受到特殊个体影响而误判年龄;(4)因鳍条易损坏,脊椎骨采集较为困难,且许多南极鱼类无鳞,目前大多数南极鱼类使用耳石鉴定年龄,其也成为目前最为精准的南极鱼类鉴龄方法,但同时利用鳞片和耳石重量等对鉴定结果进行验证;(5)南极鱼类尚存在无统一的鉴龄标准、人为主观性较强以及缺乏早期生活史研究等不足之处;(6)为了研究南极鱼类早期生活史,耳石微化学及微结构等方法将被广泛利用。     

利用鳍研究鱼类同工酶

<正> 鱼类的鳍由支鳍骨、鳍条和鳍膜组成。因为剪断鳍条和鳍膜对鱼的生存危害较小,且鳍条和鳍膜有再生能力,所以常常有人通过剪鳍进行实验标记。硬骨鱼类的鳍条是骨质的,鳍膜由表皮细胞组成。表皮没有血管,它所需要的代谢物质由真皮提供。表皮细胞和其它(如肌肉及脏器)细胞一样,     

半滑舌鳎线粒体 DNA 含量测定方法的建立与优化

本研究旨在应用实时荧光定量PCR技术,建立半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)线粒体DNA(mtDNA)含量测定方法并进行优化.通过质粒标准品的线性化处理、模板DNA的酶切和超声处理、mtDNA和核DNA(nDNA)基因引物的筛选实验,建立半滑舌鳎mtDNA含量测定方法.结果表明,质粒标准品的构象对荧光定量PCR标准曲线影响较大,线性化的质粒更适合用作标准品;酚-氯仿方法提取的模板DNA适用于mtDNA含量测定,无需进行预处理;用D-loop和ND1这2对引物所得的拷贝数较小且结果一致,适用于mtDNA拷贝数的测定;以不同核基因为参照所得的mtDNA含量可能存在差异,当以单拷贝核基因ENC1和MYH6为参照时,可以计算出单个细胞中mtDNA含量,若以多拷贝基因GAPDH为参照,mtDNA含量测定值则较小.采用本方法分别对半滑舌鳎肝、肾、脾和肌肉组织的mtDNA含量进行重复性检测实验,结果表明,相同组织的mtDNA含量显示出良好的重复性(P＞0.05),而不同组织中mtDNA含量具有差异性,可见该方法稳定可靠,能为海洋鱼类mtDNA含量检测提供借鉴.     

大黄鱼血液基因组DNA的提取及其效果

应用Sangon血液基因组DNA小量抽提试剂盒,提取大黄鱼血液组织的基因组DNA,并以所提取的DNA为模板进行RAPD扩增效果分析。结果显示,血液基因组DNA稳定性好、质量高,分子量大小在20kb左右;RAPD扩增条带清晰,能满足RAPD等一般分子实验对于模板DNA的质量要求。为大黄鱼的隔代连续研究和濒危鱼类分子实验所要求的活体基因组DNA的获得提供了一个可行的样本组织采集方法。     

鱼类种质保存研究进展

开展鱼类种质保存的研究,不仅可以保护鱼类种质资源和生物多样性,而且也是对鱼类种质资源进行有效开发和利用的前提条件。目前鱼类种质保存包括分子(DNA)保存、细胞保存和活体保存等。其中,分子(DNA)保存按照技术难易程度分为基因组DNA保存、基因组文库保存、cDNA文库保存、DNA芯片保存4种;细胞保存一般可分为配子保存、胚胎保存、细胞系保存3种;而活体保存按鱼类生长环境不同可分就地保护和易地保护2种。综述了多种海、淡水鱼类种质保存的研究现状与进展,包括鲤科、鲆科、鲷科、鲱科以及鲽科等科鱼类种质保存的具体情况,为我国鱼类种质保存提供参考资料,同时对今后鱼类种质保存研究提出了展望。     

Fin cell cryopreservation and fish reconstruction by nuclear transfer stand as promising technologies for preservation of finfish genetic resources

Domestication is a long-term process during which wild fish are acclimated to farming conditions and hopefully are reproduced over several generations, possibly using selective breeding. Preservation of the genetic diversity of the original population, together with that of the ongoing selection steps, is important for ecological and economical purposes. Cryobanking of reproductive cells is one answer to meet this need. In fish, however, only sperm can be cryopreserved as neither oocytes nor embryos are capable of handling the freeze-thawing stress. In this review, we explore to what extent diploid cells obtained from fin pieces can be used for the preservation of both parental genomes. The main parameters, which should be under control to ensure proper production of fin cells in culture and to enable cryopreservation of the material are described. After cryobanking of such non-reproductive cells, fish can be reconstructed using the nuclear transfer technology whose potentials and difficulties are discussed. The gametes produced by the fish reconstructed after somatic cells nuclear transfer are different to some extent from the gametes obtained after the direct transplantation of primordial germ cell or spermatogonial germ cells into host embryos or larvae. However, in some cases, only somatic cells can be obtained in quantities which would be compatible with strain restoration purposes. From the knowledge available today, it is reasonable to expect that nuclear transfer becomes available for fish reconstruction, even if restricted to high-tech biotechnology facilities. Therefore, cryobanking of fin somatic cells can be farsightedly considered for high-throughput diploid genome conservation.     

Rapid flow cytometry method for ploidy determination in salmonid eggs

Abstract. A rapid and simple method for ploidy determination by Row cytometry was developed for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, and brown trout, Salmo trutta L., using commercially available reagents, and protocols previously implemented for plant tissues. The whole egg was directly chopped up in buffer, to release nuclei in an intact state. After filtration, the nuclei suspension was stained with a specific DNA fluorochrome and analysed by flow cytometry, using a compact, one-parameter cytometer. Within minutes, histograms of high quality were obtained, with a very good reproducibility, allowing unambiguous discrimination of diploids and triploids. Preliminary results indicate that the same methodology could be used for non-destructive analysis of young fish, using small samples of fin or muscle.     

Establishment of a novel fin cell line from Brown-marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål), and evaluation of its viral susceptibility

To lay a solid foundation of in vitro investigations of fish viral diseases, cytotechnology and cytotoxicology, a novel fin cell line from brown-marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus , was established and its viral susceptibility was evaluated. The fin tissues, digested with hyaluronidase and collagenase II, were used to initiate primary culture at 24 °C by using 20% foetal bovine serum-Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/F12 medium, which was further supplemented with carboxymethyl–chitooligosaccharide, basic fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-I. The fibroblastic fin cells grew at a steady rate during subsequent subculture and had a population doubling time of 50.6 h at passage 60. The modal diploid chromosome number was 48. A brown-marbled grouper fin cell line (bmGF-1) has been established and subcultured to passage 75 by now. Viral susceptibilities revealed that typical cytopathic effects of bmGF-1 cells emerged after being infected by turbot reddish-body iridovirus (TRBIV) or lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV). However, a large number of TRBIV and LCDV particles were also found in infected bmGF-1 cells. All these indicate that the bmGF-1 cell line has good susceptibility to TRBIV and LCDV, which may serve as a valuable tool for studies of cell–virus interactions and have potential applications in fish virus propagation and vaccine development.     

Detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis in a carrier population of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss(Richardson), by flow cytometry

Abstract. A non-lethal study of the disease status of adult rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), suspected of being carriers of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) was carried out using purified leucocytes from pooled blood samples. Leucocytes were stained by indirect immunofluorcscence to detect IPN viral antigen and analysed by flow cytometry. Leucocytes from an IPN free source were also used as controls. Three populations of leucocytes were analysed: (1) leucocytes examined immediately following purification from blood, which gave positive results with 30–58% of fluorescent cells: (2) purified leucocytes cultured for 7 days in medium at 15 °C. which gave a higher number of fluorescent cells, suggesting multiplication of IPNV; and (3) leucocytes co-cultured on CHSE-214 cell monolayers for 7 days at 15 °C, which amplified the number of infected leucocytes to more than 90% but delayed the result 7 days. Isolation and serological identification of the pathogen was carried out on CHSE-214 cells, which confirmed the positive results obtained by flow cytometry analysis. Further experiments are in progress to complete the applications of flow cytometry to salmonid virus studies.     

利用流式细胞仪鉴别转基因鲤鲫杂交回交子代的倍性

本文报道三倍体回交杂种的流式细胞仪测试方法和结果。取正常二倍体鲤鲫杂交鱼的体细胞液进样所得直方图为标准，通过对36尾鲤鲫杂交回交种和其雌核发育子代的细胞核DNA相对含量的测定，观察到杂种F1雌性回交子代中产生的三倍体和非整倍三倍体（2－3倍体之间）现象，测试结果以直方图表示。     

Serological techniques for detection of lymphocystis virus in fish

Three serological techniques (indirect immunofluorescence test, flow cytometry, and indirect dot–blot immunoenzymatic assay) have been evaluated for the detection of lymphocystis viral antigens using a gilt-head seabream cell line, SAF-1, and fish leukocytes. Six lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) isolates from gilt-head seabream, and one reference strain (ATCC VR 342), were tested. Detection of viral LCDV antigens in SAF-1 cells and fish leukocytes by indirect immunofluorescence test occurs at similar periods (5–7 d post-inoculation), and viral antigens were detected as cytoplasmic inclusions located at the periphery of inoculated cells. The percentages of cells with LCDV antigens obtained by flow cytometry were very low, ranging between 0.9% at 5 d post-inoculation and 19.7% at 10 d post-inoculation. The optimal concentration of viral stocks detected by indirect dot–blot immunoenzymatic assay was 0.5 μg ml^–1, when purified viral stocks were used as antigens. Inoculated and uninoculated SAF-1 cells could not be distinguished using LCDV antiserum binding. On the basis of these results, indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometry tests appear to be the best serological methods to detect LCDV antigens in both SAF-1 cells and fish leukocytes.     

Establishment of cell lines from a tropical grouper,Epinephelus awoara (Temminck & Schlegel), and their susceptibility to grouper irido- and nodaviruses

Four tropical marine fish cell lines have been established from the eye, fin, heart and swim bladder of grouper, Epinephelus awoara (Temminck & Schlegel). Optimum media and temperature conditions for maximum growth were standardized. The eye and swim bladder cells were mostly epithelial, but the fin and heart cells were mostly fibroblastic. The viability of cells was 95% after 1 year of storage in liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C). Besides these four cell lines, previously established grouper brain, kidney and liver cell lines were also used for a viral susceptibility study which showed that all the cell lines were sensitive to grouper iridovirus, whereas only brain, fin and liver cell lines were susceptible to the yellow grouper nervous necrosis virus (a nodavirus). Electron microscopy studies of the grouper irido- and nodaviruses in ultrathin sections of infected cells showed an abundance of viral particles in the cytoplasm of the virus-infected cells indicating the effective replication of these two viruses. It is suggested that these cell lines can be used for the isolation of putative fish specific viruses and provide a valuable tool to study the mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions. Furthermore, these cell lines upon transfection, using pEGFP-C1 and pEGFP-aMT2.5 (ayu metallothionein promoter), produced significant fluorescent signals indicating their utility for exogenous studies.     

Alternative matrices for cortisol measurement in fish

Plasma cortisol is the most commonly used indicator of stress in fish but, as the blood sampling procedure itself can be a source of stress, it would be helpful to measure cortisol using less invasive matrices. It is also necessary to find alternative matrices as stress indicators in dead fish in which blood sampling is impossible. In the present study, we investigated transport stress in three aquaculture species, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum), by cortisol determination (radioimmunoassay) in plasma and other matrices (skin mucus, gut content, lateral muscle and caudal fin). Cortisol significantly increased after transport in all species and matrices, except in the sea bass gut content, where it remained unchanged. The three species responded to transport stress by producing different cortisol levels. In conclusion, the significant correlation found between plasma cortisol and most of the other matrices opens up the possibility of using them to evaluate stress in fish: mucus sampling is a less invasive method than blood sampling, and in addition to muscle and fin sampling, it can be used in postmortem fish.     

Germ cell transplantation as a potential biotechnological approach to fish reproduction

Although the use of germ cell transplantation has been relatively well established in mammals, the technique has only been adapted for use in fish after entering the 2000s. During the last decade, several different approaches have been developed for germ cell transplantation in fish using recipients of various ages and life stages, such as blastula-stage embryos, newly hatched larvae and sexually mature specimens. As germ cells can develop into live organisms through maturation and fertilization processes, germ cell transplantation in fish has opened up new avenues of research in reproductive biotechnology and aquaculture. For instance, the use of xenotransplantation in fish has lead to advances in the conservation of endangered species and the production of commercially valuable fish using surrogated recipients. Further, this could also facilitate the engineering of transgenic fish. However, as is the case with mammals, knowledge regarding the basic biology and physiology of germline stem cells in fish remains incomplete, imposing a considerable limitation on the application of germ cell transplantation in fish. Furthering our understanding of germline stem cells would contribute significantly to advances regarding germ cell transplantation in fish.