用热休克和工业化养鱼技术生产三倍体鲤鱼

本研究阐述了运用工业化养鱼技术生产三倍体鲤鱼的一种方法。用热休克阻断受精卵第二次减数分裂的方法获得三倍体。用下列热休克参数得到了最佳结果（三倍体率８０％－１００％；胚胎存活率是对照组的５０％－７０％）：受精后６分钟开始（休克前的孵化温度是２０℃），温度为４０或４１℃，时间为２或１．５分钟。该技术可大规模生产三倍体鲤鱼，因此可以研究工业化养鱼条件下三倍体的性能。     

用热休克和工业养鱼技术生产三倍体鲤鱼

本研究阐述了运用工业化养鱼技术生产三倍体鲤鱼的一种方法。用热休克阻断受精卵第二次减数分裂的方法获得得三倍体。用下列热休克参数得到了最佳结果（三倍体率８０％－１０％；胚胎存活率是对照组的５０％－７０％）；受精后６分钟开始（休克前的孵化温度是２０℃），温度为４０或４１℃，时间为２或１．５分钟。该技术可大规模生产三倍体鲤鱼，因此可以研究工业化养鱼条件下三倍体的性能。     

通过有丝分裂I期的抑制和细胞融合诱导太平洋牡蛎四倍体

通过抑制有丝分裂Ｉ期和细胞融合尝试诱导四倍体太平洋牡蛎，利用热冲击抑制有丝分裂Ｉ期（３５－４０℃，持续２－２３分钟）产生达４５％的四倍体胚胎，使用聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）处理，成功地得到受精卵－受精卵的融合，但没有产生有意义的四倍体，同样，进行了精子融合的试验，在该实验中，聚乙二醇无法导致精子细胞的融合，另一方面，ＰＥＧ诱导的分裂球融合，产生了有实际意义的四倍体（达到３０％）但无法证实该实验中产生的四倍     

诱导虹鳟鱼四倍体的初步研究

利用静水压法和热休克法对虹鳟鱼(Oncorhynchus mykiss)受精卵进行处理,诱导四倍体.对发育至原肠后期的胚胎进行染色体制备并计数,结果显示热休克处理组的四倍体诱导率为5.5%,静水压处理组的诱导率为22.8%,静水压的诱导效果明显优于热休克.最佳的开始处理时间为受精后340min,静水压力为650 kg/cm2,处理持续时间为5min.     

热休克和水静压刺激诱导三倍体硬头鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)对比研究

雌性三倍体鲑鳟鱼已知是不育的,因而有利于水产养殖。本研究旨在对多种温度和水静压刺激处理诱导三倍体硬头鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss的一种溯河回游类型)的效果加以对比。热休克和水静压刺激在各组硬头鳟卵受精后25分钟开始施行。热休克处理所用温度为26—36℃,持读1.25～20分钟;水静压处理所用压力为5.5～8.3×10~4KPa(1KPa=0.145psi)持续2～6分钟。三倍体的诱导率通过红血球细胞核长径的测定来计算。在26℃温度下持续20分钟的热休克处理和在7.6×10~4kPa压力下持续6分钟的水静压刺激诱导出100％的三倍体比率(triploid rate),但是各组卵的成活率却与处理的强度成负的相关关系。因而三倍体产量(triploid yield)(即三倍体的诱导率与孵出时的成活率的乘积)在26℃下持续10分钟的热休克或6.9×10~4KPa下持续6分钟的水静压刺激处理时为最好,分别是50.3％和49.9％。     

中华绒螯蟹多倍体的诱导研究I.细胞松驰素B诱导中华绒螯蟹三倍体和四倍体胚胎

采用细胞松驰素Ｂ（Ｃ．Ｂ）处理法，研究了诱导中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）三倍体、四倍体的可能性和处理条件。实验所用Ｃ．Ｂ浓度为０．５～２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，处理的起始时间分别在受精后１０～２５ｍｉｎ（诱导三倍体）和８．５～９．８ｈ（诱导四倍体），处理的持续时间为１０～２５ｍｉｎ。三倍体的适宜诱导条件为卵子在受精后１５ｍｉｎ，浓度为１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的Ｃ．Ｂ溶液处理１８ｍｉｎ。三倍体诱导率最高可达５８．１８％。根据诱导三倍体的适宜Ｃ．Ｂ处理浓度和处理时间，用１．５ｍｇ／ＬＣ．Ｂ溶液处理卵子１８ｍｉｎ，获得了２９．４６％～５７．８９％的四倍体胚胎。另外，还对中华绒螯蟹三倍体、四倍体胚胎的诱导技术、诱导参数对胚胎发育的影响等有关问题进行了分析讨论     

合浦珠母贝三倍体的卵诱导四倍体

将合浦珠母贝三倍体的卵与二倍体的精子授精，用０．５μｇ／ｍＬ细胞松弛素Ｂ抑制精卵第一极体的释放诱导四倍体。研究了处理起始时间及持续时间对胚胎孵化率和四倍体诱导率的影响及幼虫的生长及存活。实验结果表明：持续时间与胚胎孵化率呈负相关，而与四倍体诱导率呈正相关，持续时间一般为１５￣１８ｍｉｎ，处理起始时间一般在第一极体出现前３￣５ｍｉｎ。在胚胎期，四倍体诱导率平均为２０％。在幼虫培养阶段，幼虫死亡严重，     

鱼类胚胎低温冷冻保存降温速率研究

在低温下采用慢速降温速率，以０．２－０．５℃／分降至－４０℃以上温度，胚胎获得２０％以上成活率。在超低温下采用快速降温速率，以２℃／分降至－４０℃，再以１０℃／分降至－１９６℃，胚胎获得了９０％以上复活率。     

冷、热休克法诱导黄颡鱼三倍体的比较研究

分别采用冷、热休克抑制第二极体释放的方法诱导黄颡鱼三倍体。结果表明,在卵受精后2min,5℃处理20min,胚胎时期的三倍体率达70%左右,孵化率50%左右,幼鱼时期三倍体(含嵌合体)的检出率为25%,此条件为冷休克处理的优化参数;在卵受精后2min,40℃处理2min,胚胎时期的三倍体诱导率达58%,孵化率为39%,幼鱼时期三倍体(含嵌合体)的检出率为40%,此条件为热休克处理的优化参数。正交分析得出,冷休克条件下起始休克时间是原肠期三倍化率和孵化率的重要影响因子,温度对畸形个体的产生有重要影响;热休克条件下,参考三倍体率、畸形率、孵化期相对存活率三者而言,休克温度均是重要因素。比较观察到冷休克处理组的胚胎受损情况严重,后期的成活率较热休克处理组要低,总体诱导效果逊于热休克处理组。     

热休克工业养鱼技术生产三倍体鲤鱼

本研究详尽阐述了使用工业养鱼技术生产三倍体鲤鱼的方法。通过对受精卵使用热休克抑制第二成熟分裂获得三倍性。采用下列休克参数取得了最好的结果(三倍体率80-100%、胚胎成活率为对照的70％、受精后6分钟(休克前孵化温度年20℃)开始、温度4或41℃、持续时间2分钟或1．5分钟、此技术准许大规模生产三倍体鲤鱼、因此允许工业养鱼条件下研究三倍体的特性。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.