酶解豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长、饲料利用和消化酶的影响

试验旨在研究酶解豆粕蛋白替代部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、饲料利用及消化酶的影响。选用初始体质量为(1.10±0.02)g的健康对虾,随机分成5组,饲养在0.5 m~3的玻璃纤维钢桶中,分别投喂酶解豆粕蛋白(0、7.40%、14.80%、22.20%和30.20%)替代基础配方中鱼粉(0、25%、50%、75%和100%)制成5组等氮等脂的饲料,试验时间为56 d。试验结果显示投喂25%和50%的酶解豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉的凡纳滨对虾增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率等无差异统计学意义(P0.05),替代25%组和替代50%组凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。研究结果表明,凡纳滨对虾饲料中酶解豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉的比例不宜超过50%。     

蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长的影响

为探讨凡纳滨对虾饲料中用蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉的可行性及适宜的添加比例,研究了蝇蛆粉替代饲料中部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、成活和饵料系数的影响。饲喂试验共持续了65 d。结果显示:当蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉添加量为7%时,试验中期(32 d)和末期对虾增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)均显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。在低于7%添加范围内,随着蝇蛆粉添加水平的增加对虾WGR和SGR逐渐提高,超过7%后,对虾WGR和SGR逐渐下降。试验中期和末期,17%添加组饵料系数均显著高于其余各组(P<0.05),7%添加组饵料系数略高于对照组但差异不显著。无论是中期还是末期,蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾的成活率未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。在凡纳滨对虾饲料中添加7%的蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉可促进对虾生长,利用蝇蛆粉替代对虾饲料中的部分鱼粉是可行的。     

酵母提取物替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾消化机能的影响

为探明使用经氨基酸平衡后的酵母提取物替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾消化机能的影响,分别用酵母提取物替代饲料中15 %(B)、30 %(C)、45 %(D)、60 %(E)和100 %(F)的鱼粉,配制6种等氮、等能的试验饲料投喂凡纳滨对虾(6.328±0.630 g),以鱼粉含量为25 %的饲料为对照组(A)。饲养7 d后开始收集粪便,测定凡纳滨对虾对饲料的表观消化率。养殖试验结束后,研究酵母提取物替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾消化酶的影响。试验结果:凡纳滨对虾对各组饲料均具有较高的干物质表观消化率(77.96 %~81.21 %)和粗蛋白表观消化率(87.19 %~92.82 %)；各替代组饲料的表观消化率均高于对照组,其中C、E和F组的干物质表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),粗蛋白表观消化率随酵母提取物用量的增加而显著增加(P<0.05)；凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺中类胰蛋白酶的活性随饲料中酵母提取物用量的增加而显著升高(P<0.05),脂肪酶的活性随饲料中酵母提取物用量的增加而显著降低(P<0.05)；肝胰腺中淀粉酶活性最高的为C组；各替代组凡纳滨对虾的肠胰蛋白酶活性均高于对照组。结果表明,以氨基酸平衡酵母提取物替代饲料中的鱼粉可以提高凡纳滨对虾对饲料的消化机能。     

玉米蛋白粉替代部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾摄食量、生长和肌肉成分的影响

以凡纳滨对虾幼虾[体重(0.013 6±0.001 0)g]为试验对象,以鱼粉、豆粕、肉粉和花生粕为蛋白源配制对照饲料,用玉米蛋白粉替代部分鱼粉配制3种与对照饲料等氮、等能的试验饲料,其中玉米蛋白粉用量为5%、10%和15%,分别替代鱼粉8.6%、17.2%和25.8%,饲喂凡纳滨对虾45 d,研究玉米蛋白粉替代部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾摄食量、生长和肌肉成分的影响.结果表明,(1)试验饲料中玉米蛋白粉用量不超过10%,对凡纳滨对虾日均摄食量没有显著影响(P＞0.05).(2)5%玉米蛋白粉组的生长效果最好,其相对增重率、增长率和饲料系数分别为2 542.8%、155.1%和1.58,前者显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),后两者与对照组没有显著差异(P＞0.05);10%玉米蛋白粉组虾的生长和饲料系数与对照组没有显著差异(P＞0.05);15%组虾的生长显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).(3)玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对对虾肌肉的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量影响不显著(P＞0.05);对对虾肌肉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量和呈味氨基酸含量以及必需氨基酸指数的影响也不显著(P＞0.05).(4)玉米蛋白粉在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的适宜用量为10%.     

双低菜粕对异育银鲫和团头鲂鱼体组成的影响

以异育银鲫和团头鲂为生长实验对象,对照组Ⅰ以豆粕和鱼粉为基础蛋白源,Ⅱ～Ⅴ实验组分别用16.72%、33.45%、50.17%、66.89%的"华双3号"双低菜籽粕等氮替代对照组中的25%、50%、75%、100%豆粕蛋白,Ⅵ组以83.66%的菜籽粕等氮替代对照组中100%的豆粕和鱼粉蛋白。随着饲料中双低菜籽粕蛋白替代比例的提高,异育银鲫和团头鲂鱼体的干物质、蛋白质、脂肪含量呈下降趋势,但与对照组无显著差异(p>0.05),但当双低菜粕蛋白替代豆粕蛋白的比例为100%或替代饲料中全部的豆粕和鱼粉蛋白时,二者的脂肪含量显著下降,低于对照组;氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸含量随着双低菜籽粕蛋白替代比例的增加略有下降,但各实验组与对照组之间无显著差异(p>0.05)。     

双低菜籽粕在草鱼、鲤和日本沼虾配合饲料中适宜使用量的研究

以豆粕和鱼粉为基础蛋白源,以双低菜籽粕等氮替代一定量的豆粕和鱼粉,用于草鱼、鲤和日本沼虾的饲养。结果表明,饲料中菜籽粕等氮替代豆粕蛋白质等于或低于75%时,草鱼的增重率、特定生长率和摄食率与对照组相比均无显著差异;等氮替代率等于或低于50%时,饵料系数无显著差异;100%等氮替代豆粕和鱼粉蛋白质时各项生长性能均最差。饲料中菜籽粕等氮替代豆粕蛋白质等于或低于50%时,鲤的特定生长率和摄食率与对照组相比均无显著差异,25%等氮替代率时饵料系数最低。等氮替代7%豆粕蛋白质(饲料中菜籽粕含量为4.1%)时,日本沼虾的生长情况与对照组基本一致,等氮替代14%(菜籽粕含量为8.2%)时,日本沼虾的增重率显著低于对照组和XⅡ组,随着菜籽粕含量的增加,饲料系数增大,成活率下降。     

饲料中双低菜粕蛋白对异育银鲫和团头鲂必需氨基酸沉积率的影响

实验饲料中 ,对照组Ⅰ以豆粕和鱼粉为基础蛋白源 ,Ⅱ～Ⅴ实验组分别用 16 72 %、 33 4 5 %、5 0 17%、 6 6 89%的“华双 3号”双低菜籽粕等氮替代对照组中的 2 5 %、 5 0 %、 75 %、 10 0 %豆粕蛋白 ,Ⅵ组以83 6 6 %的菜籽粕等氮替代对照组中 10 0 %的豆粕和鱼粉蛋白 ,检验了饲料中不同的“华双 3号”双低菜籽粕蛋白水平对异育银鲫和团头鲂氨基酸沉积率的影响。随着双低菜籽粕蛋白替代比例提高 ,异育银鲫和团头鲂的必需氨基酸沉积率呈下降趋势 ,当替代比例为 2 5 %时 ,团头鲂EAA沉积率显著高于对照组和其它实验组(P <0 0 5 ) ;当双低菜籽粕蛋白替代豆粕蛋白的比例为 10 0 %或替代饲料中全部的豆粕和鱼粉蛋白时 ,异育银鲫和团头鲂的EAA沉积率均显著低于对照组和其它实验组 (P <0 0 5 )。     

虾料中不同鱼粉下添加海力素的应用研究

为了研究不同鱼粉水平下添加海力素产品对凡纳滨对虾生长性能的影响,作者进行了为期6周的试验,结果显示,凡纳滨对虾饲料中添加5%和10%海力素可提高对虾摄食量和增重率,因此可应用于低鱼粉对虾饲料中。     

低鱼粉饲料中添加低分子水解鱼蛋白对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫力和抗氧化能力的影响

以鱼粉水平为30%的饲料为高鱼粉饲料对照组，以豆粕替代高鱼粉饲料中50%鱼粉形成低鱼粉基础饲料，低鱼粉基础饲料添加0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%低分子水解鱼蛋白，配制 6种实验饲料，对初始体重为(0.44±0.02) g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾进行48 d的养殖实验。实验结束后采集样品，测定肝胰腺酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量，并分析肠道先天免疫缺陷基因(IMD)、对虾素3a分子(Penaiedin 3a)、溶菌酶(LZM)和Crustin相关免疫基因的表达量，以探讨低分子水解鱼蛋白对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫力和抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示，在低鱼粉饲料中添加适宜水平的低分子水解鱼蛋白能够显著提高对虾肝胰腺T-SOD、AKP和ACP的活力，降低MDA的含量；且1.5%低分子水解鱼蛋白能增加IMD、Penaiedin 3a、LZM和Crustin基因表达量。综上，凡纳滨对虾非特异免疫力和抗氧化能力的降低可能是影响植物蛋白源替代鱼粉的关键原因之一，而在饲料中补充1.0%–1.5%的低分子水解鱼蛋白可有效提高凡纳滨对虾抗病相关基因的表达量，增强其非特异免疫力和抗氧化能力。     

玉米蛋白粉替代部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾摄食量、生长和肌肉成分的影响

以凡纳滨对虾幼虾［体重(0.013 6±0.001 0) g］为试验对象，以鱼粉、豆粕、肉粉和花生粕为蛋白源配制对照饲料，用玉米蛋白粉替代部分鱼粉配制3种与对照饲料等氮、等能的试验饲料，其中玉米蛋白粉用量为5%、10%和15%，分别替代鱼粉8.6%、17.2%和25.8%，饲喂凡纳滨对虾45 d，研究玉米蛋白粉替代部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾摄食量、生长和肌肉成分的影响。结果表明，（1）试验饲料中玉米蛋白粉用量不超过10%，对凡纳滨对虾日均摄食量没有显著影响（P>0.05）。（2）5%玉米蛋白粉组的生长效果最好，其相对增重率、增长率和饲料系数分别为2 542.8%、155.1%和1.58，前者显著高于对照组（P<0.05），后两者与对照组没有显著差异（P>0.05）；10%玉米蛋白粉组虾的生长和饲料系数与对照组没有显著差异（P>0.05）；15%组虾的生长显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。（3）玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对对虾肌肉的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量影响不显著（P>0.05）；对对虾肌肉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量和呈味氨基酸含量以及必需氨基酸指数的影响也不显著（P>0.05）。（4）玉米蛋白粉在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的适宜用量为10%。     

利用豆粕、菜粕和棉粕替代饲料中鱼粉对苏氏圆腹鱼芒摄食、生长和饲料利用的影响

摘要：通过8周网箱实验评价了利用豆粕、菜粕和棉粕作为苏氏圆腹鱼芒 （Pangasius sutchi）饲料中鱼粉替代蛋白源的潜力。配制了7种等氮、等能饲料，其中基础饲料含45%鱼粉，按等量蛋白替代的原则，在其余6种饲料中分别添加31%和46%豆粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的50%和75%，或添加20%和40%菜粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的25%和50%，或添加19%和39%棉粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的25%和50%。实验中所用的苏氏圆腹鱼芒初始体重为11.3 g。实验结果表明：添加豆粕将饲料中鱼粉含量从45%降低到23%，添加菜粕或棉粕将鱼粉含量降低到34%，对鱼成活率、摄食、鱼体增重、特定生长率（SGR）、饲料系数（FCR）、饲料蛋白储积率、脏体指数和红血细胞比积（Hct）未产生显著不良影响。添加豆粕将鱼粉含量降低到11%导致鱼摄食、鱼体增重和SGR下降，添加菜粕将鱼粉含量降低到23%导致FCR和鱼体能量储积率下降，添加棉粕将鱼粉含量降低到23%导致鱼体增重、SGR和Hct明显下降。上述结果显示，可通过添加豆粕（31%）将苏氏圆腹鱼芒 鱼种饲料中鱼粉含量降低到23%，或通过添加菜粕（20%）和棉粕（19%）将饲料中鱼粉含量降低到34%。     

Use of Porcine Meal in Plant‐based Practical Diets for Pacific White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

Two growth trials were conducted to evaluate and confirm the efficacy of a porcine meal (PM) with high protein content (>90%) as an alternative feed ingredient in commercial‐type feed formulation for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Six experimental diets were formulated for the two growth trials. The first five diets contained increasing levels (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6%) of PM as a replacement for soybean meal in a plant‐based diet with low inclusion level (6%) of fish meal (FM). The last experimental diet was produced utilizing 4.2% PM to completely replace FM. In Trial 1, shrimp (1.5 g initial mean weight, 20 shrimp/tank, n = 4) were offered test diets for 6 wk in a semirecirculation system. At the end of Trial 1, shrimp fed with the diet containing 6% PM exhibited significantly enhanced weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival compared to those fed with the diet devoid of FM. As survival was poor across all treatments and different densities could mask growth results the trial was repeated. In Trial 2, shrimp (0.85 g, 15 shrimp/tank, n = 4) were offered diets for 6 wk. Dietary supplementation of PM at 6% significantly improved WG, FCR, and apparent net protein retention in contrast with the treatment devoid of FM, confirming the same trends in Trial 1. No significant difference was detected in protein, lipid, moisture, and mineral profiles of whole‐body shrimp as well as survival across all the treatments. Results of this study indicate that PM is a good high protein source in shrimp feeds, which can be included up to 6% in the low FM‐based diet without compromising the growth of shrimp.     

Evaluation of potential of lupin meal as an alternative to fish meal in juvenile Penaeus monodon diets

An indoor feeding trial in a flow-through marine water system was performed to evaluate the feasibility of using dehulled lupin Lupinus albus seed meal as a protein source to replace fish meal in diets for the juvenile Penaeus monodon. Five isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) diets formulated by replacing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of fish meal protein by lupin meal protein were fed to shrimp (mean initial weight of 4.32 ± 0.23 g) three times daily at a feeding allowance of 5% body weight per day for 42 days. Shrimp fed diets with 0, 25, 50 and 75% replacement had similar (P > 0.05) weight gain, dry matter feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU). Shrimp fed the highest dietary inclusion level of lupin meal (100% replacement) had significantly (P < 0.05) lower responses for all the above parameters than shrimp fed all other diets. Survival was high (87–100%) and similar for all diets. Apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) of diets with 25, 50, 75 and 100% replacement of fish meal with lupin meal was similar (75.6–76.6%) and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of diet with 0% replacement (73.9%). Diets containing the two highest lupin inclusion levels (75 and 100% replacement) had significantly (P < 0.05) better apparent protein digestibility (APD) than those containing the two lowest lupin meal inclusion levels (0 and 25% replacement). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in whole-body composition (dry matter, protein, lipid and ash) of shrimp fed on the various diets. Pellet water stability was inversely related to level of lupin meal inclusion. It was found, in this study, that up to 75% protein of fish meal can be replaced with the protein of dehulled lupin seed meal in diets for juvenile P. monodon. The diet with total replacement of fish meal containing 40% lupin meal was utilized very poorly by the shrimp.     

Replacement of fish meal with co-extruded wet tuna viscera and corn meal in diets for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone)

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing fish meal with co‐extruded wet tuna viscera and corn meal in diets for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Five practical diets were formulated to contain 30% crude protein and 16.6 kJ g^?1. The feeding experiment was carried out in a recirculating seawater system with fifteen 25‐L tanks with 15 shrimp per tank. Each dietary treatment was fed in triplicate in a completely randomized design for 41 days. Percent weight gain (WG%), survival (S%) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated, comparisons of these parameters showed no statistical differences (P>0.05) among treatments. The shrimp almost tripled their weight during the feeding trial. Under the experimental conditions S%, WG% and FCR were either improved or were not significantly influenced by the replacement of fish meal with double co‐extruded viscera+corn, except for a slight increase in feed consumption without affecting FCR. Hence, this product can be included by up to 40% in practical shrimp diets without any detrimental effects.     

Demonstration of alternative feeds for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in low salinity waters of west Alabama

The replacement of marine proteins with vegetable proteins or terrestrial animal byproducts in aquaculture diets has been gaining momentum. This study examines the viability of replacing fish meal in shrimp production diets with alternative protein sources (combinations of vegetable proteins) in inland low salinity waters of west Alabama. The test diets were formulated to contain 36% protein and 8% lipid. The basal diet contained 10% fish meal. The fish meal was then replaced (on a weight to weight basis) with poultry meal (PM), pea meal or distiller's dried grain with solubles (DDGS). Two separate experiments (laboratory trial and farm trial) were devised to test the efficacy of the diets for Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low salinity waters. The laboratory trial was conducted at the E. W. Shell Fisheries Research Station in Auburn, Alabama, USA, whereas the farm trial examined the same diets in an outdoor flow-through system at a low salinity shrimp farm in west Alabama. Results indicate no significant differences in shrimp growth, weight gain, survival or feed conversion ratio among dietary treatments, suggesting that PM, pea meal and DDGS can serve as alternatives to fish meal as a protein source for shrimp reared in low salinity environments.     

Replacement of Soybean Meal by Lupin Meal in Practical Diets for Juvenile Penaeus monodon

The potential of lupin meal as an alternative protein source to soybean meal in isonitrogenous practical diets for the juvenile black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon was evaluated through the studies of growth, digestibility and pellet water stability. Five isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 40% protein. Protein from dehulled Lupinus albus seed meal replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the protein from defatted soybean in the diets. Juvenile P. monodon (4.35 × 0.31 g) were assigned randomly and fed each test diet at a daily feeding rate of 5 % body weight for 42 d in triplicate tanks equipped with a flow-through sea water system. No statistically significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein conversion efficiency and apparent protein utilization of shrimp fed diets with 0, 25, and 50% replacement. Shrimp fed the diet with total replacement of soybean meal by lupin meal had the poorest performance (P < 0.05) with regard to the above parameters. Survival was similar (87%) for all dietary treatments. The apparent dry matter digestibility and apparent protein digestibility were similar for all diets ranging between 70.5 and 72.8% and 89.7 and 90.8%, respectively. There was no significant difference in whole body composition (dry matter, lipid, protein and ash) of shrimp on the various diets. The poorest pellet water stability was displayed by the diet with 100% replacement while the diet containing a combination of soybean meal and lupin meal (50% replacement) was the most stable. The results have demonstrated that dehulled lupin seed L. albus meal has good potential as a substitute protein source for up to 50% of the protein from defatted soybean meal and could be included up to 17% inclusion level in juvenile P. monodon practical diets with no adverse effects on growth, feed intake, FCR, survival, feed utilization, body composition, and digestibility coefficients of dry matter and protein.     

Replacement of Fish Meal with Soybean Meal,Alone or in Combination with Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles in Practical Diets for Pacific White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,Grown in a Clear‐Water Culture System

The objective of this study was to evaluate inclusion of distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as partial replacement of commercial, solvent‐extracted soybean meal (SBM) in fish meal‐free diets for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaria connected to a recirculating biofiltration system were utilized to evaluate growth, survival, and feed conversion of shrimp during the 8‐wk feeding trial. Each 110‐L aquarium was stocked with 15 shrimp (mean individual weight 0.99 g) and fed one of five diets: a diet containing 20% fish meal (FM), which served as the control (Diet 1); a diet containing 0% FM and 52.5% SBM (Diet 2); and diets containing 0% FM and either 10, 20, or 30% DDGS as partial replacement of SBM (Diets 3, 4, and 5, respectively). Shrimp were fed according to a pre‐determined feeding chart five times daily (0730, 1030, 1330, 1630, and 1930 h) and there were three replicates per dietary treatment. The results from the feeding trial demonstrated that final weight, weight gain (g), and percentage weight gain were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for shrimp fed Diet 1 (10.96 g, 10.01 g, and 1051%, respectively) compared to shrimp fed diets containing DDGS; however, shrimp fed diets containing DDGS had similar (P > 0.05) final weight, weight gain (g), and percentage weight gain as shrimp fed a diet containing 0% FM and 52.5% SBM (Diet 2). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of shrimp fed Diet 1 (2.84) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) compared to shrimp fed any other diet. Survival (%) was not different (P > 0.05) among treatments and averaged 77.3% for the study. This study demonstrated that practical shrimp diets containing no FM had an adverse impact on growth performance of white shrimp when grown in a clear‐water system and that further research is needed to refine diet formulations when culturing shrimp in these systems when attempting to feed a diet without FM.     

Replacement of Fishmeal with a Blend of Poultry Byproduct Meal and Soybean Meal in Diets for Largemouth Bass,Micropterus salmoides

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing fishmeal with poultry byproduct meal (PBM) and soybean meal in diets for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. A reference diet (C) contained 400 g/kg fishmeal, and 40 or 60% of the fishmeal was replaced with a blend of pet‐food‐grade PBM and soybean meal (diets PP1 and PP2) or a blend of feed‐grade PBM and soybean meal (diets PF1 and PF2). No significant differences were found in weight gain, nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), condition factor, and body composition among fish fed diets PP1, PP2, PF1, and PF2. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were higher in fish fed diet PF1 than in fish fed diet PP1. No significant differences were found in weight gain, NRE, condition factor, and body composition between fish fed diet C and diets PP1, PP2, PF1, and PF2. The feed intake and FCR were lower in fish fed diet C than in fish fed diets PP2, PF1, and PF2. This study reveals that dietary fishmeal level for largemouth bass could be reduced to 160 g/kg by inclusion of PBM and soybean meal in combination.     

添加晶体或包膜DL-蛋氨酸对利用豆粕替代花鲈饲料中鱼粉的影响

通过8周生长实验检验了添加晶体或包膜DL-蛋氨酸对利用豆粕替代花鲈饲料中鱼粉的影响,以确定添加DL-蛋氨酸对提高饲料鱼粉替代水平的作用。对照饲料鱼粉水平为40%。采用2×4实验设计,按等蛋白替代原则分别用豆粕替代对照组饲料中鱼粉的40%（L）和80%（H）;在每个鱼粉替代水平上,分别添加晶体DL-蛋氨酸（A）、包膜DL-蛋氨酸（B）、晶体DL-蛋氨酸和包膜材料（C）以及按1:1比例配制的B和C的混合物（D）。配成8种等氮、等脂肪的实验饲料（LA、LB、LC、LD、HA、HB、HC和HD）。饲料LA、LB、LC和LD含24%鱼粉,并分别添加0.5% A、1.3%B、1.3%C或1.3%D;饲料HA、HB、HC和HD含8%鱼粉,并分别添加0.7% A、1.8% B、1.8% C或1.8% D。实验鱼初始体质量为（6.0 ± 0.1）g。实验结果表明,饲料鱼粉替代水平显著影响花鲈增重（WG）、摄食率（FI）、饲料系数（FCR）、饲料氮沉积效率（NRE）、饲料氮废物排放量（TNW）、肝体比（HSI）以及全鱼水分和粗脂肪含量;DL-蛋氨酸剂型可显著影响饲料磷废物排放量（TPW）。当添加的DL-蛋氨酸剂型相同时,WG和NRE随饲料鱼粉替代水平增加而下降,而FCR和TNW增加;在相同饲料鱼粉替代水平下,添加晶体或包膜DL-蛋氨酸未导致花鲈WG、FCR、NRE、CF、HSI、鱼体组成、TNW和TPW出现显著差异。上述结果显示,通过添加豆粕可将花鲈饲料中鱼粉含量降低至24%,而添加晶体或包膜DL-蛋氨酸不能进一步提高利用豆粕替代饲料鱼粉的水平。     

家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长、抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

设计6种等氮等能的试验饲料,以评价不同比例的家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长性能、抗氧化以及非特异性免疫指标的影响。选用960尾体质量为(0.56±0.03)g的凡纳滨对虾随机分为6组,分别投喂用家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉的6种饲料,替代比例(等蛋白替代)分别为0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%,记为G0、G20、G40、G60、G80和G100。45 d的养殖试验结果显示,G20~G60组凡纳滨对虾的增重率(WGR)与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),G80、G100组WGR显著降低(P<0.05)。除G40组外,各替代组凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率(SGR)均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。G100组摄食量(FI)显著低于其它各组(P<0.05)。当替代水平不超过60%时,家蝇蛆粉对凡纳滨对虾的饲料系数(FCR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、蛋白质沉积率(PPV)和肝胰指数(HSI)影响不显著(P>0.05);随替代水平的继续增加,FCR和HSI显著升高,PER和PPV显著降低(P<0.05)。替代组对虾肥满度(CF)和存活率(SR)均不同程度的高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。随家蝇蛆粉替代水平的增加,全虾粗蛋白、钙(Ca)和总磷(P)含量显著升高(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),干物质和灰分含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。各替代组对虾血清和肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、血清丙二醛(MDA)含量与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),G80和G100组肝胰腺MDA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。血清酚氧化酶(PO)活性随家蝇蛆粉替代量的增加而显著降低,其中G20组显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。肝胰腺碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性随添加量的增加而显著降低(P<0.05)。家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾的血细胞总数(THC)、血清一氧化氮(NO)含量、AKP活性和肝胰腺PO活性、NO含量影响不显著(P>0.05)。