北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔场分布及其与海水表层温度的关系

根据北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔获量、海水表层温度等数据,研究了长鳍金枪鱼渔获量的分布区及其海水表层温度(SST)的统计特征.结果表明,北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔场主要分布于25～40°N之间的海域.长鳍金枪鱼渔场区平均SST为23.6℃,中位数为24.5℃,多数渔场区位于暖温带海域,其平均SST多数为16～28℃,产量数据分布为正偏.海水表层温度为16～23℃的海域,长鳍金枪鱼的平均产量和平均CPUE变化趋势类似,且表层温度为18～20℃的海域,长鳍金枪鱼的平均产量最高.渔获量分布于表层温度为16～23℃和24～27℃海域,但主要集中于16～23℃的范围.交叉相关分析表明长鳍金枪鱼CPUE同太平洋年际振荡指数具有相关性.     

中西太平洋长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)延绳钓渔场分布的时空变化

为提高中西太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业作业效率和应对多变的渔业政策等提供参考,本研究根据2011年2月-2012年1月间中水集团远洋渔业股份有限公司的10艘延绳钓渔船的作业数据,结合海洋表层水温(SST)等环境因子,统计分析了单位努力量渔获量(CPUE)、渔获量和SST之间的关系并利用频度累加法分析了该海域长鳍金枪鱼渔场分布的时空变化。结果显示,中西太平洋海域,深度为200 m和150 m的水温全年基本维持不变,但SST变动较大并对渔场分布和CPUE有较大影响。渔场的周年变动是由14°S左右向26°S转移再回归14°S的一个往复过程;20°S以北的渔场全年连续存在,高渔获量和高产CPUE主要分布于SST为28-29℃的水域;23°S以南的渔场,因为受到复杂天气状况的限制,只有5-8月适合生产作业,高渔获量和高产CPUE主要分布于SST为22-24℃的水域,被调查船只在南部渔场,在此期间,被调查作业船只以全年14.4%的作业天数,捕获了占全年总渔获量27.6%的长鳍金枪鱼渔获物。若加强作业船只和渔具的抗风浪性,则可以在25°S以南的海域探索新的全年稳定存在的长鳍金枪鱼渔场。     

中西太平洋长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)延绳钓渔场分布的时空变化

为提高中西太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业作业效率和应对多变的渔业政策等提供参考,本研究根据2011年2月-2012年1月间中水集团远洋渔业股份有限公司的10艘延绳钓渔船的作业数据,结合海洋表层水温(SST)等环境因子,统计分析了单位努力量渔获量(CPUE)、渔获量和SST之间的关系并利用频度累加法分析了该海域长鳍金枪鱼渔场分布的时空变化。结果显示,中西太平洋海域,深度为200 m和150 m的水温全年基本维持不变,但SST变动较大并对渔场分布和CPUE有较大影响。渔场的周年变动是由14°S左右向26°S转移再回归14°S的一个往复过程;20°S以北的渔场全年连续存在,高渔获量和高产CPUE主要分布于SST为28-29℃的水域;23°S以南的渔场,因为受到复杂天气状况的限制,只有5-8月适合生产作业,高渔获量和高产CPUE主要分布于SST为22-24℃的水域,被调查船只在南部渔场,在此期间,被调查作业船只以全年14.4%的作业天数,捕获了占全年总渔获量27.6%的长鳍金枪鱼渔获物。若加强作业船只和渔具的抗风浪性,则可以在25°S以南的海域探索新的全年稳定存在的长鳍金枪鱼渔场。     

热带印度洋大眼金枪鱼渔场时空分布与温跃层关系

为了解印度洋大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)温跃层参数适宜分布区间及季节变化,采用Argo浮标剖面温度数据重构热带印度洋各月平均温跃层特征参数,并结合印度洋金枪鱼委员会(IOTC)大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔业数据,本文绘制了月平均温跃层特征参数和月平均CPUE的空间叠加图,用于分析热带印度洋大眼金枪鱼渔场CPUE时空分布和温跃层特征参数的关系。结果表明,热带印度洋温跃层上界深度、温度和下界深度都具有明显的季节性变化,大眼金枪鱼中心渔场分布和温跃层季节性变化有关。夏季季风期间,高CPUE渔区温跃层上界深度在30~50 m,浅于冬季的50~70 m;温跃层上界温度范围为24~30℃。在冬季季风期间,高CPUE区域对应的温跃层上界温度范围为27~30℃;从马达加斯加岛北部沿非洲大陆至索马里附近海域,温跃层下界深度在170~200 m时的渔区CPUE普遍较高;当深度超过300 m时,CPUE值均非常低。采用频次分析和经验累积分布函数计算其最适温跃层特征参数分布,得出大眼金枪鱼最适温跃层的上界、下界温度范围分别是26~29℃和13~15℃;其上界、下界深度范围分别是30~60 m和140~170 m。文章初步得出印度洋大眼金枪鱼中心渔场温跃层各特征参数的适宜分布区间及季节变化特征,为金枪鱼实际生产作业和资源管理提供理论参考。     

2011年南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布及其与主要海洋环境变化特征

长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalung)是南太平洋金枪鱼渔业的主要捕捞种类之一,具有很高的经济价值,掌握其渔场分布与主要海洋环境因子关系是高效开发利用的基础。根据2011年我国南太平洋渔业生产数据和遥感环境数据,按周分析了长鳍金枪鱼单位捕捞努力量渔获量(Catch per unit of fishing effort,CPUE)的时空变化及与主要环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔场重心主要集中在13°S~23°S,164°E~174°E,总体走势为先向东南方向迁移,后又沿西北方向推移。长鳍金枪鱼全年均可作业,其中5月至7月渔获量最高。作业渔场最适温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)范围为26~29℃,相应区域内最适叶绿素a浓度(Chlorophyll a concentration,Chl-a)为0.02~0.05 mg/m3,适宜海面高度距平(Sea surface height anomaly,SSHA)范围为4~24 cm。     

南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼垂直活动水层空间分析

为了解南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)的垂直活动水层分布特征及其适宜的垂直活动水层深度,采用Argo数据重构了研究海域次表层20℃和25℃等温线深度场,并结合2010年~2012年中水集团南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔船实际生产统计数据,绘制了20℃和25℃等温线深度与长鳍金枪鱼单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)叠加图,分析南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的垂直活动水层分布特征。结果表明,研究海域20℃和25℃等温线深度存在明显的季节性变化,且长鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布随着20℃等温线深度的220 m等深线和25℃等温线深度的140 m等深线时空变动而季节性南北移动。长鳍金枪鱼中心渔场主要分布于10°S以南、160°E~175°E之间,中心渔场所处海域,其20℃等温线深度多在220 m以深,超过250 m的海域CPUE均偏低;25℃等温线深度多在140 m以浅,浅于80 m的海域则难以形成中心渔场。采用频次分析与经验累积分布函数(ECDF)相结合的方法,计算出南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼适宜的垂直活动水层深度为88~238 m。文章初步得出了南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的垂直分布特征及其适宜的垂直活动水层深度,可用于指导延绳钓投钩深度,为中国南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓生产作业提供理论参考。     

基于栖息地指数的东太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔场分析

长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)是东太平洋海域重要的金枪鱼种类之一,也是我国金枪鱼延绳钓的主要捕捞对象之一。本文根据2009~2011年美洲间热带金枪鱼委员会(IATTC)在东太平洋海域(20°N~30°S、85°W~150°W)长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓生产统计数据,结合海洋遥感获得的表温(SST)和海面高度(SSH)的数据,运用一元非线性回归方法,以渔获产量、单位捕捞努力量CPUE为适应性指数,按季度分别建立了基于SST和SSH的长鳍金枪鱼栖息地适应性指数,采用算术平均法获得基于SST和SSH环境因子的栖息地指数综合模型,并用2012年各月实际作业渔场进行验证。研究结果显示,在东太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的栖息地预测中,以CPUE为适应性指数的栖息地指数模型比以渔获量为适应性指数的栖息地指数模型预测更为准确。2012年中心渔场的预报准确性达75%以上,具较高预报准确度,可为金枪鱼延绳钓渔船寻找中心渔场提供指导。     

瓦努阿图及周边海域金枪鱼延绳钓上钩率和渔场分布的初步研究

根据2013年中水集团远洋股份有限公司的两艘金枪鱼延绳钓船的渔场数据、放钓数据以及渔获物数据,研究了全年各月份渔场分布情况及主要渔获物单位捕捞努力量渔获量变化。结果表明,渔获物包括长鳍金枪鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼、旗鱼类等,根据相对重要性指数,确定优势种为黄鳍金枪鱼和长鳍金枪鱼,其相对多度分别为75%和10%。长鳍金枪鱼的日均高产单位捕捞努力量渔获量渔区集中在S 15°~17°纬度区间以及南部S 26°~27°纬度区间,黄鳍金枪鱼高单位捕捞努力量渔获量渔区集中分布在S 8°~13°的纬度区间,长鳍金枪鱼高产渔区海表温度集中在20~22℃和27~30℃,黄鳍金枪鱼高产渔区则集中在海表温度28~29℃海域。     

热带印度洋大眼金枪鱼垂直分布空间分析

为了解热带印度洋大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)适宜的垂直和水平空间分布范围,采用Argo浮标剖面温度数据重构热带印度洋10℃、12℃、13℃和16℃月平均等温线场,网格化计算了12℃、13℃等温线深度值和温跃层下界深度差,并结合印度洋金枪鱼委员会(IOTC)大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔业数据,绘制了12℃、13℃等温线深度与月平均单位捕捞努力渔获量(CPUE)的空间叠加图,用于分析热带印度洋大眼金枪鱼中心渔场 CPUE 时空分布和高渔获率水温的等温线时空分布的关系.结果表明,从垂直分布来看,热带印度洋中心渔场延绳钓高渔获率区域垂直分布在温跃层下界以下,在表层以下150~400 m 深度区间.从水平分布来看,12℃等温线,高 CPUE 区域大多深度值<350 m,众数为225~350 m;深度值超过500 m的区域CPUE普遍较低.13℃等温线,高值CPUE出现的地方大多深度值<300 m,众数为190~275 m;深度值超过400 m的区域CPUE普遍较低.全年在15oS以北区域,高渔获率的垂直分布深度更加集中.采用频次分析和经验累积分布函数,计算其最适次表层环境因子分布,12℃等温线250~340 m;13℃等温线190~270 m;12℃深度差30~130 m;13℃深度差0~70 m.研究初步得出热带印度洋大眼金枪鱼中心渔场适宜的水平、垂直深度值分布区间,可以辅助寻找中心渔场位置,同时指导投钩深度,为热带印度洋金枪鱼实际生产作业和资源管理提供理论支持.     

金枪鱼类的渔场环境

金枪鱼类的渔场环境奈须敬二金枪鱼类包括金枪鱼（鲢）、副金枪鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼、南方金枪鱼及长鳍金枪鱼等，在世界海域分布很广，除北冰洋外，各大洋均有踪迹。在南半球，以南方金枪鱼渔场的水温最低，它分布于亚寒带海域。副金枪鱼及黄鳍金枪鱼分布于热带一温带海域，而...     

越南开发南海金枪鱼资源的历史和趋势

近十年来,越南将南海的金枪鱼资源作为其＂外向型＂渔业的重要支撑,不断增加捕捞强度,产量逐年升高。本文总结了越南发展南海金枪鱼渔业的过程,分析了南海金枪鱼资源的开发趋势。越南现代化的金枪鱼捕捞技术主要来自日本,使用的渔具主要有金枪鱼延绳钓、手钓、刺网和小型围网,捕捞的种类主要为鲣鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼,主要作业区域在西沙群岛南部海域和南沙群岛海域。越南2009年金枪鱼的产量已达到5.9×104t,计划2015年达到30×104t。根据越南海洋渔业研究所（RIMF）的评估,南海中西部的金枪鱼资源量为66~67×104t,可捕量23.3×104t,其中鲣鱼的可捕量21.6×104t,黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼的可捕量1.7×104t。随着全球金枪鱼捕捞配额的缩减和越南＂外向型＂渔业经济的发展,越南将继续加强对南海金枪鱼资源的开发。     

金枪鱼延绳钓钓具的最适浸泡时间

根据2010年10月—2011年1月金枪鱼延绳钓海上调查数据,分两种起绳方式,建立每次作业每一根支绳的浸泡时间计算模型。将钓具的浸泡时间以1 h为间隔分别统计每个区间的支绳数量及大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)、黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacores)的渔获尾数,并计算其钓获率(CPUE)。结果表明:1)大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的CPUE都随浸泡时间的增加呈现先增后减的趋势,这是由于饵料的诱引效果变化及渔获的丢失引起的;2)二次曲线可拟合浸泡时间与大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼CPUE的关系;3)大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼CPUE最高的浸泡时间分别为9.9 h和10.1 h。建议:1)今后在金枪鱼延绳钓作业中,保证每一根支绳在水中的浸泡时间为9.5~10.5 h,以提高捕捞效率并减少副渔获物;2)可把延绳钓钓具的浸泡时间作为有效捕捞努力量,并用于CPUE的标准化。研究结果可用于提高捕捞效率并减少副渔获物的技术方案制订,并为渔业生产和CPUE的标准化提供科学参考。     

Catch rate standardization for yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in Taiwan's distant-water longline fishery in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean,with consideration of target change

Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) needs to be standardized to remove the effects of factors such as fishing time and location, before it can be used as an index of abundance in fish stock assessments. One of the most substantial effects arises from a change of target species. This is particularly important for the Taiwanese distant-water longline fishery, which has a long history of fishery data from two fleets that target various tuna species across three oceans. We review the development of the Taiwanese distant-water longline fishery and compare five designs for standardizing the catch rate of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the western and central Pacific Ocean, using generalized linear models with lognormal and delta-lognormal error assumptions. Two approaches to address targeting effects were tested: separating fishing fleet data based on observer records, and including four target indicators calculated from catch data. Four statistical regions (relating to major fishing grounds) were treated as a single factor in the first three cases and were treated separately for the last two (one independent run for each region). The last case, which involved independent analyses for each fishing fleet for each region, and using the delta-lognormal approach, was considered to provide the most informative standardized CPUE trends for yellowfin tuna.     

Modeling environmental influence on Atlantic bluefin tuna bycatch by Mexican longliners in the Gulf of Mexico

Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT) stocks have been considered overfished over the last decades, especially the western stock, whose main spawning grounds are in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Despite the current measures implemented, spawner bycatch by the longline fleet targeting yellowfin tuna (YFT) may explain the lack of recovery of local stocks. This situation demands the implementation of appropriate spatiotemporal management strategies to minimize bluefin bycatch in the GoM, which involves knowledge in depth of its distribution and environmental forcing. Using catch and effort data from the Mexican commercial longline fleet with 100% scientific observer coverage from 1999 to 2012 and satellite derived environmental data, this study investigated the influence of environmental conditions on catch per unit effort (CPUE) of ABFT and YFT. General additive models (GAMs) were fitted using a negative binomial distribution and applying Akaike information criterion (AIC) to select the best model. Bluefin CPUE exhibited a marked seasonality, reaching higher values in February and March while YFT catches occurred throughout the year. Two main locations were identified with higher ABFT bycatch rates, Campeche Bay and the western‐central area of the GoM. Higher ABFT CPUE was significantly associated with areas with negative sea level anomalies and low sea surface temperatures, characteristic of cyclonic eddies. Instead, YFT CPUE showed a lesser environmental influence in its distribution. To our knowledge, the patterns shown in this study provide the first in‐depth approach to understand ABFT bycatch in Mexican waters, which will help in further development of adequate management strategies.     

Do drifting and anchored Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) similarly influence tuna feeding habits? A case study from the western Indian Ocean

Anchored and drifting Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) are intensively used in tropical tuna fisheries. In both small-scale and industrial fisheries, skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) are the main targets. The increasing development of this fishing practice by industrial purse seiners has raised the question of the impact of FADs on tuna communities, as they might act as an ecological trap. This study investigated the feeding habits of skipjack and yellowfin tuna associated with anchored and drifting FADs in the western Indian Ocean. The diet of 352 tunas was analysed taking into account the type of FAD, ontogenetic variations, and the resources richness of the area. Poor-food and rich-food areas were defined according to the abundance of stomatopod Natosquilla investigatoris, the main prey of tunas, on the fishing sites. Diet composition was expressed through functional groups of prey. Significant dietary differences were found between both FAD types, as well as an effect of individual size. Around anchored FADs tuna preyed on diverse assemblages of coastal fish and crustacean larvae and juveniles, whereas a low diversity of epipelagic prey dominated the tuna diet associated with drifting FAD. Compared to anchored FADs, the frequency of empty stomachs was significantly higher and the stomach content mass significantly lower among skipjack and small yellowfin tunas caught around drifting FADs. This was magnified in poor-food areas, where drifting FADs often evolved, suggesting that these FADs could negatively impact the growth of skipjack and small yellowfin tuna. Larger yellowfin tuna exhibited differences in their dietary habits between anchored and drifting FADs, and between poor-food and rich-food areas. However, drifting FADs did not impact them as strongly as juveniles of yellowfin or skipjack tunas. Our study gives new highlights on possible detrimental effects of FAD on tunas, and this has to be considered in future sustainable management strategies of tuna fisheries.     

Standardizing catch and effort data of the Taiwanese distant-water longline fishery in the western and central Pacific Ocean for bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus

Catch per unit effort (CPUE) is often used as an index of relative abundance in fisheries stock assessments. However, the trends in nominal CPUE can be influenced by many factors in addition to stock abundance, including the choice of fishing location and target species, and environmental conditions. Consequently, catch and effort data are usually ‘standardized’ to remove the impact of such factors. Standardized CPUE for bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, caught by the Taiwanese distant-water longline fishery in the western and central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) for 1964–2004 were derived using three alternative approaches (GLM, GAM and the delta approach), and sensitivity was explored to whether catch-rates of yellowfin tuna and albacore tuna are included in the analyses. Year, latitude, and the catch-rate of yellowfin explained the most of the deviance (32–49%, depending on model configuration) and were identified consistently among methods, while trends in standardized catch-rate differed spatially. However, the trends in standardized catch-rates by area were found to be relatively insensitive to the approach used for standardization, including whether the catch-rates of yellowfin and albacore were included in the analyses.     

智利外海茎柔鱼产量分布及其与表温的关系

根据2004年4～6月我国鱿钓船在智利外海生产统计数据和表温资料,用Marineexplore4.0绘制各月产量、CPUE与表温关系的分布图并进行分析。结果表明,4～6月茎柔鱼产量主要分布在28°～30°S、76°～78°W附近海域,平均CPUE在10t/d以上。作业渔场的表温范围为17～20℃,主要集中在表温为17～19℃海域。     

Skipjack tuna fishery in relation to sea surface temperature off the southern Brazilian coast

Several oceanographic studies have associated tuna fisheries to sea surface temperature (SST) fields, although catch per unit of effort (CPUE) has not shown a clear relationship with SST. However, most results concerned species that occur deep in the water column. In this paper, we present a study on the relationship between SST and CPUE for the skipjack tuna fisheries off the southern Brazilian coast, which take place at the sea surface. We use historical data from the Japanese fleet, which operated in the area from July 1982 to June 1992. Fishing sets occurred only in areas where SST ranged from 17°C to 30°C. Frequency of occurrence vs. SST showed a Gaussian distribution, with highest CPUEs in waters of SST 22°-26.5°C. The relationship between CPUE (or fishing set occurrence) and SST varied seasonally. Largest CPUEs occurred in summer, independently of SST. Therefore, temperature alone could not be used as a determinant of CPUE, suggesting that seasonal variability of other environmental parameters has a stronger effect on the CPUE than does SST. However, when the seasonal cycle was excluded from the data sets, a relationship between the interannual variability of SST and CPUE became apparent. Cross-correlation analysis between CPUE and SST has shown that oscillations in CPUE anomalies precede oscillations in SST anomalies by a month, but the mechanism relating them in this way is unknown.     

南极磷虾调查CPUE指数变动的影响因素初步分析

根据2010年1月~2月在南极南设得兰群岛和南奥克尼群岛周围水域开展的南极磷虾拖网调查期间收集的数据,对南极磷虾CPUE指数变动的影响因素(包括表温、水深、拖速和拖曳深度)进行了分析。结果表明:(1)开始捕捞至结束捕捞的表温相差较小时,平均CPUE相对较高(250 kg/min);(2)起放网表温在0.5~1.0℃和1.0~1.5℃时,平均CPUE均较高(250 kg/min);(3)当海底平均深度大于2 000 m时,CPUE均最低(100 kg/min);(4)随着拖速和拖曳深度的增加,平均CPUE逐渐减小,当拖速小于2.5 kn及拖曳水深小于25 m时,平均CPUE达到最大,分别为364.46 kg/min和347.59 kg/min。本研究结果可为开发南极磷虾资源提供基础数据,并为海上生产提供指导性参考。     

Tuna and swordfish catch in the U.S. northwest Atlantic longline fishery in relation to mesoscale eddies

To analyze the effects of mesoscale eddies, sea surface temperature (SST), and gear configuration on the catch of Atlantic bluefin (Thunnus thynnus), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares), and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the U.S. northwest Atlantic longline fishery, we constructed multivariate statistical models relating these variables to the catch of the four species in 62 121 longline hauls made between 1993 and 2005. During the same 13‐year period, 103 anticyclonic eddies and 269 cyclonic eddies were detected by our algorithm in the region 30–55°N, 30–80°W. Our results show that tuna and swordfish catches were associated with different eddy structures. Bluefin tuna catch was highest in anticyclonic eddies whereas yellowfin and bigeye tuna catches were highest in cyclonic eddies. Swordfish catch was found preferentially in regions outside of eddies. Our study confirms that the common practice of targeting tuna with day sets and swordfish with night sets is effective. In addition, bluefin tuna and swordfish catches responded to most of the variables we tested in the opposite directions. Bluefin tuna catch was negatively correlated with longitude and the number of light sticks used whereas swordfish catch was positively correlated with these two variables. We argue that overfishing of bluefin tuna can be alleviated and that swordfish can be targeted more efficiently by avoiding fishing in anticyclonic eddies and in near‐shore waters and using more light sticks and fishing at night in our study area, although further studies are needed to propose a solid oceanography‐based management plan for catch selection.