常见淡水鱼肉制品快速鉴别方法的建立

近年来,随着肉制品掺假问题日益突出,特别是鱼肉制品中掺入廉价成分,混淆鱼肉品种,以次充好的掺假造假问题引起广泛关注。为解决这一问题,有必要针对常见的青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)四大家鱼建立快速同时检测鱼肉制品的多重PCR方法。实验通过对青鱼D-LOOP基因、草鱼COI基因、鲢16SrRNA基因和鳙12SrRNA基因序列进行对比分析,针对特异序列设计4对引物,对特异基因进行单一PCR和多重PCR扩增,根据其特异性、敏感性建立并摸索L9(34)正交试验单管多重PCR最佳反应条件,包括引物浓度、Tm值、Mg2+浓度和模板量等,通过对PCR条件的优化,建立快速检测青鱼、草鱼、鲢和鳙四大家鱼鱼肉制品的单管多重PCR鉴定方法。结果表明,针对青鱼、草鱼、鲢和鳙4种鱼肉制品所设计的4对特异引物分别能扩增出298、210、306及639 bp的目的条带,具有高度特异性,反应条件优化后,4种鱼肉制品所含靶基因质粒在50 pg均可同时扩增出较清晰条带,以人工自制鱼肉制品进行了验证,结果表明所建立的方法,能够区分混合样品中4种鱼肉的构成,并对市售鱼肉制品进行检测,结果稳定。本研究所建立的方法能够简单、快速地对青鱼、草鱼、鲢和鳙4种鱼肉制品成分进行检测和监控,且特异性强、灵敏度高,可为鱼肉制品质量安全提供技术支持。     

十三种淡水养殖鱼类的DNA含量

通过流式细胞仪测定了青鱼等十三种我国主要淡水养殖鱼类外周血红铁ＤＮＡ含量。其中青鱼、草鱼、鲢和鳙的ＤＮＡ含量比较接近，其２Ｃ值 ２．２０、２．１８、２．１８、２．１５ｐｇ，四种鱼相比较，差异不显著。     

鲤、鲢、鳙、草鱼消化道结构与食性的研究

本文通过组织解剖与切片法测量了鲤、草、鲢、鳙的相关生物学参数,系统观察了四种鱼的消化道肌肉层、肠绒毛以及粘液细胞的显微结构及分布特点,探究其与食性的相互关系.结果显示:鲤比肠长1.0,环行肌较纵行肌发达,肠绒毛丰富,粘液细胞均匀分布在整个消化道中;草鱼比肠长2.13,消化道组织结构均一,肌肉壁中纵行肌所占比例高,粘液细...     

十种常见淡水鱼类的RAPD鉴定

用１４种１０ｂｐ长的随机引物对青鱼、草鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼、鲫鱼、鲤鱼、团头鲂、胭脂鱼、土鲶和黄颡十种鱼进行ＲＡＰＤＰＣＲ扩增。除引物ＯＰＫ０８外,其它的１３种引物都得到较清晰的ＤＮＡ带。１３种引物共产生６７２条带,平均每种鱼产生６７条带,每种引物产生５２条扩增带。鲤鱼扩增带最多,胭脂鱼扩增带最少。引物ＯＰＱ０１、ＯＰＱ０４、ＯＰＱ０６、ＯＰＱ１１、ＯＰＱ１２、ＯＰＫ０７、ＯＰＰ０１、ＯＰＰ１５、ＯＰＰ１７扩增的带谱可以作为种间鉴定的标记。本文结果显示ＲＡＰＤ是一种非常灵敏的种间鉴定技术,特别是对鱼卵和鱼苗的鉴定有重要意义。     

Introduced and translocated fish species in the inland waters of Greece

Over the last 7 decades, 23 exotic fish species have been introduced into the inland waters of Greece. Some introductions were deliberately planned to take advantage of particular ecological or economic qualities of the species concerned. These include rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus sp., vendace, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes), and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes). Other introductions, such as that of pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus (L.), and false rasbora, Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel), were unintentional. Further transfers were made of species between various basins within the country, including common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., tench, Tinca tinca (L.), crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch), bitterling, Rhodeus amarus (Bloch), and Aristotle's catfish, Silurus aristotelis Garman. Some species have become fully acclimatized and have built up important populations. In other cases, the transfers and introductions have had considerable negative impacts, particularly where introduced species have outcompeted native forms, as in the cases of the mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard), versus Greek toothcarp, Valencia letourneuxi (Sauvage), in the western Greek marshes, and of Aristotle's catfish versus the wels, Silurus glanis L., in Lake Volvi.     

贵阳红枫湖鲢、鳙的食性研究

鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)是滤食性鱼类,具有净化水体的作用。从2007年开始,贵阳市每年向红枫湖投放500万鲢、鳙进行水体富营养化的治理。为了分析红枫湖鲢、鳙对饵料资源的利用情况,在2010年10-11月研究了鲢、鳙的摄食强度,在2011年5-6月研究了鲢、鳙的摄食强度、食物组成及比例等方面。结果表明:鲢、鳙的总摄食率分别为98.00%、96.93%;冬季鲢、鳙的饱满指数范围分别为44.13～99.79%、46.12～127.00%,春季鲢、鳙的饱满指数范围为53.27～245.14%、49.94～234.32%,鲢、鳙春季的饱满指数显著高于冬季。在食物组成上,鲢的肠道有36种藻类,鳙的肠道有31种藻类。从个数比例来看,鲢、鳙食物中浮游植物占个数组成比例的99%以上,浮游动物很少;但从重量比例来看,浮游动物在鲢、鳙体内分别占(50.993±2.214)%、(90.799±2.321)%。选择性指数E表明鲢对蓝藻门的浮游植物有较大的选择性。     

长江宜昌至城陵矶江段鱼类资源现状及物种多样性研究

2010—2011年分别于3月、7月和10月在宜昌、荆州和城陵矶江段对长江中游鱼类资源进行了调查,共采集到鱼类58种,隶属于7目14科,其中鲤科鱼类最多,有36种,占总种类数的62.1%。鲢(Hypophthalmich-thys molitrix)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)依次占了渔获总量的前4位。但青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)、草鱼、鲢、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)等的数量比重却低于野杂鱼(Hemiculter leucisclus)。宜昌、荆州、城陵矶江段,生物多样性指数和物种丰富度指数依次下降,3个江段的物种优势度指数存在一定差异。主要鱼类生物学统计表明,城陵矶江段部分鱼类平均体长和体重,草鱼分别下降了60%和95%,鲢下降了50%和80%。长江中游鱼类资源呈现出低龄化和小型化的趋势,其中铜鱼变化最为明显,资源衰退情况非常严重。     

贵州百花湖鱼体器官及肌肉组织中重金属的分布特征及其与水体重金属污染水平的相关性

通过对鳃、肝脏、肾脏、心脏、背肌、腹肌和尾肌等器官与肌肉中6种重金属(Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr、As和Hg)的调查, 分析了百花湖野生鲢和鲤体内重金属含量水平、分布特征及其与水体重金属之间的相关性。在所测4种器官和3处肌肉组织中, 鲢和鲤体内重金属平均含量由高到低的顺序为 Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd > As > Hg; 在鲢和鲤各器官中, Cr和Cu表现出较强的相关性, 其相关系数分别为r=0.878(P<0.01)和 r=0.972(P<0.01), 而Cr和Hg只在鲤体内表现出负的相关性 r= -0.782(P<0.05); 以6 种重金属为依托的鱼体器官自身之间的相关性较强, 但各器官与沉积物和水质中重金属平均含量之间的相关性较弱。聚类分析表明, 在两种鱼体内, 这6 种重金属可以分为3类。研究结果表明, Pb主要蓄积在鲤的肝脏和心脏中, Cd主要存在于两种鱼的肾脏中, Cu 主要在肝脏及心脏中蓄积, Cr主要蓄积在两种鱼体的肝脏和心脏中, As在鲤心脏中含量较为突出, 但在鲢各器官中含量差异不大, Hg在整个鱼体器官及组织中的含量较为均匀, 鱼体可食用的肌肉组织中这6种重金属含量普遍较低。沉积物中重金属主要以硫化物形态存在, 生物可利用度低, 可能是鱼体重金属元素平均含量普遍较低的主要原因。     

Metabolism of fatty acids in fish: III. Combined effect of environmental temperature and diet on formation and deposition of fatty acids in the carp,Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758

Formation and deposition of fatty acids in carp maintained on diets differing in total fat as well as linolenic acid content was investigated by following the incorporation of (1-¹⁴C)-acetate into liver total- and phospholipid fatty acids at two extreme temperatures (5° and 25°C). Excess dietary linolenic acid was deposited in triglycerides but not in phospholipids. The formation and level of phospholipid docosahexenoic acid was, however, dependent on the amount of linolenic acid in the diet. Despite the vast quantities of ingested linolenic acid, the carp on diets containing sufficient essential fatty acid maintained similar membrane fluidities as judged from the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. Decrease of the environmental temperature brought about a reduction in the rate of formation of palmitic acid and an increase in the rate of formation of docosahexenoic acid in carp receiving sufficient essential fatty acid. Consequently, the level of palmitic acid decreased and that of docosahexenoic acid increased in the liver phospholipids in carp and a number of other fish species. Essential fatty acid deficient carp were unable to increase the rate of production of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids upon exposure to cold. The results are discussed from the point of view of adaptation of membrane fluidity to the temperature by fish, and the importance of docosahexenoic acid in this process is emphasized.     

The fishery of the Ea Kao reservoir, southern Vietnam: a fishery based on a combination of stock and recapture, and self-recruiting populations

The present paper describes the fishery of the Ea Kao reservoir in south Vietnam. Historical data on the total production and total numbers of fish stocked were available from 1983 to 1996, and this information, together with the results of monthly monitoring of the fishery from June 1996 to December 1998, was used in the present study. A number of gears are used in the Ea Kao fishery, the most important being gill, lift and integrated nets, and beach seines. The fishery of Ea Kao is based on the annual stocking of advanced fry/early fingerlings of 0.3–1.0-g bighead carp, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Richardson), silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Cuvier & Valenciennes) and rohu, Labeo rohita Hamilton, as well as the self-recruiting indigenous species Toxabramis houdemeri Pellegrin and two exotic species, i.e. Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), and common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. On average, the regularly stocked species contribute to 78% of total production, which has been around 400–450 kg ha⁻¹ in the last few years. The monthly peak catches of stocked species tend to coincide with the rainy season from May to October and the catches of self-recruiting species peak between February and April. A significant relationship ( P < 0.001) exists between the stocking density in year n (SD, n ha⁻¹) and the yield of stocked fish in year n + 1 ( Y , kg ha⁻¹):     

Changes in the nutritional parameters of muscles of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) following environmental exposure to cyanobacterial water bloom

The present study evaluated the effect of naturally developing cyanobacteria on the composition of muscles of two commercially important freshwater fish species. Fish were exposed to cyanobacterial biomass including Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis ichthyoblabe for 4 weeks. Then, they were transferred to dechlorinated potable water without any cyanobacteria for another 4-week period, thus modelling their preparation for consumers. Samples of muscles were collected every week during exposure and subsequent stay in dechlorinated potable water. The cyanobacterial water bloom of 3.9–6 × 10⁵ cells mL⁻¹ (133–383 μg g⁻¹ of total MC DW) induced statistically significant effects only in the content of fatty acids ( P <0.05; P <0.01) in the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), while all studied parameters including the content of dry matter and fat ( P <0.01), proteins ( P <0.05), fatty acid composition ( P <0.05; P <0.01) and some amino acids ( P <0.05) were affected in the silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ). This study has shown that cyanobacteria in the environment of commercially produced fish may decrease the dietetic value of fish muscles.     

西泉眼水库鱼类多样性与群落结构初步研究

2010年5月至11月对西泉眼水库鱼类资源进行了系统调查,共调查鱼类3095尾,鉴定出鱼类种类30种,分别隶属于6目11科30属,其中鲤科鱼类21种,占全部种类的70%。并利用Pinkas相对重要性指数（IRI）、Shannon-Weaver多样度指数（H′）和Pielou均匀度指数（J′）三种分析方法,对水库鱼类多样性特征进行了分析。西泉眼水库鱼类Pinkas相对重要性指数（IRI）分析得出,中小型鱼类优势种有3种,分别是池沼公鱼（Hypomesus olidus）、餐（Hemiculter leucisculus）、蛇（Saurogobio dabryi）;放养鱼类优势种以鲢（Hypoph-thalmichthys molitrix）、鳙（Aristichthys nobilis）为主。Shannon-Weaver指数（H′）值在0.1373~0.2129之间,Pielou指数（J′）值在0.0404~0.0626之间。总体来说,西泉眼水库鱼类物种多样性偏低,稳定性不高。最后提出了西泉眼水库鱼类物种多样性保护建议。     

鳜和鲢肌肉蛋白质氨基酸组成及其蛋白质组成的比较分析

采用高压液相色谱和二维电泳方法，对鳜和鲢肌肉组织蛋白质组成成分以及肌肉蛋白质双向电泳分布图谱进行了比较研究。研究结果证明，鳜肌肉组织蛋白质干重为34.7％，而鲢肌肉干重为33.6%；鳜肌肉组织中必需氨基酸含量和鲜味氨基酸（天冬氨酸和甘氨酸）均高于鲢。同时，将两种鱼肌肉蛋白进行2D gel双向电泳分离，发现鳜和鲢肌肉蛋白质组成和分布也存在明显的差异。本研究将肌肉蛋白质组成成分和蛋白的双向电泳技术结合起来，进行蛋白质组分归类分析，可为进一步研究两种鱼肌肉肉质研究打下基础，为水产业提供有价值的参考，为鱼类的养殖和肉质的改良、利用提供一个指标。图3表3参24     

西江鱼类群落结构和环境影响分析

2016-2018年,于珠江干流西江桂平至肇庆6个站点开展了季节性渔获物采集和环境监测,共采集鱼类12目29科99种,单次采集10~45种,香浓威纳指数(H’)为0.90~2.93,均匀度指数(J’)为0.30~0.89,物种组成为季节和空间的周转格局。相对重要性指数表明,鲮(Cirrhinus molitorella)、广东鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)和赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)为主要优势种。置换多因素方差分析表明鱼类群落时空差异显著,夏-冬季间群落结构差异主要源于鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲮、广东鲂和赤眼鳟质量百分比(W%)差异;桂平与梧州、肇庆的显著差异主要源于鲮、广东鲂和银(Squalidus argentatus)的数量百分比(N%)差异,以及鲮、广东鲂、鲤、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)的W%差异。冗余分析分别解释了鱼类N%和W%变异的49.92%和49.61%,主要影响因子为距河口距离、水温、透明度和径流量,且鲮分布在低透明度的高温水域,广东鲂和鲢分布在下游江段,赤眼鳟分布在中上游江段,鲤分布在高透明度的低温水域。     

鲤、鲢、鳙、草鱼消化道结构与食性的研究

本文通过组织解剖与切片法测量了鲤、草、鲢、鳙的相关生物学参数,系统观察了四种鱼的消化道肌肉层、肠绒毛以及粘液细胞的显微结构及分布特点,探究其与食性的相互关系。结果显示：鲤比肠长1.0,环行肌较纵行肌发达,肠绒毛丰富,粘液细胞均匀分布在整个消化道中;草鱼比肠长2.13,消化道组织结构均一,肌肉壁中纵行肌所占比例高,粘液细胞体积小,分散于整个消化道中,肠绒毛极发达;鲢比肠长8.49,环行肌极发达,粘液细胞集中于消化道前段,肠绒毛由前至后逐渐呈短粗状;鳙比肠长4.58,环行肌极为发达,粘液细胞数量多且均匀地分布于消化道前、中段,肠绒毛较为稀疏短粗,粘液细胞较少。这四种鱼消化道的组织结构特征与各自食性密切相关。     

密云水库鲢鱼、鳙鱼营养成分分析与评价

为全面了解密云水库鲢鱼、鳙鱼的营养特征,以密云水库秋季鲢鱼和鳙鱼为研究对象,对其肌肉的水分、蛋白质、粗脂肪、灰分、矿物质元素含量以及氨基酸、脂肪酸组成进行分析。研究结果表明,密云水库鲢鱼和鳙鱼肌肉蛋白质含量分别为(18.40±0.40)%和(18.60±0.57)%,粗脂肪含量为(0.60±0.10)%和(1.48±0.91)%,富含人体所需的钾、钠、钙、镁、磷等常量元素及铁、锰、锌、硒等微量元素;鲢鱼、鳙鱼肌肉中,18种常见氨基酸均被检出,其中谷氨酸含量高,必需氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的40.00%和40.16%,必需氨基酸指数分别为99.15和98.76;鲢鱼、鳙鱼肌肉中分别检出脂肪酸12种和19种,相对含量均表现为多不饱和脂肪酸>饱和脂肪酸>单不饱和脂肪酸,而多不饱和脂肪酸中均以二十二碳六烯酸相对含量最高,其次为二十碳五烯酸,两者之和分别达30.64%和23.79%。研究结果表明,密云水库鲢鱼、鳙鱼是良好的蛋白质来源,氨基酸组成合理,富含矿物质和有益脂肪酸,具有很好的营养价值和可食用性。     

Temperature shifts induce adaptive changes in the physical state of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) erythrocyte plasma membranes in vitro

Blood, freshly collected from warm- and cold-acclimated carp, Cyprinus carpio L., was cooled to 5°C for 4h or warmed to 25°C for 4h, respectively, and the fluorescence anisotropy of washed red blood cells was recorded using the fluorescent dye 3-(p-(6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatrienyl) phenyl propionic acid [DPH-PA] (which is restricted to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane) before and after the temperature shift. Despite individual variation, the plasma membrane of cold-exposed erythrocytes became more fluid while that of warm-exposed cells became more rigid following the temperature shift. This response was rapid and reversible. Cold-exposed cells from warm-acclimated fish became more fluid within 40–60 minutes and reverted to their original fluidity within the same time on warming, at a rate of 1°C/min; erythrocytes, from cold-adapted carp displayed an opposite change in fluidity over a similar time period. Cells from warm-acclimated, temperature down-shifted carp hyperfluidized their plasma membranes in the cold, whereas cells from cold-acclimated fish up-shifted in temperature showed no similar effect. These cells showed a complete adjustment of membrane physical state to the temperature. Total phospholipids obtained from warm-acclimated temperature down-shifted cells became more rigid than they were, when assayed at the acclimation temperature. In contrast, phospholipids obtained from cold-acclimated cells became more rigid when exposed to increasing temperatures. No significant changes occurred to the polar head groups, or to the fatty acid composition of the total phospholipids. It was concluded that the lipids play only a secondary role in the control of the physical state of plasma membrane in carp erythrocytes, and that some non-lipid components of these structures might be involved in these regulatory processes.     

Can Different Body Tissues of Two Sea Cucumbers Supply a Fair Amount of Omega 3 for Health Benefit?

The lipid content and fatty acids profile of different tissues of Holothuria tubulosa and H. polii were analyzed to assess the suitability of the central Mediterranean species as a potential marine resource for fatty acids, in particular omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). Simultaneously, their important indices for human health were evaluated. Gonad and respiratory tree had the highest lipid content, while the body had the lowest values. The results showed significant differences between species and among the different portions analyzed. Internal tunic and longitudinal muscle of H. tubulosa exhibited the highest PUFA proportion (55.3 and 46.4%, respectively). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4n-6) were the most abundant PUFAs in both species, with a favorable n-3/n-6 ratio in all tissues. The atherogenic and thrombogenicity indices and hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic fatty acid ratio suggested the high-quality of this food, similar to the nutritional values of most popular fish.     

长江宜昌江段和东洞庭湖鲢、鳙饵料生物组成及季节性变化

为了研究鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)饵料生物组成及季节变化,分析了2016年7月-2017年3月在长江宜昌江段及东洞庭湖不同季度采集的84尾鲢和65尾鳙的肠道内含物。结果显示:鲢、鳙在长江宜昌江段摄食的饵料生物种类分别是55种和48种,在东洞庭湖分别是55种和43种。根据相对重要性指数(IRI),鲢、鳙的主要饵料生物均为枝角类。鲢、鳙食物组成呈现季节变化,鲢在长江宜昌江段春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的主要饵料生物分别是硅藻门、枝角类、枝角类和硅藻门,在东洞庭湖分别为枝角类、蓝藻门、枝角类和桡足类;鳙在长江宜昌江段春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的主要饵料分别是枝角类、枝角类、枝角类和硅藻门,在东洞庭湖分别为枝角类、枝角类、枝角类和桡足类。     

松浦镜鲤与长丰鲢食用鱼混养试验

2012年5-10月,在面积为0.19hm2的试验池1中放养体质量160g的松浦镜鲤（Cyprinus carpio Songpu）117,700尾·hm^-2,混养体质量160g的长丰鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）春片、乌子头和鳙（Aristichthys no-bilis）夏花鱼种。在面积为0.19hm2的试验池2中放养体质量149.5g的松浦镜鲤3,450尾·hm^-2,只混养鲢和鳙夏花,采用常规饲养方法。2012年10月2日,试验池1平均每hm2产鱼21,025.5kg,其中松浦镜鲤平均全长34.3cm,体质量1425g,产量18,294.0kg;长丰鲢春片平均体质量674g,平均产量1,816.5kg,长丰鲢夏花平均全长18.6cm,体质量112.4g,平均产量592.5kg;鳙夏花平均全长达12.1cm,体质量39.9g,平均产量322.5kg。试验池2平均每hm2产鱼3,069.0kg,其中松浦镜鲤平均全长35.0cm,体质量1225g,平均产量2,766.0kg;鲢夏花平均全长达11.3cm,体质量24.9g,平均产量130.5kg;鳙夏花平均全长达11.1cm,体质量35.1g,平均产量172.5kg。试验表明,高密度养殖的松浦镜鲤产量显著高于密度低时,长丰鲢夏花的出池体质量是普通鲢的4.5倍,特殊生长率（6.27%·d^-1）是普通鲢（3.5%·d^-1）的1.79倍。文中还讨论了松浦镜鲤养殖池的水质和技术特点。