珠江中下游鲮早期资源分布规律

2006-2007年通过弶网定点周年采样和圆锥网流动采样相结合的方法,在西江肇庆江段对珠江中下游鲮(Cirrhina motitorella)早期资源进行了调查.鲮全年有多次产卵活动,鲮鱼苗主要出现在5-9月;鲮鱼苗全长(5.5±0.4)mm,主要发育到鳔一室期至卵黄吸尽期.根据发育期和平均流速推断,鲮产卵场主要位于距离采样点170～380 km的黔江和浔江江段.鲮鱼苗占漂流性鱼苗总量的3.71%.鲮鱼苗晚上的密度显著高于早上和中午(n=29;P<0.05).鱼苗总密度与采样点离岸距离有关,靠近两岸的鱼苗总密度极显著高于河中央鱼苗总密度(n=6;P<0.01).鱼苗总密度、鲮鱼苗密度与水温、径流量、水位和浊度之间存在极显著相关关系(P<0.01),与水温、采样时间存在显著相关关系(P<0.05).     

珠江禁渔对广东鲂资源补充群体的影响分析

继我国各大水系实施禁渔期制度之后,珠江水系于2011年4月1日至6月1日实现首次禁渔。广东鲂是珠江中下游地区主要的经济鱼类之一,为分析珠江实施禁渔期制度对广东鲂资源补充群体的影响,于珠江实施禁渔制度前(2006—2010年)和禁渔制度后(2011—2012年)在珠江下游肇庆江段设立固定采样点,利用定量弶网对流经该江段的广东鲂鱼苗补充群体进行调查。结果显示,禁渔前,珠江广东鲂鱼苗集中出现在4月中下旬至10月中旬,持续时间为(189±11)d,高峰期为6—8月。禁渔期制度实施之后,全年广东鲂鱼苗出现的起始时间变化不大,但是结束时间提前,持续时间略有缩短,4—5月份广东鲂鱼苗密度明显增大。广东鲂鱼苗总量及其在鱼苗补充群体中的比例均有所提高。根据禁渔前广东鲂鱼苗发生量与径流量之间存在的回归关系:LgY=0.988Lnx-4.932(R2=0.365,P0.01),结合禁渔后实际调查结果,对禁渔的实际作用进行了估算,2011年和2012年由于禁渔分别增加了9.43×108和651.81×108尾广东鲂鱼苗。研究表明,在径流量有保障的前提下,目前的禁渔制度可以有效增加广东鲂鱼苗补充群体资源量。     

长江中游洪湖江段四大家鱼早期资源及生态调度影响

为了解长江洪湖江段四大家鱼早期资源状况及生态调度对其繁殖活动的影响, 本研究于 2014—2016 年每年的 5—7 月, 对该江段四大家鱼早期资源组成比例、资源量及水文指标等状况开展了调查, 共采集四大家鱼卵 56 粒, 鱼苗 74815 尾, 其中鲢卵、苗分别占四大家鱼总捕捞数量的 69.6%和 75.7%。2014—2016 年, 估算通过洪湖江段的四大家鱼卵径流量分别为 1.11×10⁸ 粒、0.95×10⁸ 粒和 0.94×10⁸ 粒, 鱼苗径流量分别为 7.63×10⁸ 尾、15.36×10⁸ 尾和 27.64×10⁸ 尾。Pearson 相关性分析显示, 四大家鱼苗密度与流量、水温和水位呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01)。GAM 模型显示, 四大家鱼苗密度在水温 18.1~26.6 ℃范围内, 呈现先上升后略微下降的趋势, 并与流量呈显著正线性关系。相比 20 世纪 90 年代, 洪湖江段四大家鱼资源量有所下降, 但产卵场分布位置没有发生明显的变动。生态调度对洪湖江段四大家鱼繁殖活动有一定的促进效果, 但效果弱于离坝较近的宜都、沙市等江段。建议对重要产卵场江段进行勘界定标, 加强宣传和保护。     

长江上游江津断面铜鱼鱼卵时空分布特征及影响因子分析

为了解金沙江一期工程蓄水前后的长江上游铜鱼繁殖情况,2011—2014年每年5月5日—7月10日,在江津江段通过使用圆锥网捕捞鱼卵,定点进行早期资源调查。结果显示,在采集到的8 014粒鱼卵中铜鱼鱼卵数量最多,占总鱼卵数的14.76%。调查期间江津江段铜鱼卵苗年均年总径流量为22.45×10⁷尾。2011年—2014年江津江段铜鱼鱼卵日均密度各年平均值分别为8.41、10.57、1.32和3.18个/1 000 m³,2013年和2014年铜鱼鱼卵日均密度显著低于2011年和2012年。对铜鱼鱼卵日均密度与水文环境因子进行相关性分析,发现鱼卵日均密度与透明度呈显著负相关,而2013年和2014年透明度显著高于2011年和2012年。根据鱼卵发育时期和流速推测江津白沙至羊石及榕山至兆雅两个江段为铜鱼的主要产卵区域,该区域铜鱼产卵量约占铜鱼产卵总量的56.96%。研究表明,金沙江一期工程蓄水对铜鱼产卵行为产生了影响,建议工程运行期间应根据长江上游铜鱼的产卵条件进行科学调度,并禁止在产卵江段进行捕捞。     

长江中游黄石江段四大家鱼早期资源现状

2015年和2016年每年的5—7月,在长江中游黄石江段对四大家鱼早期资源开展了调查,以了解该江段四大家鱼早期资源及产卵场分布现状。调查期间共采集四大家鱼卵67粒,苗23 948尾,种类以鲢和草鱼为主,分别占四大家鱼卵苗总捕捞数量的77.0%和18.1%。2015年和2016年,估算通过黄石江段的四大家鱼卵径流量分别为0.20×108粒、4.69×108粒,鱼苗径流量分别为19.40×108尾、13.65×108尾。黄石江段四大家鱼产卵场主要分布在团风李家洲、鄂州城区、鄂州戴家洲和黄石道士袱4个江段。与历史资料相比,黄石江段四大家鱼产卵场分布位置没有发生明显的变动。建议开展增殖放流活动,并在航道整治等工程建设中注重保护洲滩等生境。     

西江肇庆江段鱼类早期资源时空分布特征研究

2006年5～7月对西江肇庆江段鱼苗的时空分布进行了研究,结果表明:5月17日及6月1日前后该江段有苗汛发生,鱼苗密度平均值为0.83尾/m3,最大值为7.9尾/m3;鱼苗密度昼夜分布有显著性差异(n=26,P<0.01),夜间的密度比白天的高;鱼苗的种类在昼夜分布上也有明显差异,四大家鱼鱼苗的分布主要集中于夜间;鱼苗的分布具空间差异性,近岸的鱼苗密度高于江中央的。     

长江瑞昌段天然鱼苗资源分析及研究

瑞昌地处长江中下游南岸，位于江西省北偏西，与湖北省武穴市隔江相望。现辖江段长14．5km，江面宽1130—1810m，上至宜昌880km，下至上海940km。特殊的地理位置和独特的水域条件，孕育了丰富的长江天然鱼苗资源，有优质的“四大家鱼”鱼苗，而且还有鲢鱼、鳜鱼、大口鲶等许多特种鱼苗，是长江鱼类基因的宝库、     

三峡水库正常运行下库区干流浮游动物群落特征研究

研究三峡水库正常运行对库区江段浮游动物群落结构的影响,为三峡库区环境保护提供基础参考资料。调查江段为位于库首的秭归、巫山江段,位于库中的万州、云阳江段,位于库尾的涪陵江段,位于库区回水末端的江津江段;每个江段设左、中、右3个样点,采样时间为2016年7月、2016年9月、2016年12月、2017年3月。共鉴定浮游动物45种,其中原生动物9种、轮虫12种、枝角类13种,桡足类11种;浮游动物密度为30.99×104个/L,其中原生动物占9.28%、轮虫占90.33%、枝角类占0.24%、桡足类占0.15%。江津、涪陵、万州江段水体为超富营养水平,云阳、巫山、秭归江段水体为富营养水平。低水位期的夏季和水位下降期的春季浮游动物密度较高,高水位期的冬季和蓄水期的秋季浮游动物密度较低;坝前秭归江段浮游动物密度最高,沿坝前江段溯河而上直到库尾流水江段浮游动物密度呈现降低的趋势。三峡干流浮游动物优势种共16种,以耐污性的种类为主。三峡干流浮游动物物种多样性指数秋季最高,夏季最低;均匀度指数以秋季和冬季较高,夏季最低。物种多样性指数和均匀度指数万州调查江段均最低,总体均呈现库首至回水末端降低的趋势。三峡水库蓄水运行后,浮游动物群落结构在水库的纵轴上表现出明显的分布梯度;夏季和秋季浮游动物群落主要受水温、叶绿素a、总磷、铜、汞、挥发酚、石油类的影响,并呈正相关关系;春季和冬季江段浮游动物群落主要受溶解氧影响。     

长江瑞昌段“四大家鱼”鱼苗资源现状、开发及保护

瑞昌江段位于长江中下游,地处江西省北部,全长14.5 km。该江段具有丰富的＂四大家鱼＂鱼苗资源,是长江鱼类基因的宝库、＂四大家鱼＂的＂摇篮＂、生物多样性的典型代表。随着长江鱼类资源的逐年衰减,瑞昌江段＂四大家鱼＂鱼苗资源同样呈数量减少、汛期推迟、比例失衡的发展趋势。瑞昌江段＂四大家鱼＂鱼苗开发利用始于唐朝,至今已有1300多年历史。针对瑞昌长江＂四大家鱼＂鱼苗资源现状,提出建立＂狗头矶—老鼠尾＂5km的核心保护区,建设长江＂四大家鱼＂增殖放流中心等恢复长江＂四大家鱼＂资源的措施。     

三峡水库蓄水后长江中游产漂流性卵鱼类产卵场现状

于2003-2006年每年5-7月对长江中游江段产漂流性卵鱼类产卵场的现状进行了调查。结果表明,长江中游现有产漂流性卵鱼类13种,其中主要经济鱼类有青鱼（Mylopharyngodon piceus）、草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）、鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）、鳙（Aristichthys nobilis）、鳜（Siniperca chuatsi）、赤眼鳟（Squaliobarbus curriculus）、鳊（Parabramis pekinensis）、铜鱼（Coreius heterodon）,共8种。与20世纪70年代相比,种类减少了10余种,但监测到了多年未见的鳡（Elopichthys bambus）。在长江中游宜昌至城陵矶300多km江段分布10余个四大家鱼产卵场,与水库蓄水前相比,产卵场地理分布的范围变化不大。2003-2006年长江中游主要产漂流性卵鱼类的产卵量143720&#215;10^4ind,其中四大家鱼产卵量108069&#215;10^4ind。与蓄水前相比,长江中游四大家鱼产卵规模严重缩小,4年四大家鱼产卵总量为1997-2002年平均值的42.82%,为蓄水前2002年的56.88%。四大家鱼产卵与水温和涨水持续时间及水位日上涨率等生态水文指标密切相关,产卵期期间水温波动范围为18.6-25.5℃,水温适宜于四大家鱼繁殖;江水持续上涨时间一般为4-7d,水位的日涨率一般在0.30m/d左右,较为适宜于四大家鱼产卵。与20世纪70年代和水库蓄水前相比,长江中游四大家鱼鱼苗比例组成发生了显著变化,鲢比例相对上升,而多年来占绝对优势的草鱼比例显著下降,表明长江中游草鱼受三峡水库调蓄影响最大。     

傀儡湖鱼类群落结构及其食物组成研究

为了分析傀儡湖鱼类对水环境的影响,于2010年1-12月研究了傀儡湖的渔获量、组成比例和主要鱼类食物组成。结果表明,傀儡湖渔获物中,发现有9科、26种鱼类,其中鲤科鱼类最多,有18种,占鱼类种数的69.23%;鱼类组成中,鲢和鳙为优势种,分别占总渔获量的（20.82±8.06）%和（41.58±19.24）%;主要鱼类...     

Diel and ontogenetic body density change in Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel), larvae

Diel and ontogenetic changes in larval body density related to swim bladder volume were investigated in Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, to determine the causality of larval mortality – adhesion to the water surface and contact with the tank bottom during seedling production. The density of larvae with deflated swim bladders increased with total length and days post hatch. Diel density change was observed after day 2 post hatch; owing to daytime deflation and night‐time inflation of the swim bladder, the density was relatively higher during the daytime. Increased swim bladder volumes clearly reduced larval density during the night‐time after day 9 post hatch. However, the density of larvae with inflated swim bladders was greater than rearing water density (Δρ>0.0099). The small density difference between larvae and rearing water (Δρ=0.0022?0.0100) until day 4 post hatch may have caused larval mortality by adhesion to the water surface because larvae can be easily transported to the water surface by aeration‐driven upwelling in rearing tanks. Density increased noticeably from day 5 to day 9 post hatch. The increased density difference (Δρ=0.0065?0.0209) in larvae and rearing water possibly induced mortality by contact with the tank bottom because larvae sink particularly during the night‐time on ceasing swimming.     

Evaluation of plankton surface pushnets and oblique tows for comparing the catch of diadromous larval fish

A bow-mounted surface pushnet and an obliquely towed plankton net were compared to evaluate gear efficiency and effectiveness in collecting larval fishes under daytime and nighttime conditions. The diadromous species targeted were striped bass Morone saxatilis, white perch, Morone americana, and river herring Alosa sp. We sampled the lower Roanoke River, North Carolina, from March through June of 2002 and 2003. Striped bass, white perch and river herring represented over 90% of the larvae collected during the study period. Mean larval densities (number/100 m³) were 63.4 for striped bass, 26.4 for river herring, and 17.7 for white perch. Striped bass larval densities were significantly higher in the surface pushnet for both years (P ≤ 0.05). In 2002, white perch mean larval density was significantly higher at night in the surface pushnet samples, but in 2003 there were no differences between day and night samples. River herring mean densities were significantly higher in the surface pushnets for both years, but showed no clear patterns between day and night samples. Larger larvae were consistently collected in the surface pushnets for all species. Overall, the surface pushnet was easier to operate. The pushnet was mounted on the bow of a small jon boat and required less specialized gear and fewer personnel than oblique sampling. The method also allows for sampling in shallow water or vegetated habitats. Because larvae were significantly larger in the surface samples, using surface pushnets may not allow for detection of the smaller-sized larvae therefore underestimating the abundance of smaller fish. Depending on the question being asked, we recommend that sampling programs should use both gear types to reduce any gear biases.     

Effect of light intensity,prey density,and ontogeny on foraging success and prey selection of larval yellow perch (Perca flavescens)

Light intensity has been shown to influence the foraging success of larval fish. However, the effect of light intensity on larval foraging is likely variable and influenced by both the density and characteristics of planktonic prey. In this study we examined the influence of light intensity of 0.1, 2.0, and 60 μmol·s^?1·m^?2 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) on foraging of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) larvae at two prey densities. We fed them with a mixture of zooplankton taxa common to lakes inhabited by yellow perch. In addition to light intensity and prey density, the effect of larval yellow perch size was examined by using fish ranging from 9 to 15 mm. The results of our study indicated that yellow perch larvae are well adapted to feed at a wide range of light intensities, as there was no difference in foraging success at investigated light intensities. Increasing prey density from 25 to 150 (zooplankton·l^?1) significantly improved the foraging success of larval yellow perch. However, the influence of prey density on foraging success was dependent on fish length. Improved foraging success at increased prey densities occurred only for individuals with a total length >10 mm. Overall, prey selection by fish larvae was influenced by light intensity, prey density, and fish length. However, the factors that influenced selection for specific prey types differed. Our study, combined with evidence from other field and laboratory work, highlight the need for a better understanding of the influence of prey density on foraging throughout ontogeny.     

Haematological and biochemical characteristics of two aquacultured carnivorous cyprinids,topmouth culter Culter alburnus (Basilewsky) and yellowcheek carp Elopichthys bambusa (Richardson)

The haematological and biochemical characteristics of two healthy farmed cyprinids, the topmouth culter Culter alburnus and yellowcheek carp Elopichthys bambusa, were investigated in this study. Erythrocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes (i.e. neutrophils and eosinophils) were observed in these two fish. Every type of these cells (excluding the erythrocyte and lymphocyte) showed similar sizes in the topmouth culter and yellowcheek carp. Thrombocytes and neutrophils were the two most abundant leucocytes in the topmouth culter while thrombocytes and lymphocytes were the two most frequent leucocytes observed in the yellowcheek carp. The erythrocyte counts, haemoglobin concentrations and values of serum glucose in these two fish were high. There were significant differences in the leucocyte counts, haemoglobin concentrations, mean cellular haemoglobin contents, mean cell haemoglobin concentrations and values of serum glucose, triglyceride, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and chlorine between the topmouth culter and the yellowcheek carp. The information of haematology and blood biochemistry obtained here would be useful for the prevention and diagnosis of diseases of farmed topmouth culter and yellowcheek carp.     

基于线粒体Cyt b分析入侵云南四大水系的麦穗鱼群体遗传结构

为揭示麦穗鱼入侵云南后群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化差异现状,实验采集了云南澜沧江、怒江、红河、伊洛瓦底江水系13个样点,及黄河、长江、珠江原产地水系6个样点的麦穗鱼群体共计220尾样本,利用线粒体细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)全序列作为分子标记,初步分析了麦穗鱼群体的遗传多样性、遗传结构和遗传分化情况。结果显示,共检测到72个变异位点,定义25个Cyt b单倍型。云南四大水系麦穗鱼单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.828±0.014和0.005 44±0.001 18。云南四大水系和黄河、长江、珠江水系相比,具有较高的遗传多样性。单倍型系统发育树与单倍型网络图显示,黄河群体单倍型独立,云南各水系单倍型与珠江、长江单倍型混杂,推测云南麦穗鱼主要来源于珠江和长江,这与云南省引种经济鱼类历史一致。分子变异分析(AMOVA)显示,云南四大水系麦穗鱼群体间具有程度较高的遗传分化,其中大多数遗传变异存在于群体内(72.60%),群体间的遗传变异为28.62%,水系间为1.22%。结果发现麦穗鱼遗传分化与当前水系的分布格局不吻合。Fu’s Fs中性检验结果和核苷酸不配对分析结果均表明,云南四大水系麦穗鱼群体未发生扩张。麦穗鱼进入云南各水系后,单倍型多样性较高,可能来源于多个地区。在后续对麦穗鱼的管理过程中,需要注意避免单倍型特殊的群体与其他地区群体的交流,减少水系间相互引种。此外,通过开发麦穗鱼资源利用方式来提高麦穗鱼利用率,以控制其群体数量,从而减小其对当地土著物种和渔业养殖的危害。     

水电站影响下太湖西苕溪鱼类产卵生境及其早期资源与环境因子的关系

水利设施运行影响下的鱼类早期资源发生规律被逐渐关注, 坝下区域也成为鱼类产卵生境的关注热点。西苕溪作为太湖上游的重要补充支流, 是太湖流域鱼类完成生活史过程的重要载体。为解析电站影响下的坝下河流生境变量与鱼类早期资源的内在联系, 本研究于 2022 年 4—7 月在西苕溪江东电站坝下的东山段开展了持续 90 d 的鱼类早期资源调查以及时空格局研究。结果显示, 该区域鱼卵日平均密度为(0.5±0.7) ind/m³, 仔鱼日平均密度为 (0.5±0.6) ind/m³。运用形态学结合分子生物学方法进行种类鉴定, 共鉴定鱼类 35 种, 隶属 4 目 14 科 22 属, 其中产沉性卵鱼类 9 种, 产浮性卵 5 种, 产黏性卵 9 种, 产漂流性卵 12 种。5 月下旬、6 月上旬和 6 月下旬为产卵高峰期。 左右岸样线以沉性卵和以水生植物为黏附基质的产黏性卵鱼类为主, 河心样线则以产漂流性卵、产黏性卵和浮性卵鱼类为主。该区域鱼类卵苗数量受水温、流速、水位影响较大, 水位、流速是影响鱼类繁殖的主要因子, 电站调度对卵苗量有显著影响。基于卵苗收获量、卵苗发育时期等结果, 判定该采样区域——西苕溪江东电站坝下东山段为适宜多种鱼类繁殖的复合型产卵场, 对太湖流域鱼类多样性和渔业资源保护具有重要意义。     

Effect of stocking density on survival and growth performance of pikeperch, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sander lucioperca</Emphasis> (L.), larvae under controlled conditions

The effect of stocking density on the survival and growth of pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (L.), larvae was examined in two consecutive experiments. In experiment I, 4-day-old larvae [body wet weight (BW): 0.5 mg; total body length (TL): 5.6 mm] were reared in 200-l cylindro-conical tanks in a closed, recirculating system (20 ± 0.5°C) at three stocking densities (25, 50 and 100 larvae l⁻¹) and fed a mixed feed (Artemia nauplii and Lansy A2 artificial feed) for 14 consecutive days. At densities of 25 and 100 larvae l⁻¹, growth rate and survival ranged from 2.7 to 1.9 mg day⁻¹ and from 79.2 to 72.3%, and fish biomass gain ranged from 0.6 to 2.0 g l⁻¹, respectively. There were two periods of increased larval mortality: the first was at beginning of exogenous feeding and the second during swim bladder inflation. In experiment II, 18-day-old larvae (BW: 35 mg; TL: 15.6 mm) obtained from experiment I were reared under culture conditions similar to those of experiment I, but at lower stocking densities (6, 10 and 15 larvae l⁻¹). The fish were fed exclusively with artificial feed (trout starter) for 21 consecutive days. At densities of 6 and 15 larvae l⁻¹, the growth rate and fish biomass gain ranged from 28.8 to 23.1 mg day⁻¹ and from 2.0 to 3.3 g l⁻¹, respectively. The highest survival (56.5%) was achieved at a density of 6 larvae l⁻¹. Mortality at all densities was mainly caused by cannibalism II type behaviour (27–35% of total). In both experiments, growth and survival were negatively correlated and fish biomass gain positively correlated with stocking densities. The present study suggests that the initial stocking density of pikeperch larvae reared in a recirculating system can be 100 individuals l⁻¹ for the 4- to 18-day period post-hatch and 15 individuals l⁻¹ for the post-19-day period.     

基于单位补充量模型的西江赤眼鳟种群资源利用现状评价

赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)是珠江中下游最重要的经济鱼类之一,本研究利用2009—2014年西江肇庆江段渔业捕捞调查监测数据,分析了其生长和死亡参数历史变化,利用单位补充量渔获量(yieldperrecruitment,YPR)模型、单位补充量产卵群体生物量(spawning biomass per recruitment, SBR)和生物学参考点评估了赤眼鳟资源利用状况。结果表明,赤眼鳟体长(L)和体重(W)关系为W=2×10~(-5)L~(2.9527)(R~2=0.9595,n=2346),生长方程为L_t=725.802[1-e~(-0.110(t+0.613))]。目前西江的捕捞强度(F=0.96/a)和开发状况(E=0.86)远超种群可持续开发水平,赤眼鳟种群处于生长型捕捞过度状态。根据实际情况,建议将西江赤眼鳟开捕年龄提高至3龄(或开捕体长增大至238 mm),则预计单位补充量渔获量可增加175%,在珠江禁渔期制度的协同保护下,种群实际保护效果可能更好。